ElectronicsElectronics

©© by DR. M. Amerby DR. M. Amer

04/19/2304/19/23

Course Course ContentsContents

• IntroductionIntroduction• Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fundamentals of Semiconductor

DevicesDevices• P-N Junction DiodesP-N Junction Diodes• Bipolar Junction and FET StructuresBipolar Junction and FET Structures• Semiconductor Devices(circuit Semiconductor Devices(circuit

element, filter, power supply, element, filter, power supply, rectification amplifier)rectification amplifier)

• Introduction to digital circuits. Introduction to digital circuits.

IntroductionIntroduction

04/19/2304/19/23

electronics fundamentals

Very large and very small numbers are represented with scientific and engineering notation.

Scientific and Engineering Notation

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 47 x 106 (Engineering Notation)

0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Scientific and Engineering Notation

SI Fundamental Units

Length Mass

Time

Electric current

Temperature

Quantity Unit Symbol

Meter m

Kilogram kg

Second s

Ampere A

Kelvin K

Some Important Electrical Units

Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived from the fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit.

CurrentCharge

Voltage

Resistance

Ampere A

Coulomb C

Volt V

Ohm Watt W

Quantity Unit Symbol

Power

These derived units are based on fundamental units from the meter-kilogram-second system, hence are called mks units.

Engineering Metric Prefixes

peta

tera

giga

mega

kilo

1015

1012

109

106

103

P

T

G

M

k

Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?

Engineering Metric Prefixes

10-3

10-6

10-9

10-12

10-15

milli

micro

nano

pico

femto

m

n

p

f

Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?

When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a smaller unit means the number must be larger.

Metric Conversions

0.47 M = 470 k

Larger number

Smaller unit

When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the decimal point to the left. Remember, a larger unit means the number must be smaller.

Metric Conversions

10,000 pF = 0.01 F

Smaller number

Larger unit

When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.

Metric Arithmetic

10,000 + 22 k =

10,000 + 22,000 = 32,000

Alternatively,

10 k + 22 k = 32 k

When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.

Metric Arithmetic

200 + 1.0 mA =

200 A + 1,000 A = 1,200 A

Alternatively,

0.200 m + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

Voltage is

Review of V, I, and R

the amount of energy per charge available to move electrons from one point to another in a circuit and is measured in volts.

Current is the rate of charge flow and is measured in amperes.

Resistance is the opposition to current and is measured in ohms.

The most important fundamental law in electronics is Ohm’s law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance.

Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) formulated the equation that bears his name:

VI

R

What is the current in a circuit with a 12 V source if the resistance is 10 ? 1.2 A

Ohm’s law

Ohm’s law

If you need to solve for voltage, Ohm’s law is:

What is the voltage across a 680 resistor if the current is 26.5 mA? 18 V

V IR

Ohm’s law

If you need to solve for resistance, Ohm’s law is:V

RI

115 V

V

1 s

1 s

40 m A

1 0 A

C O M

Ra ng eAuto ra ng eTo uc h /Ho ld

Fused

O FF V

V

Hz

m V

A

What is the (hot) resistance of the bulb? 132

Application of Ohm’s law

The resistor is green-blue brown-gold. What should the ammeter read?

26.8 mA

P o w er S u p p ly

+15 V- + - +5 V 2 A

D C A m m e te r

+-

G n d

V A

In electrical work, the rate energy is dissipated can be determined from any of three forms of the power formula.

Energy and Power

2P I R P VI2V

PR

Together, the three forms are called Watt’s law.

What power is dissipated in a 27 resistor if the current is 0.135 A?

2

2(0.135 A) 27

0.49 W

P I R

Given that you know the resistance and current, substitute the values into P =I 2R.

Energy and Power

What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A of current from a 120 V supply?

The most direct solution is to substitute into P = IV.

Energy and Power

12 A 120 V

1440 W

P IV

What power is dissipated in a 100 resistor with 5 V across it?

The most direct solution is to substitute into .2V

PR

It is useful to keep in mind that small resistors operating in low voltage systems need to be sized for the anticipated power.

Energy and Power

Ampere-hour Rating of Batteries

Expected battery life of batteries is given as the ampere-hours specification. Various factors affect this, so it is an approximation. (Factors include rate of current withdrawal, age of battery, temperature, etc.)

How many hours can you expect to have a battery deliver 0.5 A if it is rated at 10 Ah?

20 h

Battery

Electronics 2Electronics 22525

Passive ComponentsPassive ComponentsResistorsResistors

CapacitorsCapacitors

InductorsInductors

DiodesDiodes

Interface componentsInterface components

Electronics 2Electronics 22626

ResistorsResistors

Values specified in ohms Values specified in ohms ((ΩΩ), kilo-ohms (K), or ), kilo-ohms (K), or mega-ohms (M)mega-ohms (M)

Marked with value using a Marked with value using a codecode 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5% 10%

Resistor Color CodeResistor Color Code

Or how to read those little Or how to read those little resistorsresistors!!

Resistor Color CodeResistor Color Code

1st band color gives 1st number

2nd band color gives 2nd number

3rd band color gives # of zeros

4th band color gives tolerance or ±

How to read itHow to read it

- -Resistors are color coded for easy Resistors are color coded for easy readingreading . .

- -To determine the value of a given To determine the value of a given resistor look for the gold or silver resistor look for the gold or silver tolerance band and hold the resistor tolerance band and hold the resistor with this band with this band to the rightto the right . .

Then read the colored bands left to Then read the colored bands left to rightright..

How to read itHow to read it

- -Look at the 1st color band and Look at the 1st color band and determine its color. This maybe difficult determine its color. This maybe difficult on small or oddly colored resistors. on small or oddly colored resistors. Now look at the chart and match the Now look at the chart and match the "1st & 2nd color band" color to the "1st & 2nd color band" color to the "Digit it represents". "Digit it represents". Write this Write this number downnumber down . .

How to read itHow to read it

- -Now look at the 2nd color band and match Now look at the 2nd color band and match that color to the same chart. that color to the same chart. Write this Write this number next to the 1st Digitnumber next to the 1st Digit..

- -Match the 3rd color band with the chart Match the 3rd color band with the chart under multiplier. This is the number you under multiplier. This is the number you will multiple the other 2 numbers by. will multiple the other 2 numbers by. Write it next to the other 2 numbers Write it next to the other 2 numbers with a multiplication sign before itwith a multiplication sign before it . .

How to read itHow to read it

ExampleExample::

First color is First color is redred which is 2 which is 2

Second color is Second color is blackblack which is 0 which is 0

Third color is Third color is yellowyellow which is 10,000 which is 10,000

Tolerance is silver which is 10%Tolerance is silver which is 10%

Therefore the equation isTherefore the equation is : :

22 00 x 10,000 = 200,000 Ohms ± 10%x 10,000 = 200,000 Ohms ± 10%

Resistor Color Code ChartResistor Color Code Chart1st. & 2nd Color Band Digit it Represents -----Multiplier-----

BLACK 0 X1

BROWN 1 X10

RED 2 X100

ORANGE 3 X1,000 or 1K

YELLOW 4 X10,000 or 10K

GREEN 5 X100,000 or 100K

BLUE 6 X1,000,000 or 1M

VIOLET 7 Silver is divide by 100

GRAY 8 Gold is divide by 10

WHITE 9

Tolerances Gold= 5% Silver=10% None=20%

K or MK or M??

- -Many resistors have large amounts of Many resistors have large amounts of resistance, so we use prefixes to resistance, so we use prefixes to have a handy short namehave a handy short name

“ -“ -k” is for kilo and means 1000 timesk” is for kilo and means 1000 times

“ -“ -M” is for mega and means 1,000,000 M” is for mega and means 1,000,000 times (million)times (million)

PracticePractice

If you have anIf you have an OrangeOrange OrangeOrange BrownBrown GoldGold resistor resistor

What is it’s resistanceWhat is it’s resistance??

The first orange means 3The first orange means 3

The second orange means 3The second orange means 3

The brown means 1 zeroThe brown means 1 zero

The gold means ± 5%The gold means ± 5%

So answer is 330 ohms ± 5%So answer is 330 ohms ± 5%

3636

CapacitorsCapacitorsValues specified in microfarads (Values specified in microfarads (μμF) F) or picofarads (pF)or picofarads (pF)

Marked with actual value or a Marked with actual value or a numeric codenumeric code

Some varieties are +/- polarizedSome varieties are +/- polarized

3737

Capacitor typesCapacitor types

Ceramic diskCeramic diskMonolithic ceramicMonolithic ceramicDipped silvered-micaDipped silvered-micaMylar or polyesterMylar or polyesterAluminum electrolyticAluminum electrolytic )-/+()-/+(

TantalumTantalum)-/+( )-/+(

Ceramic disk Monolithic ceramic Dipped siver-mica Mylar Mylar

Solid tantalum, polarized Radial aluminum electrolytic Axial aluminum electrolytic

3838

InductorsInductorsValues specified in henries (H), millihenries (mH) Values specified in henries (H), millihenries (mH) and microhenries (and microhenries (μμH)H)

A coil of wire that may be wound on a core of air A coil of wire that may be wound on a core of air or other non-magnetic material, or on a or other non-magnetic material, or on a magnetic core such as iron powder or ferritemagnetic core such as iron powder or ferrite..

Two coils magnetically coupled form a Two coils magnetically coupled form a transformertransformer..

3939

Inductor typesInductor types

Molded inductor & air-wound inductor Adjustable air-wound inductor

Ferrite core toroidal transformer Iron powder toroidal inductorAir wound inductor

LSU 06/04/2007LSU 06/04/20074040

Interface componentsInterface components

SwitchesSwitches

PlugsPlugs

SocketsSockets

Panel controlsPanel controls

LSU 06/04/2007LSU 06/04/2007 Electronics 2Electronics 2 4141

Two common plug stylesTwo common plug styles

RCA plug

Shield Tip

1/8” stereo phone plug

1/8” mono phone plug

Sleeve Ring Tip

Sleeve Tip

What Is a SemiconductorWhat Is a Semiconductor??

                                                                                                              

                                                                                           

•Many materials, such as most metals, allow electrical current to Many materials, such as most metals, allow electrical current to flow through themflow through them

•These are known as conductorsThese are known as conductors•Materials that do not allow electrical current to flow through Materials that do not allow electrical current to flow through them are called insulatorsthem are called insulators•Pure silicon, the base material of most transistors, is considered Pure silicon, the base material of most transistors, is considered a semiconductor because its conductivity can be modulated by a semiconductor because its conductivity can be modulated by the introduction of impuritiesthe introduction of impurities

SemiconductorsSemiconductorsA material whose properties are such that it is A material whose properties are such that it is not quite a conductor, not quite an insulatornot quite a conductor, not quite an insulator

Some common semiconductorsSome common semiconductorselementalelementalSi - Silicon (most common)Si - Silicon (most common)

Ge - GermaniumGe - Germanium

Insulators, SemiconductorsInsulators, Semiconductors,, and Metals and Metals

This separation of the conduction bands determines the electrical This separation of the conduction bands determines the electrical properties of the materialproperties of the material

InsulatorsInsulators have a large energy gap have a large energy gap– electrons can’t jump to conduction bandselectrons can’t jump to conduction bands– no current flowsno current flows

ConductorsConductors (metals) have a very small (or nonexistent) energy gap (metals) have a very small (or nonexistent) energy gap– electrons easily jump to conduction bands due to thermal electrons easily jump to conduction bands due to thermal

excitationexcitation– current flows easilycurrent flows easily

SemiconductorsSemiconductors have a moderate energy gap have a moderate energy gap– only a few electrons can jump to the conduction bandonly a few electrons can jump to the conduction band

» leaving “holes”– only a little current can flowonly a little current can flow