electronics 2 project
TRANSCRIPT
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
OLONGAPO CITY
Water Level Sensor (Buzzer)
By
Leader: NOEL JOHN DEL ROSARIOMembers: JACQUELINE ROSE DE JULIO
ALEXIA DALE MENDOZAJEM MARC JUACALLA
AL JAN RODRIGUEZLAUREN LOUIE MACAHILAS
HAROLD MILAGROSA
To
ENGR. SALLY G. CORPUS
A ProjectSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of theSubject Requirements in Electronics 2
March 2011
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INTRODUCTION
Water level, stage, or flow can be measured with many
types of sensors, pressure transducer, bubblers, shaft encoders,
or ultrasonic sensors. The location where you are measuring
water level, the accuracy required, and the ease of installation all
contribute to determining the best water level sensor for your
measurement site. Our robust ranges of liquid level sensors are
perfect for both long and short term water level monitoring.
Level Sensor is a measuring transducer that converts the
level measurement of liquids or bulk materials into mechanical,
electrical, or pneumatic signals that can be conveniently
transmitted, processed and recorded. They can be classified as
sensors for liquids or for bulk materials, depending on their
purpose, and as float, hydrostatic, electric, acoustic, thermal,
nuclear, or optical sensors, depending on their operating
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principle. Level sensors detect the level of substances that flow
including liquids, granular materials and powders. Fluids and
Fluidized solids flow to become essentially level in their
containers because of gravity whereas most bulk solid pile at an
angle response to a peak. There are many physical and
application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level
monitoring method for industrial and commercial purposes. The
selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid, slurry),
temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric constant
of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation,
acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank
or bin size and shape. Also important application contains price,
accuracy, appearances, response rate, ease of calibration or
programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument,
monitoring or control of the continuous or discrete levels. The
Water Level Sensor module is part of the Grove System. It
indicates whether the sensor is dry, damp or completely
immersed in water by measuring conductivity. The sensor traces
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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have a weak pull-up resistor of 1M Ω. The resistor will pull the
sensor trace to a value high until a drop of water shorts the
sensor trace to the ground trace. Believe it or not this circuit will
work with the digital I/O pins of your Arduino or you can use it
with the analog pins to detect the amount of water included
contact between the ground and sensor traces. Integral process
control in many industries, level measurement sensors fall into
two many types. Point level measurement sensors are used to
mark a single discrete liquid height a preset level condition.
Generally, his type of sensor functions as a high intense of
alarm, signaling an overfill condition, or as a marker for alarm
condition. Continuous level sensors are more sophisticated and
can provide level monitoring of an entire system. They measure
fluid level within a range, rather than at a one point, producing an
analog output that directly correlates to the level in the vessel. To
create a level management system, the output signal is linked to
a process control loop and to a visual indicator. A variety of
sensors are available for point level detection of solids. These
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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including vibrating, rotating paddle, mechanical system
(diaphragm), microwave (radar) capacitance, optical, pulsed-
ultrasonic and ultrasonic level sensors.
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our group would like to give our gratitude for the people
who helped us accomplished this project.
First of all, we would like to give our greatest gratitude to
God who we know is always there to help us in our problems and
always guiding us to his plans.
To our professor Engr. Sally Corpus for teaching us
something new in our college life, for guiding us in making a
better student. Building our confidence and imaginations in
building new thing and teaching us to act like a real engineer.
Also to Engr. Noel Yap for being one of our helping hand.
For answering our questions on how the circuit would work and
for the confusion of having many ground points which is new in
our perception. Although we know what should be done it is
good that we have asked him for his advice and opinions about
the project.
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To our loving parents who gave us a never ending support
and for the expenses that were used to buy the equipment’s
needed to build the circuit.
Also we would like to give thanks for every member of this
group that give their very best to accomplish this project may it
be a great experience for each and every one of us today and for
the upcoming years.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. TITLE PAGE ……………………………………1
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………...6
III. TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………3
IV. OBJECTIVE……………………………………4
V. SUMMARY OF PROJECT DESIGN…………5
VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS……………
VII. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK………..
A. Wiring Diagram Description…………………
VIII. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Parts List………………………………..16
B. Circuit Description………………..……18
C. Schematic Diagram…………………..19
IX. PROJECT APPLICATIONS TO
COMMUNITY........................................20
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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X. RECOMMENDATION…………….….……21
XI. CONCLUSION………………………..……23
XII. APPENDICES
A. Summary of Group Performance Evaluation……
B. Pictures at work with descriptions…………………
XIII. LIST OF FIGURES
XIV. POFILES
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to:
• Make a Water Level Sensor
•Learn how to design a circuit
• Learn how to etch the PCB
• Learn how to connect the components needed
• Learn how to troubleshoot before finishing touch
• Think and act like a true Engineers.
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SUMMARY OF PROJECT DESIGN
SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Level sensors - detect the level of substances that flow,
including liquids, slurries, granular materials, and powders.
Fluids and fluidized solids flow to become essentially level in
their containers (or other physical boundaries) because
of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to
a peak.
Buzzer - or beeper is an audio signaling device, which
may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical
uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
Battery - which is actually an electric cell, is a device that
produces electricity from a chemical reaction. Strictly speaking, a
battery consists of two or more cells connected in series or
parallel, but the term is generally used for a single cell.
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Etching - the process of using strong acid or mordant to
cut into the unprotected parts of metal surface to create a design
in intaglio in the metal (the original process—in modern
manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other types of
material).
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) - used to mechanically
support and electrically connect electronic components using
conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate
LED (light-emitting diode) - a semiconductor light source.
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are
increasingly used for general lighting.
Capacitor - (originally known as a condenser) is a passive
two terminal electrical component used to store energy electro-
statically in an electric field.
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Resistor - a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
Transistor - is a semiconductor device used to amplify
and switch electronic signals and electrical power . It is
composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals
for connection to an external circuit.
Diode - a two-terminal electronic component with
asymmetric conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to
current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance
in the other.
Integrated circuit - or monolithic integrated circuit (also
referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic
circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material,
normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete
circuit made from independent components.
Fiberglass - a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust
material. Although strength properties are somewhat lower than
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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fiber and it is less stiff, the material is typically far less brittle, and
the raw materials are much less expensive.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Wiring Diagram
POWER SUPPLY
WATER
OUTPUT
15
SENSOR
9 V DC
CIRCUIT
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Parts Lists
QUANTITY COMPONENT
1 Buzzer
1 2 PCB Pins
1 10uF/50 V
1 0.1uF
1 Red LED
2 BC547
1 100kΩ
1 5.6kΩ
1 4.7kΩ
1 1kΩ
1 Sensor PCB
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1 2 Wires
B. Circuit Description
This circuit is composed of 2 capacitors, 4 resistors, 2
transistors and 1 Light Emitting Diode. The input for this circuit is
a 9V DC battery, while the output for the circuit is the buzzer that
will be triggered by the time when the water or the liquid
substance has touch or makes contact with the sensor.
By having the LED, it also tell that the water has already
reached the level limit if whenever the buzzer can’t be heard by
an individual the light itself shall flicker and give the signal to the
people in the area of the process.
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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Miscellaneous:
•
Input- 9 VDC @ 40 mA
• Output- Buzzer
• Terminal pins for supply voltage
• Power-On LED indicator
• Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each
• PCB dimensions 32 mm x 35 mm
Optional:
• Digital Display
• Optional Switch
• Voltage Regulator
• Housing
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C. Schematic Diagram
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APPLICATION TO COMMUNITY
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Global warming has born an adverse effect to worldwide
climate. This climate change resulted to massive flood due to
tumultuous outburst of rain brought by typhoon and southwest
monsoon in some regions of the country.
The disaster has been prevailing over the years that cause
damage to properties and lives. Various measures had been
applied and implemented to lessen or resolve its risk. At these
modern times, with the advent of technology, great inventions
can conquer this problem at any rate. As our group contribution
to the community, we have made the water sensory device. This
device could be of great help to people in monitoring the water
level whenever heavy rain occurs especially in low lying areas or
residences nearby the river. The significance of this tool is that, it
can be easily assemble and the needed materials are bought in
its affordable price. Another remarkable advantage of this device
is that it can be utilized in far flung areas where electricity is not
available because it can be operated using a dry cell or battery.
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Moreover, it warns the people when water level rises because it
alarms quickly. It can be installed anywhere in your area or
household at the same time. This device is an environmental
friendly and economically wise.
RECOMMENDATION
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In doing this project, first we recommend that once you
have the PCB layout or PCB design, it must be both verified and
tested. We also recommend checking the effectiveness of every
component because any problem in the components will cause
delay in the project making and will spend lots of money for the
new component. Testing is the real-world counterpart to
verification, checking the circuit really does do what it was
designed to.
We also recommend to consider the type of source you are
going to use, either AC or DC. Based on the source or power,
there is an appropriate wire to be used. Check with your local
hardware store for more information on what wires to use. This is
to mainly void power loss during the transmission of electricity.
When you have the kit needed in this project, we
recommend to double check the polarity of every component
because sometimes the polarity indicated in the kit is wrong. If
unable to do so, this will cause the maker to check for the
problem manually and this will be a waste of time.
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Before soldering the components, we recommend to check
for the connections two or more times to avoid short
connections. Improper connections might cause the component
to be busted. Lastly, in the transmitter used, always check the
positions of the emitter, base and collector because this is the
common problem encounter in the circuit.
CONCLUSION
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After making this project, we have concluded that level
sensors are important in observing water level. The project’s
advantages are it is inexpensive, the material are easily
accessible and it is easy to build.
Creating the project takes time and effort, so it must be
planned carefully. Paying attention to the wiring and assembling
is significant in order for the project to work properly.
The project is important and applicable for water bodies
such as lakes and rivers. This project can be of high use
especially in stormy weathers.
APPENDICES
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A. Summary of Group Performance Evaluation
Everyone did their part in making this project a success.
Dividing the work to the group makes it easier for each one of us
to finish the project. And after a time of hard work we finish it in
time.
Noel John Del Rosario was the one responsible for the
idea in making this Water Level Sensor project and every aspect
of this project, from the paper works up to the finish project. But
without the help of each one from the group it might be
impossible to finish it in time.
Aljan Rodriguez and Lauren Loui Macahilas were the ones
who thought and built the model design for the project
applications. They made the miniature water dam that will be use
to show the use of the project in the community.
Alexia Dale Mendoza, Jacqueline Rose De Julio and Jm
Marc Juacalla were the ones who helped with the paper works
and for its documentations.
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Harold Milagrosa was the one who lent us his tool and
equipment in making this project. He also gave some ideas on
how the circuit could work in actual situations.
The very first thing that we did was to buy the necessary
components for the project. After that, we started to etch and drill
the PCB, then put the essential components to the designated
ports and soldered them. We tested the circuit and it worked fine.
Then, we thought of a model that was crucial for the application
of the circuit and considered a water dam as an example.
Nowadays, especially during rainy days, water levels are more
likely to be ignored without the help of any human interaction.
This sensor is capable of alarming or reminding each and every
individual that the water levels has already reached the limit of
the water dam.
At first, we thought that it could not be finished at the given
time. However, as we pushed ourselves to our limits, coupled
with the determination to overcome hardships and sacrifices in
completing this project, we were able to finish it.
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B. Gallery
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PROFILES
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Noel John Del Rosario”
19 yrs. Old
Blk. 4. Lot 18 Calapacuan St.James Subd. Subic Zambales
“Every problem is an opportunity
to learn something new”
Aljan Rodriguez
20 yrs. Old
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Noel John Del Rosario”
19 yrs. Old
Blk. 4. Lot 18 Calapacuan St.
James Subd. Subic Zambales
“Every problem is an opportunityto learn something new”
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Jacqueline Rose De Julio
19 yrs. Old
2706 Rizal Avenue East BajacBajac Olongapo City
“Success cannot be achieved
on your own
Lauren Loui C. Macahilas
22 yrs. Old
1474 Tabacuhan Sta. RitaOlongapo City
“Everyone has their ownreason”
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Jem Marc Juacalla
19 yrs. Old
2155 Ipil Lane Old CabalanOlongapo City
“No pain, No gain”
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Lauren Loui C. Macahilas
22 yrs. Old
1474 Tabacuhan Sta. RitaOlongapo City
“Everyone has their own
reason”
Jem Marc Juacalla
19 yrs. Old
2155 Ipil Lane Old CabalanOlongapo City
“No pain, No gain”
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Harold Milagrosa
19 yrs. Old
Castillejos Zambales
“You only live once”
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COLUMBAN COLLEGECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
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Harold Milagrosa
19 yrs. Old
Castillejos Zambales
“You only live once”
Lauren Loui C. Macahilas
22 yrs. Old
1474 Tabacuhan Sta. RitaOlongapo City
“Everyone has their own
reason”
Jem Marc Juacalla
19 yrs. Old
2155 Ipil Lane Old CabalanOlongapo City
“No pain, No gain”
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Harold Milagrosa
19 yrs. Old
Castillejos Zambales
“You only live once”
Alexia Dale Mendoza
19 yrs. Old
#0782 Mapanao Asinan Proper Subic Zambales
“It is good to have an end to journey towards; but it is the journey that matters, in the end”