elective study - synthesis

ACADEMIC WRITING - SYNTHESISI Putu Gede ADIATMIKA

Dept. Of Physiology Udayana University – School of Medicine

What is 'academic writing'? Academic writing is a particular style of

writing that is characteristic of academic institutions. For any particular academic graduation has its own characteristic features

The characteristic features that it exhibits give it a distinct style students should follow the style relate to both the language itself and the

structure.

A well-written academic

put forward a coherent argumentsupport that argument with evidenceshow the writer’s knowledge of the

subjectshow evidence of reading reflect independent thinkingcontain quotations

A well-written academic

contain references and a bibliography

adopt a formal stylebe logical and analyticalbe clearly structured.education.

Formal Writing

FORMAL

Distant Language Personal pronouns are

usually avoided. Passive voice is often

preferred.

INFORMAL

Personal LanguagePersonal Pronouns are

common.Personal feelings and

views are expressed.Active voice is often

preferred.

What is academic writing? In brief, academic writing is 'structured

research' written by 'scholars' for other scholars (with all university writers being 'scholars' in this context).

Academic writing is; factual, objective, and most importantly, FORMAL.

What to write ?

Scientific papers should describe significant experimental, theoretical or observational extensions of knowledge, or advances in the practical application of known principles (O’Connor and Woodford)

Skill in academic writing

Effective academic writing is an important skill that is not automatic. It can be developed and enhanced by the use of careful thought, planning, and some simple techniques.

Make a Sumarry

Scan the article Identify the number of paragraphs,

tables and illustrationsRead carefully the article

paragraphs Message of each paragraph Illustrations

Write the summary of article

Make a Summary

Review, revise, reorganize and edit Carry out the same steps for the

other articlesWrite a final summary for the articles

Same idea one summary Different idea make for each article

Review, revise, reorganize and edit for the final summary Product : one journal

Add your own title for the summary

Step 1

Identify all the paragraphs in the articles

Identify all the figures and tables in the articles

Identify the references listed in the article

Identify the paragraph

Identify the figure

Identify the table

Identify the references

Step 2

Write a summary of the content for each paragraph

Write a summary of the main message of the figure

This paper focuses on the use of tools, specifically hand tools, and the cognitive aspects of this activity.

Step 3

Write a summary of the main message of the each table

Write your final summary of the whole article by combing all your summary of the paragraphs, figures, tables and make sure that your final summary is accurate, complete and read smoothly

Acceleration between stone and glass

Hand grips and position of fingers

Step 4

Write a summary based on the summaries of all articles Review and revise the final draft of the

summary to produce a coherent essay

Reread and review your summary Ask for the peer-review of your summary

Summary of one article



New Summary

Synthesis

Refer to a combination of two or more entities that together form something new

Base on some papers / journals / evidences

Collecting the same idea into one idea base on researcher analysis NEW IDEA

New Idea Identify main idea from some studies

result /journal/resources Analyze :

What are the similarities What are the differences What are the characteristic of each studies Find the most appropriate result for the recent

data Arrange in your own language Include the citation for support the

information

Main idea / point/ data / result of one article



New Idea Own language

COHERENT

Synthesis should coherent from the original resources / idea / data

Find the identical resources/journal/idea/data

Arrange in structural writing according to the type of studies

Example of Body Paragraph Structure

Topic SentenceTopic and controlling idea

Supporting Point SentenceExample



Concluding Sentence

Body Paragraphs

These are supporting sentences These sentences are the evidence

you are providing to support your ‘controlling idea’ in your topic sentence

They are the place to develop your topic and prove your point

Concluding Paragraph

It signals the end of the essay It reminds the reader of your main

subtopics It paraphrases your thesis

statement. It leaves your reader with your final thoughts on the topic.

The four elements of a good paragraph

A good paragraph should contain at least the following four elements: TransitionTopic sentence specific Evidence and analysis

a Brief concluding sentenceIntroduction to Academic Writing - Jenni Reynolds 31

The four elements of a good paragraph(contd).

A Transition sentence leading in from a previous paragraph to assure smooth reading. This acts as a progression from one idea to the next

A Topic sentence that tells the reader what you will be discussing in the paragraph.

The four elements of a good paragraph(contd).

Specific Evidence and analysis that supports one of your claims and that provides a deeper level of detail than your topic sentence.

A Brief concluding sentence that tells the reader how and why this information supports the paper’s thesis.

ExampleThe frequency factor pattern in this study was similar to the frequency pattern from a previous study using the small box (Ciriello and Snook, 1983) for all fast frequencies down to one lift every 2 min with deviations of 7%, 15%, and 13% for the one lift every 5 and 30 min tasks and the one lift in 8 h task, respectively.

Our guidelines assumed the same effect for large and small boxes. Future guidelines will reflect a more accurate effect of box size on the three slower frequencies. Unlike their counterparts, male industrial workers displayed a different frequency pattern when lifting with the larger boxes (Ciriello, 2003). The male frequency pattern indicated less change to higher frequencies (41 lift/min) and more change to slower frequencies (o1 lift/min) as compared to lifting with the small box.

Lifting with an extended horizontal reach is not an uncommon MMH activity in industry. In the presentstudy, we used a barrier and a toe stop to enforce this type of lifting. The results showed significant decreases in MAWs of 22% and 18% for the mid and center lift, respectively. A previous study with male industrial workers (Ciriello, 2003) reported decreases of 46% and 33% in MAWs and an earlier study reported greater decreases of 50% and 46% (Ciriello et al., 1993). The industrial males in both of these experiments chose MAWs that were 1.8 times the MAWs of the female industrial workers in this study for the 17 cm hand distance. The greater absolute amount of weight handled by the men might have necessitated such greater significant decreases in the extended horizontal reach lift.

General concept

Lifting with an extended horizontal reach is not an uncommon MMH activity in industry. In the presentstudy, we used a barrier and a toe stop to enforce this type of lifting. The results showed significant decreases in MAWs of 22% and 18% for the mid and center lift, respectively. A previous study with male industrial workers (Ciriello, 2003) reported decreases of 46% and 33% in MAWs and an earlier study reported greater decreases of 50% and 46% (Ciriello et al., 1993)……..

Compare to other result

In the presentstudy, we used a barrier and a toe stop to enforce this type of lifting. The results showed significant decreases in MAWs of 22% and 18% for the mid and center lift, respectively.

A previous study with male industrial workers (Ciriello, 2003) reported decreases of 46% and 33% in MAWs and an earlier study reported greater decreases of 50% and 46% (Ciriello et al., 1993).

The industrial males in both of these experiments chose MAWs that were 1.8 times the MAWs of the female industrial workers in this study for the 17 cm hand distance.

The greater absolute amount of weight handled by the men might have necessitated such greater significant decreases in the extended horizontal reach lift.

Conclusion

Brief : about your result and its impact Show the main message related to the

research problem Clear statement about your research and

answer of research question based on your findings

Using Quotes

Use quotations from your reading to support the points you are making

You must properly cite each quotation

You can also paraphrase an author’s words but you must cite source

Sentences and paragraphs A sentence is a group of words that

makes sense on its own. It contains one main point, which should be at the beginning. A sentence must contain at least one verb.

A paragraph is a structured group of sentences. It contains one main point, which should be at the beginning.

Sentence TipsPlace the main point at the beginning of the sentence

**Don’t make the reader work to find it.

Sentence Tips Use one main clause in each sentence

**more becomesConfusing.

Sentence Tips Examine your copy to

make sure you vary the sentence length –but aim for 15-20 words per sentence. If you use the same length sentences, the text becomes tedious to read

Parallelism & consistency Parallelism is an important concept in

writing. Ideas that are written in a parallel form are easier to read and understand. He would rather swim than to jog for exercise. A lot of students attend Green Oak College

because of its low tuition charges, small class size, and the lecturers all have professional qualifications.▪ A lot of students attend Green Oak College because

of its low tuition charges, small class size and professionally qualified lecturers.

Run-together sentences Run-together sentences (or run-on

sentences) are examples of sentences that should be divided up but have been written as if they are one sentence.

Foreign direct investment can help the development of a country it can also provide employment. Foreign direct investment can help the

development of a country. It can also provide employment.

THANK YOU

elective study - synthesis

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