electron – hydrocarbon molecular ion reactions mark bannister, randy vane, herb krause, eric...
TRANSCRIPT
Electron – hydrocarbon molecular ion reactions
Mark Bannister, Randy Vane, Herb Krause, Eric Bahati, Mike Fogle, DRS
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
and collaborators
Nada Djuric, Duska Popovic, Momir Stepanovic, Gordon Dunn, Yang-Soo Chung, Tony Smith, Barry Wallbank, Rich Thomas, Vitali Zhaunerchyk
• Provide experimental benchmarks for a portion of the full database of electron – hydrocarbon reactions needed to model edge/divertor physics of ITER and other devices
• Ultimately explore and similarly provide experimental benchmark results for “state-selective” reactions
• Develop models capable of representing a broad range of electron – hydrocarbon data
Objectives
• Reactions studied to this point in time and those planned for study
• Laboratory facilities used to make the measurements
• Presentation of the measured data and comparison to other experimental and theoretical results (Bannister)
• Preliminary molecular dynamics – energy deposition model results
• Summary/outlook
Outline
CHx+ Electron-Impact Dissociation
• CH+ → C+
• CH2+ → CH+, C+ (CH2
2+)
• CH3+ → CH+, C+
CD3+ → CD2
+
Reactions studied to this point in time
• Crossed-beams (DE, DI, ionization)
– CH4+, C2H2
+, C2H3+,…
• Merged-beams (DR, DE)
– CH+, CH2+,…
– Energy-loss technique to measure direct
excitation of CH2+ in the 5-15 eV range
Future CHx+ Dissociation Experiments
Caprice ECR
ECR, cold molecular ion source, HV platform
Ion-neutral Merged-beams
Electron-ion Merged-beams
Grazing ion-surface, ion-solid
Ion trap
Electron-ion crossed-beams
Normal incidence ion-surface
Floating beamline
The ORNL Multicharged & Molecular Ion Research
Facility (MIRF)
Recoil ion spectrometer COLTRIMS
Caprice ECR Ion Source• Produces a broad range of charge states and species
• Gas feed, mini-oven, biased sputter probe
• 50 kW coil power, RF, analyzer, pumps, controls
• 300 lb water coil cooling
All Permanent Magnet ECR Ion Source
• Five element optic developed for floating ion-surface scattering experiment will be used on the new Caprice ECR floating beamline
Deceleration Optics for Floating Beamline
• Performance better than Caprice source
• All permanent magnet design, no axial field power supplies (50 kW savings)
• No separate cooling loop for hexapole
• Optimum for placement on high voltage platform
Cold molecular ion source/trap – developing cold molecular ion sources, place on high voltage platform for acceleration towards endstations - MEIBEL, ion-atom, COLTRIMS
– building an electrostatic reflecting beam ion trap, use it to further cool molecular ions, feed cooled ions to diagnostic experiments
– develop local expertise and capabilities in state-prepared molecular ion production and science, extension of collaboration at CRYRING
CrossedElectronBeam
Electrostatic Mirror
Cryo-Cooler (4 K)
Electrostatic Mirror
Ion
Sou
rce
CCDCamera
Injection offusion relevant
molecules,biomolecules,atmospheric molecules
Injection offusion relevant
molecules,biomolecules,atmospheric molecules
Trapping of molecules to cool and interact with
electrons, photons, and neutrals
Trapping of molecules to cool and interact with
electrons, photons, and neutrals
Reaction microscope – analyze fragments to
determine reaction rates, chemical branching
fractions, distributions of kinetic energy release
Reaction microscope – analyze fragments to
determine reaction rates, chemical branching
fractions, distributions of kinetic energy release
Cold molecular ion source/trap
Electron-ion collisions, crossed-beams
• Ions from ECR source interact at 90° with magnetically confined electron beam
• Product ions are magnetically analyzed and detected by CEM or fast discrete dynode detector
• Parent ions collected in one of 3 Faraday cups
• Electrons chopped to separate signal from background due to ionization on residual gas
Example: CH2+ Dissociation
• In the 1-5 eV range, DR (black) is the dominant channel
• For E=5-15 eV, DE leading to CH+ (red) and C+ (blue) fragments is largest
• For E>20 eV, DE/DI producing H+ (purple) fragments is dominant
• Surprisingly, ionization yielding CH2
2+ (green) ions is only a factor of 10 less than DE/DI of CH+ and C+ fragments at 100 eV
Merged electron-ion beams apparatus
• ECR source on 250-kV platform enables detection of neutral fragments from DR
• Measurements of DR rate coefficients using energy-sensitive particle counting detector
• Imaging of neutral fragments – study dynamics of dissociation
• Segmented SBD being developed will be energy- and position-sensitive down to 10 keV protons
particle counting detector
fragment imaging detector
DR on MEIBEL: Rate Coefficients
DR of 120 keV H2+ ions by Ecm = 0 – 1 eV electrons
MEIBEL
CRYRINGLarsson et al.1995(v=0,1)
Single-pass expts
ro-v
ibra
tional
tem
pera
ture
DR rate for H2+ is
strongly dependenton ro-vibrational distribution
Auerbach
Peart &Dolder
e- + H2+ (v) → H(1s) + H(nl) + KER(n,v)
• Absolute cross sections for production of CHx+ (x=0,1,2) ion
fragments that are sum of channels:
– CH+ → C+ + H Dissociative excitation (DE)
– CH+ → C+ + H+ Dissociative ionization (DI)
– CH+ → C+ + H- Resonant ion pair formation (RIP) this should be very
small
Total expanded uncertainties are at a level equivalent to 90%-confidence for statistics
• Experimental data are compared to data of Janev and Reiter from Report Jülich-3966 and from the HYDKIN online database, including all channels where available:
– Direct DE
– Capture-autoionization dissociation (CAD) – also known as resonant DE
– DI
Description of data presented
CH2+ → CH+
Two possible mechanisms for the DE enhancement in the 5-15 eV range:
(1)Allowed excitations to 2A, 2B electronic states followed by pre-dissociation
(2) CAD(RDE) through Rydberg states of CH2 that converge to
the electronic states of CH2
+
Molecular dynamics energy deposition models
• Goal: Develop relatively simply computational models which can predict electron – molecular ion fragmentation cross sections for a wide range of systems and impact energies
• Motivation: Experience has shown that most electron – molecular ion reactions require very detailed quantum structure and quantum scattering calculations
• Approach: Use a molecular dynamics approach, building in more and more levels of complexity as needed, coupled with an energy deposition model
• nuclear motion treated to varying degrees of completeness – fixed at equilibrium distances, moving on model curves, full quantum chemical potentials
• electronic state binned given computational quantum chemistry values of dissociation energies, molecular orbital energies
• further elaborations possible, e.g., Fermion molecular dynamics for electronic motion to approximate dynamic correlation
Summary/outlook
• Data for dissociative channels measured at ORNL for several hydrocarbon molecular ions, setting key experimental benchmarks for the overall database needed in fusion
• Further “hot” ion source measurements planned for dissociative excitation, ionization, and recombination of hydrocarbon molecular ions to provide similar benchmarks for other species
• New “cool” source, trapped and cooled, molecular ion measurements planned to begin determination of state controlled benchmarks for DE and DI
• Continued development and exercise of the molecular dynamics energy deposition model in order to provide data over the widest range of species and impact energies