ElectronicsElectronics

Principles & ApplicationsPrinciples & ApplicationsSixth EditionSixth Edition

Chapter 2Semiconductors(student version)

©2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Charles A. Schuler

• Conductors and Insulators• Semiconductors• N-type Semiconductors• P-type Semiconductors• Majority and Minority Carriers

INTRODUCTION

Dear Student:

This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow youto view that segment again, if you want to.

Concept Preview• The nucleus of any atom is positively charged.

• Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus.

• The net charge on any atom is zero because the protons and electrons are equal in number.

• The valence orbit is the outermost orbit.

• Copper has only one valence electron and is an excellent conductor.

• Materials with a full valence orbit act as insulators.

• Materials with 8 electrons in the valence orbit act as insulators.

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NN

The center of an atom is called the nucleus.Most atoms have neutrons which have no charge.A nucleus also has protonsand they have a positive charge.

Negative electronsorbit the nucleus.

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NN

This is a copper atom.

It has 29 protons.

It has 29 electrons.

Its net charge = 0.

Valence electron

The valence electron is the important feature.

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Valence electron

Its attraction to the nucleus is relatively weak.

The valence electron

The nucleus plus the inner electron orbits

A simple model of the copper atom looks like this:

Copper wire is usedto conduct electricitybecause the valence

electrons move freelythrough its structure.

Remember, the valenceelectrons are weakly

attracted to the nuclei.

So far, we know that copper’s single valence electron makes it a good conductor.

It acts as an electrical insulator.

The rule of eight states that a material like thiswould be stable since its valence orbit is full.

No Vacancy

Atomic Quiz

The dense and central part of any atom is called the ________. nucleus

Atom net charge is 0 since the number of protons equals the number of ______. electrons

The outermost orbit of all atoms is called the ________ orbit. valence

Good electrical conductors have freevalence ________. electrons

The magic number for valence stabilityis ________. eight

Concept Review• The nucleus of any atom is positively charged.• Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus.• The net charge on any atom is zero because the

protons and electrons are equal in number.• The valence orbit is the outermost orbit.• Copper has only one valence electron and is an

excellent conductor.• Materials with a full valence orbit act as

insulators.• Materials with 8 electrons in the valence orbit

act as insulators.

Repeat Segment

Concept Preview• Silicon has 4 valence electrons.

• Silicon atoms can form covalent bonds with each other.

• Covalent silicon satisfies the rule of 8 and acts as an insulator at room temperature.

• Donor impurities have 5 valence electrons.

• N-type silicon has been doped with a donor impurity to make it semiconduct.

• Acceptor impurities have 3 valence electrons.

• P-type silicon has been doped with an acceptor impurity to make it semiconduct.

Atoms of the same type can join together and form covalent bonds.

This is an electron sharing process.

Silicon atoms have four valence electrons.

The covalent sharing satisfies the rule of eight.

In this structure, one bond is formed with each neighbor.

This is a silicon crystal.

It does not conduct because its valence electrons are captured by covalent bonds.

Thermal carriers

Covalent bonds can be broken by heating a silicon crystal.

Free electron

Hole

The thermal carriers support the flow of current.

Heating silicon crystals to make them conduct is not practical!

This is an arsenic atom.

A silicon crystal can be doped with a donor impurity.

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2 3

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Each donor atom that enters the crystal adds a free electron.

Free electron

Silicon that has been doped with arsenic is called N-type.

The free electrons in N-type silicon support the flow of current.

This is a boron atom.

A silicon crystal can be doped with an acceptor impurity.

1

2 3Each acceptor atom that enters the crystal creates a hole.

Hole

Silicon that has been doped with boron is called P-type.

The holes in P-type silicon support the flow of current.

What are two practical methodsof making silicon semiconduct?

HoleFree electron

Add a pentavalentimpurity.

Add a trivalentimpurity.

(N-type) (P-type)

This is a P-type crystal.

Due to heat, it could have a few free electrons.

These are called minority carriers.

This is an N-type crystal.

Due to heat, it could have a few free holes.

These are called minority carriers.

Silicon is the workhorse of the semiconductor industry but compound semiconductors help out in key areas.

• Gallium arsenide

• Indium phosphide

• Mercury cadmium telluride

• Silicon carbide

• Cadmium sulfphide

• Cadmium telluride

Semiconductor Quiz

A pure silicon crystal, at room temperature,acts as an electrical ________. insulator

The current carriers, in N-type silicon, are called ________. electrons

The current carriers, in P-type silicon, arecalled ________. holes

The minority carriers, in N-type silicon, arecalled ________. holes

The minority carriers, in P-type silicon, arecalled ________. electrons

Concept Review• Silicon has 4 valence electrons.• Silicon atoms can form covalent bonds with

each other.• Covalent silicon satisfies the rule of 8 and acts

as an insulator at room temperature.• Donor impurities have 5 valence electrons.• N-type silicon has been doped with a donor

impurity to make it semiconduct.• Acceptor impurities have 3 valence electrons.• P-type silicon has been doped with an acceptor

impurity to make it semiconduct.

Repeat Segment

REVIEW

• Conductors and Insulators• Semiconductors• N-type Semiconductors• P-type Semiconductors• Majority and Minority Carriers