electronic waste 1

8/3/2019 Electronic Waste 1

1/10

Electronic wasteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor the EC directive, see Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive.

Defective and obsolete electronic equipment.

Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, orWaste Electrical and Electronic Equipment(WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. There is a lack of consensus asto whether the term should apply to resale, reuse, and refurbishing industries, or only to

product that cannot be used for its intended purpose. Informal processing of electronic wastein developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, though thesecountries are also most likely to reuse and repair electronics. Some electronic scrapcomponents, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium,beryllium, or

brominated flame retardants. Even in developed countriesrecycling and disposal of e-wastemay involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken toavoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaching of material such as heavy metalsfrom landfills and incineratorashes. Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree thatmaterials should be managed with caution, but many[weasel words] believe that environmentaldangers of used electronics have been exaggerated.

Contents[hide]

1 Definitions

2 Problems

3 Global trade issues

4 E-waste management

4.1 Recycling

4.2 Consumer awareness efforts

4.3 Processing techniques

4.4 Benefits of recycling

5 Electronic waste substances

5.1 Hazardous
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-pile.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-pile.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive


2/10

5.2 Generally non-hazardous

6 See also

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

[edit] Definitions

Hoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru,India

"Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment,entertainment device electronics,mobile phones,television setsandrefrigerators. Thisdefinition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, ordisposal. Others define the re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondaryscrap (copper, steel,plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for

residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residuefrom reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequentlycommingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates applythe term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRT) are consideredone of the hardest types to recycle.[1] CRTs have relatively high concentration of lead and

phosphors (not to be confused with phosphorus), both of which are necessary for the display.The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitorsin its category of "hazardous household waste"[2]but considers CRTs that have been set asidefor testing to be commodities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or leftunprotected from weather and other damage.

Debate continues over the distinction between "commodity" and "waste" electronics

definitions. Some exporters are accused of deliberately leaving difficult-to-recycle, obsolete,or non-repairable equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (though this may alsocome through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment processes). Protectionists may

broaden the definition of "waste" electronics in order to protect domestic markets fromworking secondary equipment. The high value of the computer recycling subset of electronicwaste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components likeRAM) can help pay thecost of transportation for a larger number of worthless pieces than can be achieved withdisplay devices, which have less (or negative) scrap value. In A 2011 report, "Ghana E-WasteCountry Assessment"[3], found that of 215,000 tons of electronics imported to Ghana, 30%were brand new and 70% were used. Of the used product, the study concluded that 15% wasnot reused and was scrapped or discarded. This contrasts with published but uncredited

claims that 80% of the imports into Ghana were being burned in primitive conditions.

[edit] Problems
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-13.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-14.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=2


3/10

Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, andplanned obsolescencehave resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around theglobe. Dave Kruch, CEO ofCash For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a "rapidlyexpanding" issue.[4] Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, acollection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical

solution can be applied. Display units (CRT, LCD, LED monitors), Processors (CPU chips,RAM), and audio components have different useful lives. Processors are most frequentlyoutdated (by software) and are more likely to become "e-waste", while display units are mostoften replaced while working without repair attempts, due to changes in wealthy nationappetites for new display technology.

An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year[citation needed]. The USA discards30 million computers each year and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year.The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, therest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators."EPA estimates for 2006-7"..

According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources," the amountof e-waste being produced - including mobile phones and computers - could rise by as muchas 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.[5] The United States isthe world leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away about 3 million tons each year. [6]

China already produces about 2.3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, second only tothe United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports, China remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries.[6]

Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elementscan be found in complex electronics.

In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discardedelectronics.[7][8]

While there is agreement that the number of discarded electronic devices is increasing, thereis considerable disagreement about the relative risk (compared to automobile scrap, forexample), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics will improveconditions, or make them worse. According to an article in Motherboard, attempts to restrictthe trade have driven reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintendedconsequences. [9]

[edit] Global trade issuesSee also: Electronic waste by country

Electronic waste is often exported to developing countries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_For_Laptopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_For_Laptopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteries_comparison_4,5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-crtkid.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewaste-crtkid.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_For_Laptopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/manage.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country


4/10

4.5-volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032 and LR44 cells are all recyclable inmost countries.

One theory is that increased regulation of electronic waste and concern over theenvironmental harm in mature economies creates an economic disincentive to removeresidues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics maintain that it is too easy for

brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developingcountries, such as China, [10]India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removingitems like bad cathode ray tubes (the processing of which is expensive and difficult). Thedeveloping countries are becoming big dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of internationaltrade point to the success offair tradeprograms in other industries, where cooperation has ledcreation of sustainable jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where repairand reuse rates are higher.

Defenders of the trade[who?] in used electronics say that extraction of metals from virginmining has been shifted to developing countries. Recycling of copper, silver, gold, and other

materials from discarded electronic devices is considered better for the environment thanmining. They also state that repair and reuse of computers and televisions has become a "lostart" in wealthier nations, and that refurbishing has traditionally been a path to development.South Korea, Taiwan, and southern China all excelled in finding "retained value" in usedgoods, and in some cases have set up billion-dollar industries in refurbishing used inkcartridges, single-use cameras, and working CRTs. Refurbishing has traditionally been athreat to established manufacturing, and simple protectionism explains some criticism of thetrade. Works like "The Waste Makers" byVance Packard explain some of the criticism ofexports of working product, for example the ban on import of tested workingPentium 4laptops to China, or the bans on export of used surplus working electronics by Japan.

Opponents of surplus electronics exports argue that lower environmental and labor standards,

cheap labor, and the relatively high value of recovered raw materials leads to a transfer ofpollution-generating activities, such as burning of copper wire. In China, Malaysia, India,Kenya, and various African countries, electronic waste is being sent to these countries for

processing, sometimes illegally. Many surplus laptops are routed to developing nations as"dumping grounds for e-waste".[4] Because the United States has not ratified theBaselConvention or its Ban Amendment, and has no domestic laws forbidding the export of toxicwaste, the Basel Action Networkestimates that about 80% of the electronic waste directed torecycling in the U.S. does not get recycled there at all, but is put on container shipsand sentto countries such as China.[11][12][13][14] This figure is disputed as an exaggeration by the EPA,the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, and the World Reuse, Repair and RecyclingAssociation. Independent research by Arizona State University showed that 87-88% of

imported used computers did not have a higher value than the best value of the constituentmaterials they contained, and that "the official trade in end-of-life computers is thus driven byreuse as opposed to recycling".[15]

Guiyu in the Shantou region of China, Delhiand Bangalore in India as well as theAgbogbloshie site nearAccra,Ghana have electronic waste processing areas.[11][16][17]

Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal causes a variety of environmental problemssuch as groundwater contamination, atmospheric pollution, or even water pollution either byimmediate discharge or due to surface runoff(especially near coastal areas), as well as health

problems including occupational safety and health effects among those directly and indirectlyinvolved, due to the methods of processing the waste. Thousands of men, women, andchildren are employed in highly polluting, primitive recycling technologies, extracting the

metals, toners, and plastics from computers and other electronic waste. Recent studies showthat 7 out of 10 children in this region have too much lead in their blood.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Action_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Action_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Scrap_Recycling_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Scrap_Recycling_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reuse,_Repair_and_Recycling_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reuse,_Repair_and_Recycling_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyu_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbogbloshiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteries_comparison_4,5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Action_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Scrap_Recycling_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reuse,_Repair_and_Recycling_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reuse,_Repair_and_Recycling_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyu_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbogbloshiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


5/10

Proponents of the trade say growth of internet access is a stronger correlation to trade thanpoverty. Haiti is poor and closer to theport of New Yorkthan southeast Asia, but far moreelectronic waste is exported from New York to Asia than to Haiti. Thousands of men,women, and children are employed in reuse, refurbishing, repair, and remanufacturing,unsustainable industries in decline in developed countries. Denying developing nations

access to used electronics may deny them sustainable employment, affordable products, andinternet access, or force them to deal with even less scrupulous suppliers. In a series of sevenarticles for The Atlantic, Shanghai-based reporter Adam Minter describes many of thesecomputer repair and scrap separation activities as objectively sustainable. [18]

Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmfuland more wasteful. An expedient and prevalent method is simply to toss equipment onto anopen fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away unvaluable metals. This releasescarcinogensand neurotoxinsinto the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering smog. Thesenoxious fumes include dioxins andfurans.[19] Bonfire refuse can be disposed of quickly intodrainage ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water supplies.[14][20]

In June 2008, a container of electronic waste, destined from thePort of Oaklandin the U.S. toSanshui District in mainland China, was intercepted in Hong Kong by Greenpeace.[21]

Concern over exports of electronic waste were raised in press reports in India, [22][23]Ghana,[24][25][26]Ivory Coast,[27]andNigeria.[28]

[edit] E-waste management

[edit] Recycling

Computer monitors are typically packed into low stacks on wooden pallets forrecyclingandthen shrink-wrapped.[19]

See also: e-cycling and Computer recycling

Today the electronic waste recycling business is in all areas of the developed worlda largeand rapidly consolidating business. Part of this evolution has involved greater diversion ofelectronic waste from energy-intensive downcycling processes (e.g., conventional recycling),where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This diversion is achieved through reuseand refurbishing. The environmental and social benefits of reuse include diminished demandfor new products and virgin raw materials (with their own environmental issues); largerquantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing; less packaging per unit;availability of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater affordability of products;and diminished use of landfills.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Oaklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Oaklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Oaklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanshui_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_Computers.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_Computers.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Oaklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanshui_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country


6/10

Audiovisual components, televisions, VCRs,stereo equipment,mobile phones, otherhandheld devices, and computer components contain valuable elements and substancessuitable for reclamation, including lead,copper, and gold.

One of the major challenges is recycling the printed circuit boards from the electronic wastes.The circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base

metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc. Conventional method employed is mechanicalshredding and separation but the recycling efficiency is low. Alternative methods such ascryogenic decomposition have been studied for printed circuit board recycling,[29]and someother methods are still under investigation.

[edit] Consumer awareness efforts

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide viewof the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.(December 2011)

In the US, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) urges consumers to disposeproperly of end-of-life electronics through its recycling locator atwww.GreenerGadgets.org. This list only includes manufacturer and retailer programsthat use the strictest standards and third-party certified recycling locations, to provideconsumers assurance that their products will be recycled safely and responsibly. CEAresearch has found that 58 percent of consumers know where to take their end-of-lifeof electronics, and the electronics industry would very much like to see that level ofawareness increase. Consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers sponsor oroperate more than 5,000 recycling locations nationwide and have vowed to recycleone billion pounds annually by 2016,[30]a sharp increase from 300 million poundsindustry recycled in 2010.

AddressTheMess.com is a Comedy Centralpro-social campaign that seeks to increase

awareness of the dangers of electronic waste and to encourage recycling. Partners inthe effort include Earth911.com, ECOInternational.com, and the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. Many Comedy Central viewers are early adopters of newelectronics, and produce a commensurate amount of waste that can be directedtowards recycling efforts. The station is also taking steps to reduce its ownenvironmental impact, in partnership with NativeEnergy.com, a company thatspecializes in renewable energyandcarbon offsets.

The Electronics TakeBack Coalition[31] is a campaign aimed at protecting humanhealth and limiting environmental effects where electronics are being produced, used,and discarded. The ETBC aims to place responsibility for disposal of technology

products on electronic manufacturers and brand owners, primarily through community

promotions and legal enforcement initiatives. It provides recommendations forconsumer recycling and a list of recyclers judged environmentally responsible.[32]

The CERTIFIED ELECTRONICS RECYCLER program [33]for electronic recyclersis a comprehensive, integrated management system standard that incorporates keyoperational and continual improvement elements for quality, environmental andhealth and safety (QEH&S) performance.

The grassroots Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (svtc.org) focuses on promotinghuman health and addresses environmental justice problems resulting from toxins intechnologies.

Basel Action Network(BAN.org) is uniquely focused on addressing global

environmental injustices and economic inefficiency of global "toxic trade". It works
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Action_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Action_Network


7/10

for human rights and the environment by preventing disproportionate dumping on alarge scale. It promotes sustainable solutions and attempts to ban waste trade.

Texas Campaign for the Environment (texasenvironment.org) works to buildgrassroots support for e-waste recycling and uses community organizing to pressureelectronics manufacturers and elected officials to enact producer takeback recycling

policies and commit to responsible recycling programs.

The World Reuse, Repair, and Recycling Association (wr3a.org) is an organizationdedicated to improving the quality of exported electronics, encouraging betterrecycling standards in importing countries, and improving practices through "FairTrade" principles.

Take Back My TV[34] is a project of The Electronics TakeBack Coalition and gradestelevision manufacturers to find out which are responsible and which are not.

[edit] Processing techniques

Recycling the lead from batteries.

In developed countries, electronic waste processing usually first involves dismantling the

equipment into various parts (metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often byhand, but increasingly by automated shredding equipment. A typical example is the NADINelectronic waste processing plant inNovi Iskar,Bulgaria -- the largest facility of its kind inEastern Europe.[35][36] The advantages of this process are the human's ability to recognize andsave working and repairable parts, including chips, transistors, RAM, etc. The disadvantageis that the labor is cheapest in countries with the lowest health and safety standards.

In an alternative bulk system,[37]a hopper conveys material for shredding into anunsophisticated mechanical separator, with screening and granulating machines to separateconstituent metal and plastic fractions, which are sold to smeltersor plastics recyclers. Suchrecycling machinery is enclosed and employs adust collection system. Some of the emissionsare caught by scrubbers and screens. Magnets,eddy currents, and trommel screens are

employed to separate glass, plastic, andferrous and nonferrous metals, which can then befurther separated at a smelter. Leaded glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries, ammunition,and lead wheel weights,[19] or sold to foundries as a fluxing agent in processing raw lead ore.Copper, gold, palladium, silver and tin are valuable metals sold to smeltersfor recycling.Hazardous smoke and gases are captured, contained and treated to mitigate environmentalthreat. These methods allow for safe reclamation of all valuable computer constructionmaterials.[14] Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St. Denis describesits process as: "We move them through giant shredders about 30 feet tall and it shredseverything into pieces about the size of a quarter. Once your disk drive is shredded into

pieces about this big, it's hard to get the data off". [38]

An ideal electronic waste recycling plant combines dismantling for component recovery withincreased cost-effective processing of bulk electronic waste.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Campaign_for_the_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Iskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Iskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collection_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collection_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collection_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Campaign_for_the_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Iskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collection_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelters


8/10

Reuse is an alternative option to recycling because it extends the lifespan of a device. Devicesstill need eventual recycling, but by allowing others to purchase used electronics, recyclingcan be postponed and value gained from device use.

[edit] Benefits of recycling

Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to thegrowing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a variety of materials, includingmetals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities,intact natural resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by hazardousdisposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissionscaused by the manufacturing of new products. It simply makes good sense and is efficient torecycle and to do our part to keep the environment green.[39]

[edit] Electronic waste substances

Several sizes of button and coin cell with 2 9v batteries as a size comparison. They are allrecycled in many countries since they contain lead, mercury and cadmium.

Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products, whileothers are reduced to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as construction,flatware, and jewelry.[38]

Substances found in large quantities includeepoxy resins, fiberglass,PCBs, PVC(polyvinylchlorides), thermosetting plastics, lead, tin,copper,silicon,beryllium, carbon,iron andaluminium.

Elements found in small amounts include cadmium,mercury, and thallium.[40]

Elements found in trace amounts include americium,antimony, arsenic,barium,bismuth,boron, cobalt,europium,gallium, germanium,gold, indium, lithium,manganese, nickel,niobium,palladium,platinum, rhodium,ruthenium, selenium, silver,tantalum,terbium,thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium.

Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire andprinted circuitboard tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now spreading rapidly. The following areordinary applications:

[edit] Hazardous

Americium:the radioactive source insmoke alarms. It is known to becarcinogenic.

Mercury: found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches(mechanical doorbells, thermostats),[41]and flat screen monitors. Health effectsinclude sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle weakness.Environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, slower growth anddevelopment.

Sulphur: found in lead-acid batteries. Health effects include liver damage, kidneydamage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released in to the environment,

it can create sulphuric acid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCBshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCBshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_plasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Button_cells_and_9v_cells_(3).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Button_cells_and_9v_cells_(3).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCBshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_plasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acid


9/10

BFRs: Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. IncludesPBBs, PBDE,DecaBDE, OctaBDE,PentaBDE. Health effects include impaired development of thenervous system, thyroid problems, liver problems. Environmental effects: similareffects as in animals as humans. PBBs were banned from 1973-1977 on. PCBs were

banned during the 1980's.

Cadmium: Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine andaviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most common form ofcadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. These batteries tend tocontain between 6-18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been

banned in the European Union except for medical use. When not properly recycled itcan leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem.Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers inthe metal refining industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage tothe lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage.[42]

Lead: solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC.[43]Atypical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1.5 pounds of lead,[2] but other CRTshave been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead.[19]

Beryllium oxide: filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal greaseused on heatsinks forCPUs andpower transistors,[44]magnetrons, X-ray-transparentceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers.

[edit] Generally non-hazardous

An iMac G4 that has beenrepurposed into a lamp (photographed next to a Mac Classic and aflip phone.

Tin: solder, coatings on component leads.

Copper: copper wire,printed circuit board tracks, component leads.

Aluminium: nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power(heatsinks), electrolytic capacitors.

Iron: steel chassis, cases, and fixings.

Germanium: 1950s1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors).

Silicon: glass,transistors, ICs,printed circuit boards.

Nickel: nickel-cadmium batteries.

Lithium: lithium-ion batteries.

Zinc:plating for steel parts.

Gold: connector plating, primarily in computer equipment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_Flame_Retardantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBBshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBBshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecaBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OctaBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OctaBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PentaBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_greasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatsinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_G4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatsinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repurposed_Imac.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repurposed_Imac.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_Flame_Retardantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBBshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DecaBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OctaBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PentaBDEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_greasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatsinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_semiconductor_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_G4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatsinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_plating


10/10

electronic waste 1

Documents