Electronic Workshop Report

Name : Sofwan Fathy Bin Zainul Abidin

Subject : Electronic Workshop, SEE 1712

Group : 2B7

Section : 1SEE2

Project Title: Wheel of Fortune

a) Circuit Design Over Protoboard

b) Printed Circuit Board Design

Objective

The main purpose of this project is let the student learn

and know how to design and make a circuit onto the

Protobord and printed circuit broad. Besides that, in the

development of the project of wheel of fortune, student

also learns how to indentifying all the electronic

components which are use used in this project, such as

Intergrated Circuit (IC), capacitor, LED, resistor and other.

By this, students need to learn how to use the testing

apparatus like multimeter test the electronic component

whether function or not. For the printed circuit broad

design, student also learn how draw the circuit on the

copper clad, etching procceses and learn also how

soldering the electronic components on the printed circuit

board after the hole is drilled.

Diagram of the wheel of fortune project

Circuit design over protoboard

Printed circuit board design

Apparatus

Hole driller Long nose Soldering iron stand Cutter Multimeter Soldering iron Sand paper Protoboard Etching pen Etching basin Jumper cable Metallic alloy DC power supply (0-20V)

Component

Resistor : 1 × R1 120 Ω, 1 × R2 1 KΩ, 1 × R3 330 Ω Diode : 1 × LED Intergrated Circuit(IC) : 1 × IC1 7445, 1 × IC2 7493, 1 × IC3 7413 Capacitor : 1 × 4.7µF 10VDC Switch : 1 × Push to on Battery holder : 1 × Battery snap 5VDC IC Holder : 1 × 16 pin, 2×14 pin Printed circuit board

Circuit development method

i. Firstly, all the electronic components were tested by using multimeter.ii. All the electronic components were place on the protoboard according to

the circuit.iii. The circuit was tested by using the power supply or 9V battery.iv. Circuit at protoboard will be check until it functions if not functioning.v. Next, circuit is designed on the paper.

vi. After that, the circuit from will move on the copper clad by using etching pen.

vii. Then, the circuit board is immersed into etching basin which contains acid.viii. The circuit is taken out form etching basin after all the copper on the circuit

which is not protected by the ink of the etching pen is removed by the acid.ix. Then, the circuit board is immersed into a clean water to clean out the acid.x. After the circuit board is cleaned, the ink of the etching pen on the circuit

board is removed by using sand paper.xi. Then the printed circuit board is made.

xii. Next, a suitable hole for all electronic component is drilled the printed circuit board by using hole driller.

xiii. Then, place all the electronic components and IC holder on the printed circuit board.

xiv. All the electronic components is soldering by using soldering iron.xv. Next, three of the IC are placed on the IC holder.

xvi. Then, all leg of the components are cut by using cutter.xvii. Finally, the circuit is tested by using 9V Battery or DC power supply.

Result of the circuit testing

9V Battery SwitchResult

Connected Unconnected Opened Closed

# #The light is emitted from the LEDsequence from D1 to D10

# #Only one of the LED is emitting light

# #The light is not emitted from LED

# #The light is not emitted from LED

Conclusion

As a conclusion, the light is emitted from the LED sequence from D1 to D10 when the battery is connected and the switch is open. When the switch is suddenly close, only one of the LED is emitting light. Therefore, this is the function of the wheel of fortune.

Notes and comment

1. Problem that face on -When I am drawing the circuit on the copper clad ,I face some difficulty to draw a lin between two pin of the IC, because it is a bit narrow.

-Furthermore, the drill bit is not enough straight, so the drill bit will run away from the point which we need to drill.

-When I am do the soldering, I face some problem to soldering the pin of the IC, because it is a bit narrow

2. Time consumption to complete the project -The time which is given to complete the project is around 6 hours but I use extra 1 hour to make the circuit design on the circuit board. Hence, I take 7 hours to finish this project.

3. Apparatus and components

a) Apparatus

For electrical work, wires are usually soldered to printed circuit boards, other wires, or small terminals. A low-power iron (15-30 Watts) is suitable for this work. In earlier days wires were frequently soldered to large chassis made of heavy metal, but this high-power requirement is now rare. Higher power is used for non-electrical metal-work.

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

A hole driller is use to drill a hole on the printed circuit board.

b) Component

A light-emitting diode (LED is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an electric current is applied in the forward direction of the device, as in the simple LED circuit. The effect is a form of electroluminescence where incoherent and narrow-spectrum light is emitted from the p-n junction.

LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. An LED is usually a small area (less than 1 mm2) light source, often with optics added to the chip to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. The color of the emitted light depends on the composition and condition of the semiconducting material used, and can be infrared, visible, or ultraviolet. Besides lighting, interesting applications include using UV-LEDs for sterilization of water and disinfection of devices and as a grow light to enhance photosynthesis in plants.

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR. The resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor.

Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a circuit as a packaged IC die than as a discrete circuit. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts), because the components are small and close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square mm to around 350 mm², with up to 1 million transistors per mm².

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its plates. Typically with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, they are valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, in rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC should not.

Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to have very low corner frequencies