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Fall, 2008Elections and Participation 790-303

Mon, Thur 9:15 - 10:35, Hickman 214

Professor: Richard R. Lau, x2 9321Office Hours: Mon, 1:30 - 3:30, 501 Hickman Hall,

and by appointment

Class Description

This course examines the processes whereby citizens (a) choose to participate in politics (or not);and (b – assuming they do choose to participate), decide which party and candidates to support. We willalso consider whether people get anything from government (or politics) because of their participation. Throughout the course we will consider what democratic theory requires of citizens, and ask how wellthey (we) generally live up to those requirements. We will study almost exclusively the Americanpolitical system, and be concerned chiefly with national elections.

As political science majors, you should know what political scientists have said about thesetopics. Thus we will study them from that (largely academic) perspective – meaning objective (i.e.,nonpartisan), abstract, concerned much more with the general point and patterns established over timerather than the particulars of any one election.

Of course for many people, this takes much of the fun out of politics. There is a pretty bigelection occurring this Fall. So students will also study topics of very current and/or partisan, interestwhich relate, in different ways, to broader topics we are discussing in class. This semester we will lookprimarily at battleground states where the presidential election will be determined, and competitiveSenate and House races that will determine which party will control Congress for the 2009 - 2010 term. We could also have advocacy reports from the McCain and Obama campaigns if students in class areinvolved in either of them. Hence presentation and paper topics will include:

• Why should you vote for John McCain?

• Why should you vote for Barack Obama?

• Which candidate is likely to win Colorado (Florida/Indiana/Iowa/Michigan/Minnesota/Missouri/Montana/Nevada/New Hampshire/North Carolina/North Dakota/Ohio/Oregon/Pennsylvania/Virginia/Wisconsin)? How has the state leaned in the past five presidential elections, and whatseems to be shaping the election in the state this year?

• Who will win the Senate election in Louisiana and Georgia? Virginia and Kentucky? Mississippi and Michigan? Etc. Who has raised the most money? And what are the issues inthose races?

• Who will win the congressional election in the Alabama 4 and 5 districts? The California 11th th th

and 12 ? The Pennsylvania 9 and 10 ? The Connecticut 3 and 4 ? Etc. Who has raised theth th th rd th

most money? And what are the issues in those races?

• Are there any competitive elections in New Jersey they year?

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We will choose topics in about the third week of class. Each of you will give a brief class presentationon your topic and write a short paper describing your predictions for the upcoming election.

Each day there will be a reading assignment that you are expected to complete before class. Youwill get the most out of this class if, in addition, you actually think about the reading enough to knowwhat you understand, and what you do not understand.

Grades will be based on:

A short-answer/multiple choice midterm during the 8th week of class ........................... 35%

and a similar exam during finals week .............................................................................. 35%

A brief class presentation on a topic of current interest in politics ................................. 10%

and a short paper on that same topic ................................................................................. 10%

Class participation ............................................................................................................. 10%

You also must pass a “proficiency exam” in American politics to receive credit for thisclass. You will receive a copy of this exam on the first day of class.

Required Readings

The following books are required for this class. They are all for sale in the Douglass book store.

Flanigan, William, and Nancy Zingale. 2006. Political Behavior and the American Electorate (11 ed). th

Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Jacobson, Gary. 2004. The Politics of Congressional Elections (6 ed). New York: Longman.th

Niemi, Richard, and Herbert Weisberg (Eds.). 2001. Controversies in Voting Behavior (4th ed). Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Note: The 4 edition of the Niemi and Weisberg volume is necessary, as this book changes completelyth

from edition to edition. You can get by with earlier (and presumably cheaper) editions of theother two books, however, without missing too much.

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Tentative Daily Schedule Date Topic Reading

9/4 Introduction: How Does Democracy "Work?" Why Do People Flanigan & Zingale, Ch. 1Participate in Politics? Is it “Rational” to Do So? Controversies, Ch 1Science and the Study of Politics

9/8 Types of Political Participation. Trends over time. Controversies, Ch 2 9/11 Who Participates in Politics? Types of Political Participators; Flanigan & Zingale, Ch. 2

The SES Model; (Individual-level factors)

9/15 Election Laws, Motor Voters, GOTV efforts, and Other Controversies, Ch 4Institutional Factors Influencing Participation.

9/18 U.S. Turnout in Comparative Perspective Controversies, Ch 5

9/22 Why has Participation Declined? Bowling Alone, Social Capital, Controversies, Ch 3 and Other Societal Factors Influencing Participation;

Does Negative Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?

9/25 Paper/presentation assignments and discussion of class election project Flanigan & Zingale, Ch. 3

9/29 Party Systems and the History of American Politics Controversies, Ch 21(In Two Easy Lessons)

10/2 (Continued) Flanigan & Zingale, Ch. 4Controversies, Chs 23

10/6 Blue States vs. Red States: Columbia and the Social Basis Flanigan & Zingale, Ch. 5of Voting; Controversies, Ch 22

10/9 The Michigan Approach: Social Psychology, Normal Votes,and the Importance of Party ID Controversies, Chs 18, 19

10/13 Issue Voting and the Rational Choice Perspective Flanigan & Zingale, Ch. 6Report on the NJ Federal Elections

10/16 Pocketbook Voting and the Symbolic Politics Alternative Controversies, Ch 11

10/20 Midterm

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Date Topic Reading

10/23 Student Reports: The presidential race in 12 (?) battleground states

10/27 Student Reports: 20 competitive, and not so competitive, Senate elections

10/30 Student Reports: 30 competitive, and not so competitive, House elections

11/3 The 2000 Presidential Election; Who Really Won Florida? Should Jacobson, Ch 1, Ch 2 the Supreme Have Court Decided the Election? Would it Matter?

11/6 Video: Bill Moyers and Kathleen Hall Jamieson on Political Ads

11/10 Interpretations/Consequences of the 2008 National Presidential Election.How accurate were our predictions?

11/13 Candidate Images Flanigan & Zingale, Ch. 8;Controversies, Ch 13

11/17 The Vote Decision. Controversies, Chs 10, 12

11/20 Are Political Campaigns Effective? Flanigan & Zingale, Ch 7;Jacobson, Ch 4, pp 87-105

11/24 Congressional Elections: Surge and Decline and Other Jacobson, Ch 5; 6, pp 155-175National Influences on Congressional Elections

11/25 Congressional Elections: Constituency Service, Candidate Quality, Jacobson, Chs 3, 4, pp 63 - 87 and Other Local Factors

12/1 Congressional Elections: Split Ticket Voting, Divided Government, Controversies, Chs 14,15and Other Rational Influence on Congressional Elections

12/4 What Difference Does Political Information Make? Controversies, Chs 6, 8Do Most (Many? Any?) People Vote “Correctly”?

12/8 What Difference Does Participation Make? Are Participators Jacobson, Ch. 7Better Represented? Democracy Reconsidered ...

FINAL: Friday, Dec. 19 , 4 - 6th

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The articles/chapters listed below are optional reading for the course.

Political Participation and Turnout

Abramowitz, Alan I., and Kyle L. Saunders. 2008. “Is Polarization a Myth?” Journal ofPolitics, 70(April): 542 - 555. [See also response by Riorina, Abrams, and Pope, thatimmediately follows.]

Adams, James, and Samuel Merrill III. 2003. “Voter Turnout and Candidate Strategies inAmerican Elections.” Journal of Politics, 65(February): 161-189.

Alvarez, R. Michael, Asa Hopkins, and Betsy Sinclair. 2010. “Mobilizing Pasadena Democrats: Measuring the Effects of Partisan Campaign Contacts.” Journal of Politics, 72(January):31 - 44.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. 1994. “DoesAttack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?” American Political Science Review, 88,829-838.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, and David M. Konisky. 2006. “The Introduction of Voter Registrationand Its Effect on Turnout.” Political Analysis, 14(Winter): 83 - 100.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Charles Stewart III. 2005. “Residual votes Attributable toTechnology.” Journal of Politics, 67(May): 365 - 389.

Arceneaux, Kevin, and David W. Nickerson. 2009. “Who Is Mobilized to Vote? A Re-Analysis of 11 Field Experiments.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 1 - 16.

Banducci, Susan A., Todd Donovan, and Jeffrey A. Karp. 2004. “Minority Representation,Empowerment, and Participation.” Journal of Politics, 66(May): 534-556.

Barreto, Matt A., Gary M. Segura, and Nathan D. Woods. 2004. “The Mobilizing Effect ofMajority-Minority Districts on Latino Turnout.” American Political Science Review,98(February): 65-76.

Bendor, Jonathan, Daniel Diermeier, and Michael Ting. 2003. “A Behavioral Model of Turnout.”American Political Science Review, 97(May): 261-280.

Bergan, Daniel E., Alan S. Gerber, Donald P. Green, and Costas Panagopoulos. 2005. “Grassroots Mobilization and Voter Turnout in 2004.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(5): 760 - 777.

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Berinsky, Adam J., Nancy Burns, and Michael W. Traugott. 2001. “Who Votes by Mail? ADynamic Model of the Individual-Level Consequences of Voting-by-Mail Systems.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(Summer): 178 - 197.

Bernstein, Robert, Anita Chadha, and Robert Montjoy. 2001. “Over-reporting Voting: Why itHappens and Why It Matters.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(Spring): 22 - 44.

Cassel, Carol A. 2002. “Hispanic Turnout: Estimates from Validated Voting Data.” PoliticalResearch Quarterly, 55(2): 391 - 408.

Cho, Wendy K. Tam, James G. Gimpel, and Joshua J. Dyck. 2006. “Residential Concentration,Political Socialization, and Voter Turnout.” Journal of Politics, 68(February): 156 - 167.

Citrin, Jack, Eric Schickler, and John Sides. 2003. “What if Everyone Voted: Simulating theImpact of Increased Turnout in Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science,47(January): 75-90.

Claassen, Ryan L. 2008. “Testing the Reciprocal Effects of Campaign Participation.” PoliticalBehavior, 30(September): 277 - 296.

Claassen, Ryan L., and Andrew Povtak. 2010. “The Christian Right Thesis: ExplainingLongitudinal Change in Participation among Evangelical Christians.” Journal of Politics,72(January): 2 - 15,

Claggett, William, and PH Pollock. 2006. “The Modes of Participation Revisited, 1980-2004.”Political Research Quarterly, 59(4): 593-60.

Clarke, Harold D., David Sanders, Marianne C. Stewart, and Paul Whiteley. 2004. “Theoriesand Models of Turnout.” Political Choice in Britain, 1( 9): 217-237.

Clarke, Harold D., David Sanders, Marianne C. Stewart, and Paul Whiteley. 2004. “The Decision(Not) to Vote.” Political Choice in Britain, 1( 9): 237-279.

Collins, Nathan A., Sunil Kuman, and Jonathan Bendor. 2009. “The Adaptive Dynamics ofTurnout.” Journal of Politics, 71(April): 457 - 472.

Cutts, David, and Edward Fieldhouse. 2009. “What Small Spatial Scales Are Relevant asElectoral Contexts for Individual Voters? The Importance of the Household on Turnoutat the 2001 General Election.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(July): 726 -739.

Dale, Allison, and Aaron Strauss. 2009. “Don’t Forget to Vote: Test Message Reminders as aMobilization Tool.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(October): 787 - 804.

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Denny, Kevin, and Orla Doyle. 2009. “Does Voting History Matter? Analyzing Persistence inTurnout.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 17 - 35.

Desposato, Scott W., and John R. Petrocik. 2003. “The Variable Incumbency Advantage: NewVoters, Redistricting, and the Personal Vote.” American Journal of Political Science,47(January): 18-32.

Dubin, Jeffrey A. & Gretchen A. Kalsow. 1996. "Comparing Absentee and Precinct Voters: AView Over Time." Political Behavior, 18(December): 369-392.

Duffy, John, and Margit Tavits. 2008. “Beliefs and Voting Decisions: A Test of the PivotalVoter Model.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(July): 603 - 618.

Finkel, Steven E. 2002. “Civic Education and the Mobilization of Political Participation inDeveloping Democracies.” Journal of Politics, 64(November): 994 - 1020.

Flavin, Patrick, and John D. Griffin. 2009. “Policy, Preferences, and Participation: Government’s Impact on Democratic Citizenship.” Journal of Politics, 71(April): 544 -559.

Fowler, James H. 2006. “Habitual Voting and Behavioral Turnout.” Journal of Politics,68(May): 335 - 344.

Fowler, James H. 2006. “Altruism and Turnout.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 674 - 683.

Fowler, James H., Laura A. Baker, and Christopher T. Dawes. 2008. “Genetic Variation inPolitical Participation.” American Political Science Review, 102(February): 233 - 249.

Fowler, James H., and Cindy D. Kam. 2007. “Beyond the Self: Social Identity, Altruism, andPolitical Participation.” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 813 - 827.

Gastil, John, E. Pierre Deess, and Phil Weiser. 2002. “Civic Awakening in he Jury Room: ATest of the Connection between Jury Deliberation and Political Participation.” Journal ofPolitics, 64(May): 585 - 595.

Gastil, John, E. Pierre Deess, Phil Weiser, and Jordan Meade. 2008. “Jury Service and ElectoralParticipation: A Test of the Participation Hypothesis.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 351- 367.

Gay, Claudine. 2001. “The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on PoliticalParticipation.” American Political Science Review, 95(September):589 - 602.

Gerber, Alan, and Donald P. Green. 2000. “The Effects of Personal Canvassing, Telephone calls,and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment.” American Political ScienceReview, 94(September): 653 - 664.

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Gerber, Alan, and Donald P. Green. 2000. The Effect of a Nonpartisan Get-Out-the-Vote-Drive:An Experimental Study of Leafleting.” Journal of Politics, 62(August): 846 - 857.

Gerber, Alan, and Donald P. Green. 2001. “Do Phone Calls Increase Voter Turnout?: A FieldExperiment.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(Spring): 75 - 85.

Gerber, Alan S., Donald Pl Green, and Christopher W. Larimer. 2008. “Social Pressure andVote Turnout: Evidence from a Large-Scale Felid Experiment.” American PoliticalScience Review, 102(February): 33 - 48.

Gerber, Alan S., and Todd Rogers. 2009. “Descriptive Social Norms and Motivation to Vote:Everybody’s Voting and so Should You.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 178 - 191.

Gershtenson, J. 2003. “Mobilization Strategies of the Democrats and Republicans, 1956-2000.”Political Research Quarterly, 56(3): 293-308.

Gibbs Knotts, H., and M. Haspel. 2006. “T he Impact of Gentrification on Voter Turnout.” Social Science Quarterly, 87(1): 110-121.

Gimpel, James G., Joshua J. Dyck, and Daron R. Shaw. 2004. “Registrants, Voters, andTurnout Variability Across Neighborhoods.” Political Behavior: 26(December): 343 -376.

Gomez, Brad T., Thomas Gl Hansford, and George A. Krause. 2007. “The Republicans ShouldPray for Rain: Weather, Turnout, and Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections.” Journal ofPolitics, 69(August): 649 - 663.

Grafstein, Robert. 2005. “The Impact of Employment Status on Voting Behavior.” Journal ofPolitics, 67(August): 804 - 824.

Grant, J. Tobin, and Thomas J. Rudolph. 2002. “To Give or Not to Give: Modeling Individuals’Contribution Decisions.” Political Behavior, 24(March): 31 - 54.

Green, Donald P., Alan S. Gerber, and David W. Nickerson. 2003. “Getting Out the Vote inLocal Elections: Results from Six Door-to-Door Canvassing Experiments.” Journal ofPolitics, 65(November): 1083-1096.

Hajnal, Zoltan, and Jessica Trounstine. 2005 “Where Turnout Matters: The Consequences ofUneven Turnout in City Politics.” Journal of Politics, 67(May): 515 - 535.

Han, Hahrie C. 2009. “Does the Content of Political Appeals Matter in MotivatingParticipation? A Field Experiment on Self-disclosure in Political Appeals.” PoliticalBehavior, 31(March): 103 - 116.

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Haspel, Moshe, and H. Gibbs Knotts. 2005. “Location, Location, Location: Precinct Placementand the Costs of Voting.” Journal of Politics, 67(May): 560 - 573.

Hero, Rodney, F. Chris Garcia, John Garcia, and Harry Pachon. 2000. “Latino Participation,Partisanship, and Office Holding.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 33(September):529 - 534.

[Several other articles in the symposium on Latino Politics in the U.S.]

Highton, Benjamin. 2006. “Long Lines, Voting Machine Availability, and Turnout: The Caseof Franklin County, Ohio in the 2004 Presidential Election. PS: Political Science andPolitics, 39(January): 65 - 68.

Holbrook, Thomas M., and Scott D. McClurg. 2005. “The Mobilization of Core Supporters:Campaigns, Turnout, and Electoral Composition in United States Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(October): 689 - 703.

Jackson, Robert A. 2003. “Differential Influences on Latino Electoral Participation.” 2003. Political Behavior: 25(December): 339-366.

Jackson, Robert A. 2002. “Gubernatorial and Senatorial Campaign Mobilization of Voters.” Political Research Quarterly, 55(December): 825 - 844.

Jennings, M. Kent. And Ellen Ann Andersen. 2003. “The Importance of Social and PoliticalContext: The Case of AIDS Activism.” Political Behavior: 25(June): 177-199.

Kam, Cindy D., and Carl L. Palmer. 2008. “Reconsidering the Effects of Education on PoliticalParticipation.” Journal of Politics, 70(July): 612 - 631.

Karp, Jeffrey A., and Susan A. Banducci. 2000. “Going Postal: How All-Mail ElectionsInfluence Turnout.” Political Behavior, 22(September): 223 - 240.

Killian, Mitchell, Ryan Schoen, and Aaron Dusso. 20j08. “Keeping Up with the Joneses: TheInterplay of Personal and Collective Evaluations in Voter Turnout.” Political Behavior,30(September): 323 - 340.

Lassen, David Dreyer. 2005. The Effect of Information on Voter Turnout: Evidence from aNatural Experiment.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(January): 103 - 118.

Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. 2001. "Effects of Negative Campaigning on Turnout inU.S. Senate Elections, 1988-1998.” Journal of Politics, 63(August): 804 - 819.

Leighley, Jan E., and Arnold Vedlitz. 1999. “Race, Ethnicity, and Political Participation: Competing

Models and contrasting Explanations.” Journal of Politics, 61(November): 1092 - 1114.

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Leighley, Jan E., and Jonathan Nagler. 2007. “Unions, Voter Turnout, and Class Bias in theU.S. Electorate, 1964 - 2004.” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 430 - 441.

Lipsitz, Keena. 2009. “The Consequences of Battleground and ‘Spectator’ State Residency forPolitical Participation.” Political Behavior, 31(June): 187 - 210.

Lyons, William, and Robert Alexander. 2000. “A Tale of Two Electorates: GenerationalReplacement and the Decline of Voting in Presidential Elections.” Journal of Politics,

62(November): 1014 - 1034.

Martin, Paul S. 2003. “Voting’s Rewards: Voter Turnout, Attentive Publics, and CongressionalAllocation of Federal Money.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(January): 110-127.

Martinez, M.D., and Jeff Gill. 2005. “The Effects of Turnout on Partisan Outcomes in U.S.Presidential Elections 1960-2000.” Journal of Politics, 67(4): 1248-1274.

McDonald, Michael P. 2008. “Portable Voter Registration.” Political Behavior, 30(December): 491 - 502.

McDonald, Michael P., and Samuel L. Popkin. 2001. “The myth of the Vanishing Voter.” American Political Science Review, 95(December): 963 - 974.

McMiller, Darryl L. 2008. “The Campaign to Restore the Voting Rights of People Convicted ofa Felony and Sentenced to Probation in Connecticut.” American Behavioral Scientist,51(January): 645-658

Mutz, Diana C. 2002. “The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation.”American Journal of Political Science, 46(October): 838 - 855.

Nickerson, David W. 2007. “Quality Is Job One: Professional and Volunteer VoterMobilization Calls.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(April): 269 - 282.

Nickerson, David W. 2008. Is Voting Contagious: Evidence from Two Field Experiments.” American Political Science Review, 102(February): 49 - 58.

Niven, David. 2001. “The Limits of Mobilization: Turnout Evidence from State HousePrimaries.” Political Behavior, 23(December): 335 - 350.

Niven, David. 2004. “The Mobilization Solution? Face-to-Face Contact and Voter Turnout in aMunicipal Election.” Journal of Politics, 66(August): 868-884.

Panagopoulos, Costas. 2008. “The Calculus of Voting in Compulsory Voting Systems.” Political Behavior, 30(December): 455 - 468.

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Parry, Janine, Jay Barth, Martha Kropf, and E. Terrence Jones. 2008. “Mobilizing the SeldomVoter: Campaign Contact and Effects in High-Profile Elections.” Political Behavior,30(March): 97 - 114.

Philpot, Tasha S., Daron R. Shaw, and Ernest B. McGowen. 2009. “Winning the Race: BlackVoter Turnout in the 2008 Presidential Election.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(SpecialIssue): 995 - 1022.

Plane, Dennis L, and Joseph Gershtenson. 2004. “Candidates’ Ideological Locations, Abstention,and Turnout in U.S. Midterm Senate Elections.” Political Behavior, 26(March): 69-93.

Platt, Matthew B. 2008. “Participation for What? A Policy-Motivated Approach to PoliticalActivism.” Political Behavior, 30(September): 391 - 413.

Plutzer, Eric. 2002. “Becoming a Habitual Voter: Inertia, Resources, and Growth in YoungAdulthood.” American Political Science Review, 96(March): 41 - 56.

Schur, L., T. Shields, and K. Schriner. 2005. “Generational Cohorts, Group Membership, andPolitical Participation by People with Disabilities.” Political Research Quarterly, 58(3):487-496.

Shaw, Daron, de la Garza, Rodolfo O., and Jongho Lee. 2000. “Examining Latino Turnout in1996: A Three-State, Validated Survey Approach.” American Journal of PoliticalScience, 44(April): 338 -346.

Smith, Mark A. 2001. “The Contingent Effects of Ballot Initiatives and Candidate Races onTurnout.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(July): 700 - 706.

Stanley, J. W., and Christopher Weare. 2004. “The Effects of Internet Use on PoliticalParticipation: Evidence From an Agency Online Discussion Forum.” Administration &Society, 36 (November): 503-527.

Stein, Robert M., and Greg Vonnahme. 2008. “Engaging the Unengaged Voter: Vote Centersand Voter Turnout.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 487 - 497.

Stevens, n Sullivan, Barbara Allen, and Dean Alger. 2008. “What’s Good for the Goose is Bador the Gander: Negative Political Advertising, Partisanship and Turnout.” Journal ofPolitics, 70(April): 527 - 541.

Tam Cho, Wendy K., James G. Gimpel, and Tony Wu. 2006. “Clarifying the Role of SES inPolitical Partici0pation: Policy Threat and Arab American Mobilization.” Journal ofPolitics, 68(November): 977 - 991.

Teigen, JM. 2006. “Enduring Effects of the Uniform: Previous Military Experience and VotingTurnout.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(4): 601-608.

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Tenn, Steven. 2005. “An Alternative Measure of Relative Education to Explain Voter Turnout.” Journal of Politics, 67(February): 271 - 282.

Teorell, Jan. 2006. “Political Participation and Three Theories of Democracy: a ResearchInventory and Agenda.” European Journal of Political Research, 45(August): 787-810.

Verhulst, Joris, and Stefan Walgrave. 2009. “The First Time is the Hardest? A Cross-Nationaland Cross-Issue Comparison of First-Time Protest Participants.” Political Behavior, 31(September): 455 - 484.

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Party Identification, Political Parties, and Party Systems

Abramowitz, Alan I., and K.L. Saunders. 2006. “Exploring the Bases of Partisanship in theAmerican Electorate: Social Identity vs. Ideology.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(2): 175-188.

Bafumi, Joseph, and Robert Y. Shapiro. 2009. “A New Partisan Voter.” Journal of Politics,71(January): 1 - 24.

Bartels, Larry M. 2002. “Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions.”Political Behavior: 24(June): 117 - 150.

Black, Merle. 2004. “The Transformation of the Southern Democratic Party.” Journal ofPolitics, 66(November): 1001 - 1017.

Brewer, M.D. 2005. “The Rise of Partisanship and the Expansion of Partisan Conflict within theAmerican Electorate.” Political Research Quarterly, 58(2): 219-230.

Burden, Barry, and Casey A. Klofstad. 2005. “Affect and Cognition in Party Identification.”Political Psychology, 26(December): 869 - 886.

Campbell, David E. 2002. “The Young and the Realigning: A Test of the Socialization Theory ofRealignment.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(Summer): 209 - 234.

Clarke, Harold D., and Allan L. McCutcheon. 2009. “The Dynamics of Party IdentificationReconsidered.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Winter): 704 - 728.

Connaughton S.L, and S.E. Jarvis. 2004. “Invitations for Partisan Identification: Attempts toCourt Latino Voters Through Televised Latino-Oriented Political Advertisements,1984-2000.” Journal of Communication, 54(March): 38-54.

Fiorina, Morris P. 2002. “Parties and Partisanship: A 40-Year Retrospective.” PoliticalBehavior: 24(June): 93 - 116.

Goren, Paul. 2005. “Party Identification and Core Political Values.” American Journal ofPolitical Science, 49(October): 881 - 896.

Greene, Steven. 2002. “The Social-Psychological Measurement of Partisanship.” PoliticalBehavior: 24(September): 171-198.

Greene, Steven. 2005. “The Structure of Partisan Attitudes: Reexamining PartisanDimensionality and Ambivalence.” Political Psychology, 26(October): 809 - 822.

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Hetherington, Marc J. 2001. “Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization.”American Political Science Review, 95(September): 619 - 632.

Hirano, Sigeo, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2007. “The Decline of Third-Party in the UnitedStates.” Journal of Politics, 69(February): 1 - 16.

Kaufmann, Karen M. 2002. “Culture Wars, Secular Realignment, and the Gender Gap in PartyIdentification.” Political Behavior: 24(September): 283-307.

Kroh, Martin, and Peter Selb. 2009. “Inheritance and the Dynamics of Party Identification.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 559 - 574.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and Thomas M. Carsey. 2002. “Party Polarization and Party Structuring ofPolicy Attitudes: A Comparison of Three NES Panel Studies.” Political Behavior:24(September): 199-236.

McGuire, Mary P. 2006. “Political Parties Matter: Realignment and the Return of PartisanVoting.” Political Science Quarterly, 121(June): 325-326.

Miller, Gary, and No0rman Scho0field. 2008. “The Transformation of the Republican andDemocratic Party Coalitions in the U.S.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(September): 433 -450.

Muirhead, Russell. 2006. “A Defense of Party Spirit.” Perspectives on Politics, 4(December):713 - 727.

Stone, Walter J., and Ronald B. Rapoport. 2001. “It’s Perot Stupid! The Legacy fo the 1992Perot Movement in the Major-Party System, 1992 - 2000.” PS: Political Science andPolitics, 34(March): 49 - 58.

Valentino, Nicholas A., and David O. Sears. 2005. “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Raceand Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South.” American Journal of PoliticalScience, 49(July): 672 - 688.

Weisberg, Herbert F. 2002. “Partisanship and Incumbency in Presidential Elections.” PoliticalBehavior: 24(December): 339-360.

Wolbrecht, Christina. 2002. “Explaining Women’s Rights Realignment: Convention Delegates,1972-1992.” Political Behavior: 24(September): 237-282.

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Political Campaigns/Media Effects in Politics

Airne, D., and W.L. Benoit.2005. “Political Television Advertising in Campaign 2000.”Communication Quarterly, 53( 4): 473-492.

Aldrich, John. 2009. “The Invisible Primary and Its Effects on Democratic Choice.” PS:Political Science and Politics, 42(January): 33 - 38.

Baum, Ma tthew. 2005. “Talking the Vote: Why Presidential Candidates Hit the Talk ShowCircuit.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(April): 213 - 234.

Berry, Christopher R., and William G. Howell. 2007. “Accountability and Local Elections:Rethinking Retrospective Voting.” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 844 - 858.

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., David Darmofal, and Christian A. Farrell. 2009. “The AggregateDynamics of Campaigns.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 309 - 323.

Brader, Ted. 2005. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and PersuadeVoters by Appealing to Emotions.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(April): 388 - 405.

Brady, Henry E. 2004. “U.S. Elections – How the Rules You Choose and the Way You CountDetermine the Winners You Get: Symposium on the 2000 Vote in Florida.” Perspectiveson Politics, 2(September): 489-490. [articles by Manza and Uggen, Highton, Buchler,Jarivs, and McNulty, Mebane, and Imai, and King follow].

Brooks, Deborah Jordan. 2006. “The Resilient Voter: Moving Toward Closure in the Debateover Negative Campaigning and Turnout.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 684 - 696.

Brooks, Deborah Jordan, and John G. Geer. 2007. “Beyond Negativity: The Effects of Incivilityon the Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(January): 1 - 16.

Burden, Barry C., and Joseph Neal Rice Sanbert. 2003. “Budget Rhetoric in PresidentialCampaigns from 1952-2000.” Political Behavior: 25(June): 97-118.

Campbell, James E. 1992. “Forecasting the Presidential Vote in the States,” American Journal ofPolitical Science 36(May): 386-407.

Campbell, James E. 2001. “The Referendum that Didn’t Happen: The Forecast of the 2000Presidential Election.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 34(March): 33 - 38.

Campbell, James E. “Assessment of the 2004 Presidential Vote Forecasts.” PS: Political Scienceand Politics, 38(January): 23 - 40 [see assessments by all the major players – Wlezien and

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Erikson, Lewis-Beck and Tien, Abramowitz, Holbrook, Norpoth, Campbell, andLockerbie.]

Carson, Jamie L. 2005. “Strategy, Selection, and Candidate Competition in U.S. House andSenate Elections.” Journal of Politics, 67(February): 1 - 28.

Claibourn, Michele P. 2008. “Making a Connection: Repetition and Priming in PresidentialCampaigns.” Journal of Politics, 70(October): 1142 - 1159.

Clayman, Steven E., John Heritage, Marc N. Elliott, and Laurie L McDonald. 2007. “WhenDoes the Watchdog Bark? Conditions of Aggressive Questioning in Presidential NewsConferences.” American Sociological Review, 72(February): 23-41.

Clinton, Joshua D., and John S. Lapinski. 2004. “‘Targeted’ Advertising and Voter Turnout: AnExperimental Study of the 2000 Presidential Election.” Journal of Politics, 66(February):69-96.

Coleman, John J. and Paul F. Manna. 2000. “Congressional Campaign Spending and the Qualityof Democracy.” Journal of Politics, 62(August): 757 -789.

DeCanio, Samuel. 2007. “Religion and Nineteenth-Century Voting Behavior: A New Look atSome Old Data.” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 339 - 350.

Donovan, Todd, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Daniel A. Smith. 2008. “Priming Presidential Votes byDirect Democracy.” Journal of Politics, 70(October): 1217 - 1231.

Druckman, James N. 2004. “Priming the Vote: Campaign Effects in a U.S. Senate Election.” Political Psychology, 25(August): 577-594.

Druckman, James N. 2005. “Media Matter: How Newspapers and Television News CoverCampaigns and Influence Voters.” Political Communication, 22(October-December): 463-481.

Druckman, James N., Martin J. Kifer, and Michael Parkin. 2009. “Campaign Communicationsin U.S. Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review, 103(August): 343- 366.

Druckman, James N., Lawrence R. Jacobs, and Eric Ostermeier. 2004. “Candidate Strategies toPrime Issues and Image.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1180 - 1202.

Druckman, James N, and M. Parkin. 2005. “The Impact of Media Bias: How Editorial SlantAffects Voters.” Journal of Politics, 67(4): 1030-1049.

Dunaway, Johanna. 2008. “Markets, Ownership, and the Quality of Campaign News Coverage.” Journal of Politics, 70(October): 1193 - 1202.

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Erikson, Robert S., and Thomas R. Palfry. 2000. “Equilibria in Campaign Spending Games:Theory and Data.” American Political Science Review, 94(September): 595 - 610.

Erikson, Robert S., and Christopher Wlezien. 2008. “Are Political Markets Really Superior toPolls as Election Predictors? Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Summer): 190 - 215.

Eshbaugh-Soha, Matthew. 2003. “Presidential Press Conferences Over Time.” American Journalof Political Science, 47(April): 348-353.

Flowers, Julianne F., Audrey A. Haynes, and Michael H. Crespin. 2003. “ The Media, theCampaign, and the Message.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(April): 259-273.

Freedman, Paul, Michael Franz, and Kenneth Goldstein. 2004. “Campaign Advertising andDemocratic Citizenship.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(October): 723-741.

Fridkin, Kim L., Patrick J. Kenney, Sarah Allen Gershon, Karen Shafer, and Gina SerigneseWoodall. 2007. “Capturing the Power of a Campaign Event: The 2004 PresidentialDebate in Tempe.” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 770 - 785.

Fridkin, Kim L., Patrick J. Kenney, and Gina Serignese Woodall. 2009. “Bad for Men, Betterfor Women: The Impact of Stereotypes During Negative Campaigns.” PoliticalBehavior, 31(March): 53 - 78.

Geer, John G., and James H. Geer. 2003. “Remembering Attack Ads: An ExperimentalInvestigation of Radio.” Political Behavior: 25(March): 69-95.

Gibson, James L. 2008. “Challenges to the Impartiality of State Supreme Courts: LegitimacyTheory and “New Style” Judicial Campaigns.” American Political Science Review,102(February): 59 - 76.

Gimpel, James G., Frances E. Lee, and Joshua Kaminski. 2006. “ The Political Geography ofCampaign Contributions in American Politics.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 626 -639.

Gimpel, James G., Karen M. Kaufmann, and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz. 2007. “BatttlegroundStates versus Blackout States: The Behavioral Implications of Modern PresidentialCampaigns.” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 786 - 797.

Goldstein, Ken, and Paul Freedman. 2000. “New Evidence for New Arguments: Money andAdvertising in the 1996 Senate Elections.” Journal of Politics, 62(November): 1087 - 1108.

Goldstein, Ken, and Paul Freedman. 2002. “Campaign Advertising and Voter Turnout: NewEvidence for a Stimulation Effect.” Journal of Politics, 64(August): 721 - 740.

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Gordon, Sanford C., Gregory A. Huber, and Dimitri Landa. 2007. “Challenger Entry and VoterLearning.” American Political Science Review, 101(May): 303 - 320.

Herr, J. Paul. 2002. “The Impact of Campaign Appearances in the 1996 Election.” Journal ofPolitics, 64(August): 904 - 913.

Herrnson, Paul S., A.K. Stokes Brown, and M. Hindman. 2007. “Campaign Politics and theDigital Divide: Constituency Characteristics, Strategic Considerations, and CandidateInternet Use in State Legislative Elections.” Political Research Quarterly, 60(1): 31-42.

Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2005. “Campaign Effects and the Dynamics of Turnout Intention inElection 2000.” Journal of Politics, 67(February): 50 - 68.

Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2007. “The Dynamics of Voter Decision Making Among Minor-PartySupporters: The 2000 Presidential Election in the United States.” British Journal ofPolitical Science, 37(2): 225 - 244.

Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Simon Jackman. 2003. “Voter Decision Making in Election 2000: Campaign Effects, Partisan Activation, and the Clinton Legacy.” American Journal ofPolitical Science, 47(October): 583-596.

Hindman, Matthew. 2009. The Myth of Digital Democracy. Princeton NJ: Princeton UniversityPress.

Holbrook, Thomas M. 1991. “Presidential Elections in Time and Space.” American Journal ofPolitical Science, 35(February): 91-109.

Holbrook, Thomas M. 1994. “Campaigns, National Conditions, and U.S. PresidentialElections.” American Journal of Political Science, 38(October): 973 - 998.

Holbrook, Thomas M. 1996. Do Campaigns Matter? Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Holbrook, Thomas M., and Scott D. McClurg. 2005. “The Mobilization of Core Supporters:Campaigns, Turnout, and Electoral Composition in United States Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(October): 689 - 703.

Huber, Gregory A., and Kevin Arceneaux. 2007. “Identifying the Persuasive Effects ofPresidential Advertising.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(October): 957 -977.

Jackson, Robert A., and Jason C. Sides. 2006. “Revisiting the Influence of Campaign Tone onTurnout in Senate Elections.” Political Analysis, 14(Spring): 206 - 218.[see also response by Fridkin and Kenney immediately following]

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Jasperson, Amy E. and Hyun Jung Yun. 2007. “Political Advertising Effects and America'sRacially Diverse Newest Voting Generation.” American Behavioral Scientist, 50(May):1112 - 1123.

Kaid, Lynda Lee, and Daniela Dimitrova. 2005. “The Television Advertising Battleground inthe 2004 Presidential Election.” Journalism Studies, 6(May): 165-175.

Kaid, Lynda L., and Clifford A. Jones. 2004. “The New U.S. Campaign Regulations andPolitical Advertising.” Journal of Political Marketing, 3(December): 105 - 110.

Kaid, Lynda Lee, Mitchell S. McKinney, and John C. Tedesco. 2007. “Political InformationEfficacy and Young Voters.” American Behavioral Scientist, 50(May): 1093 - 1111.

Kaid, Lynda Lee, Monica Postelnicu, Kristen Landreville, Hyun Jung Yun, and Abby GailLeGrange. 2007. “The Effects of Political Advertising on Young Voters.” AmericanBehavioral Scientist, 50(May): 1137 - 1151.

Kaplan, N., D. K. Park, and Travis N. Ridout. 2006. “Dialogue in American PoliticalCampaigns? An Examination of Issue Convergence in Candidate TelevisionAdvertising.” American Journal of Political Science, 50(July): 724-736.

Krasno, Jonathan S., and Donald P. Green. 2008. “Do Televised Presidential Ads IncreaseVoter Turnout? Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Journal of Politics, 70(January):245 - 261. [See also response by Franz, Freedman, Goldstein, and Ridout, and rejoinderby Krasno and Green, that immediately follow.]

Krasno, Jonathan, and Kenneth Goldstein. “The Facts about Television Advertising and theMcCain-Feingold Bill.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 35(June): 207-212.

Langer, Gary, and Jon Cohen. 2005. “Voters and Values in the 2004 Election.” Public OpinionQuarterly, 69(5): 744 -759.

Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. 2002. “Effectiveness of Negative Campaigning in U.S.Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(January): 47 - 66.

Lau, Richard R., Lee Sigelman, and Ivy Brown Rovner. 2007. “The Effects of NegativePolitical Campaigns: A Meta-Analytic Reassessment.” Journal of Politics,69(November): 1176 - 1209.

MacManus, Susan A., and Andrew F. Quecan. 2008. “Spouses as Campaign Surrogates:Strategic Appearances by Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates’ Wives in the2004 Election.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 41(April): 337 - 348.

Martin, Paul. 2004. “Inside the Black Box of Negative Campaign Effects: Three Reasons WhyNegative Campaigns Mobilize.” Political Psychology, 25(August): 545-562.

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Masket, Seth E. 2009. “Did Obama’s Ground Game Matter? The Influence of Local FieldOffices during the 2008 Presidential Election.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(SpecialIssue): 1023 - 1039.

Niven, David. 2006. “A Field Experiment on the Effects of Negative Campaign Mail on VoterTurnout in a Municipal Election.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(June): 203-210.

Norrander, B. 2006. “The Attrition Game: Initial Resources, Initial Contests and the Exit ofCandidates During the US Presidential Primary Season.” British Journal of PoliticalScience, 36(3): 487-508.

Norton, Michael I, and George R. Goethals. 2004. “Spin (and Pitch) Doctors: CampaignStrategies in Televised Political Debates.” Political Behavior, 26(September): 227-248.

Peterson, David A.M. 2009. “Campaign Learning and Vote Determinants.” American Journalof Political Science, 53(April): 445 - 460.

Poplin, Samuel L. 2006. “Changing Media, Changing Politics.” Perspectives on Politics,4(June): 327 - 341.

Ridout, Travis N., Dhavan V. Shah, Kenneth M. Goldstein, and Michael M. Franz. 2004.“Evaluating Measures of Campaign Advertising Exposure on Political Learning.” Political Behavior, 26(September): 201-226.

Schaffner, BF. 2006. “The Political Geography of Campaign Advertising in U.S. HouseElections.” Political Geography, 25(7): 775-788.

Schlozman, Daniel, and Ian Yohal. 2008. “How Initiatives Don’t Always Make Citizens: BallotInitiatives in the American States, 1978 - 2004. Political Behavior, 30(December): 469 -490.

Schrott, Peter, and David J. Lanoue. 2008. “Debates Are for Losers.” PS: Political Science andPolitics, 41(July): 513 - 518.

Shaw, Daron R. 1999. “The Methods Behind the Madness: Presidential Electoral CollegeStrategies, 1988 - 1996. Journal of Politics, 61(November): 893 - 913.

Sides, John, and Andrew Karch. 2008. “Messages that Mobilize? Issue Publics and the Contentof Campaign Advertising.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 466 - 476.

Sigelman, Lee, and Emmett H. Buell, Jr. 2003. “You Take the High Road and I‘ll Take the LowRoad? The Interplay of Attack Strategies and Tactics in Presidential Campaigns.”Journal of Politics, 65(May): 518-531.

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Sigelman, Lee, and Emmett H. Buell, Jr. 2004. “Avoidance or Engagement”? Issue Convergencein U.S. Presidential Campaigns, 1960-2000.” American Journal of Political Science,48(October): 650-661.

Sigelman, Lee, and Mark Kugler. 2003. “Why Is Research on the Effects of NegativeCampaigning So Inconclusive? Understanding Citizens’ Perceptions of Negativity.”Journal of Politics, 65(February): 142-160.

Sigelman, Lee, and Eric Sharaev. 2002. “The Rational Attacker in Russia? NegativeCampaigning in Russian Presidential Elections.” Journal of Politics, 64(February): 45 -62.

Spiliotes, Constantine J., and Lynn Vavreck. 2002. “Campaign Advertising: PartisanConvergence or Divergence?” Journal of Politics, 64(February): 249 - 261.

Steger, W.P. 2007. “Who Wins Nominations and Why? An Updated Forecast of thePresidential Primary Vote.” Political Research Quarterly, 60(1): 91 - 99.

Stevens, Daniel. 2009. “Elements of Negativity: Volume and Proportion in Exposure toNegative Advertising.” Political Behavior, 31(September): 429 - 454.

Sulkin, Tracy. 2009. “Campaign Appeals and Legislative Action.” Journal of Politics,71(July): 1093 - 1108.

Sweetser Trammell, Kaye D. 2007. “Candidate Campaign Blogs: Directly Reaching Out to theYouth Vote.” American Behavioral Scientist, 50(May): 1255 - 1263.

Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Dmitri Williams. 2004. “The Impact ofPolitical Advertising on Knowledge, Internet Information Seeking, and CandidatePreference.” Journal of Communication, 54(June): 337-354.

Vavreck, Lynn, Constantine J. Spiliotes, and Linda L. Fowler. 2002. “The Effects of RetailPolitics in the New Hampshire Primary.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(July):595 - 610.

Wlezien, Christopher, and Robert S. Erikson. 2002. “The Timeline of Presidential ElectionCampaigns.” Journal of Politics, 64(November): 969 - 993.

Wolak, J. 2006. “The Consequences of Presidential Battleground Strategies for CitizenEngagement.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(3): 353-362.

See also the special issue of the American Behavioral Scientist, November 2005,Vol. 49, No. 3, which focuses on media effects during the 2004 U.S. presidentialelection.

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Voting Behavior (in Presidential Primaries/General Elections)

Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Jill Rickershauser, and David W. Rohde. 2007. “Fear inthe Voting Booth: The 2004 Presidential Election.” Political Behavior, 29(June): 197 -220.

Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. 2005. “The 2004 PresidentialElection: The Emergence of a Permanent Majority?” Political Science Quarterly,120(March): 33-57(25).

Aldrich, John H. 2000. “Southern Parties in State and Nation.” Journal of Politics, 62(August): 643- 670.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, Jonathan Rodden, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2008. “The Strength ofIssues: Using Multiple Measures to Gauge Preference Stability, Ideological Constraint,and Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review, 102(February): 215 - 232.

Beck, Paul Allen, Russell J. Dalton, Steven Greene, and Robert Huckfeldt. 2002. “The SocialCalculus of Voting: Interpersonal, Media, and Organizational Influences on PresidentialChoices.” American Political Science Review, 96(March): 57 - 74.

Bishin, Benjamin G., Daniel Stevens, and Christian Wilson. 2006. “Character Counts? Honesty and Fairness in Election 2000.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(Summer): 235 -248.

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Suzanna De Boef. 2001. “Macropartisanship andMacroideology in the Sophisticated Electorate.” Journal of Politics, 63(February): 232 -248.

Bartels, Larry M. and John Zaller. 2001. “Presidential Vote Models: A Recount.” PS: PoliticalScience and Politics, 34(March): 9 - 20.

Burden, Barry C. 2006. “A Tale of Two Campaigns: Ralph Nader’s Strategy in the 2004Presidential Election.” PS, 39(October): 871 - 874.

Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, & Donald Stokes. 1960. "Public Policy andPolitical Preference." In The American Voter (Chapter 8, pp. 168-187). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Carey, S, and M.J. Lebo. 2006. “Election Cycles and the Economic Voter.” Political ResearchQuarterly, 59(4): 543-556.

Converse, Philip. 1960. "The Concept of a Normal Vote." In A. Campbell et al. (Eds.) Electionsand the Political Order (pp. 9-34). New York: Wiley.

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Craig, SC; Martinez, MD; Gainous, J; Kane, JG. 2006. “Winners, Losers, and Election Context:Voter Responses to the 2000 Presidential Election.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(4):579-592.

Dershowitz, Alan M. 2003. “The Final Decision.” Supreme Injustice, 1(6): 53-93.

Elder, L., and S. Greene. 2007. “The Myth of ‘Security Moms’ and ‘NASCAR Dads’: Parenthood, Political Stereotypes, and the 2004 Election.” Social Science Quarterly, 88(1): 1-19.

Erikson, Robert S. 2009. “The American Voter and the Economy, 2008.” PS Political Science& Politics, 42(July): 467 - 472.

Erikson, Robert S., Joseph Bafumi, and Bret Wilson. (2001). “Was the 2000 PresidentialElection Predictable?” PS: Political Science and Politics, 34(December): 815-819.

Feddersen, Timothy, Sean Gailmard, and Alvaro Sandroni. 2009. “Moral Bias in LargeElections: Theory and Experimental Evidence.” American Political Science Review,103(May): 175 - 192.

Fiorina, Morris; Abrams, S; Pope, J. 2003. “The 2000 US Presidential Election: CanRetrospective Voting Be Saved?” British Journal of Political Science, 33(2): 163-188.

Fournier, Patrick, Andrea Blais, Richard Nadau, Elisabeth Gidengil, and Neil Nevitte. 2003.“Issue Importance and Performance Voting.” Political Behavior: 25(March): 51-68.

Gelpi, Christopher, Jason Reifler, and Peter Feaver. 2007. “Iraq the Vote: Retrospective andProspective Foreign Policy Judgments on Candidate Choice and Casualty Tolerance.” Political Behavior, 29(June): 151 - 174.

Gimpel, James G., & Diane H. Harvey. 1997. "Forecasts and Preferences in the 1992 GeneralElection. Political Behavior, 18(June): 157-175.

Hayes, Danny. 2009. “Has Television Personalized Voting Behavior?” Political Behavior,31(June): 231 - 260.

Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2007. “The Dynamics of Voter Decision Making Among Minor-PartySupporters: The 2000 Presidential Election in the United States.” British Journal ofPolitical Science, 37(2): 225 - 244.

Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Todd G. Shields. 2005. “Moral Issues and Voter Decision Making inthe 2004 Presidential Election.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 38(April): 201 - 210.

Holbrook, Thomas M. 2001. Forecasting with Mixed Economic Signals: A Cautionary Tale.”PS: Political Science and Politics, 34(March): 39 - 44.

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Holbrook, Thomas M. 2009. “Economic Considerations and the 2008 Presidential Election.” PS Political Science & Politics, 42(July): 473 - 478.

Holian, David B. 2004. “He’s Stealing My Issues! Clinton’s Crime Rhetoric and the Dynamicsof Issue Ownership.” Political Behavior, 26(June): 95-124.

Karol, David, and Edward Miguel. 2007. “The Electoral Cost of War: Iraq Casualties and the2004 U.S. Presidential Election.” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 633 - 648.

Kaufmann, Karen M., James G. Gimpel, and Adam H. Hoffman. 2003. “A Promise Fulfilled? Open Primaries and Representation.” Journal of Politics, 65(May): 457-476.

Kenny, Christopher, and Eric Jenner. 2008. “Direction versus Proximity in the Social InfluenceProcess.” Political Behavior, 30(March): 73 - 96.

Jessee, Stephen A. 2009. “Spatial Voting in the 2004 Presidential Election.” American PoliticalScience Review, 103 (February): 59 - 82.

Layman, Geoffrey C. 1997. "Religion and Political Behavior in the United States: The Impact ofBeliefs, Affiliations, and Commitment from 1980 to 1994. Public Opinion Quarterly,61(Summer): 288-316.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Richard Nadeau. 2004. “Split-Ticket Voting: The Effects ofCognitive Madisonianism.” Journal of Politics, 66(February): 97-112.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Richard Nadeau. 2009. “Obama and the Economy in 2008.” PSPolitical Science & Politics, 42(July): 479 - 484.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S. and Charles Tien. 2001. “Modeling the Future: Lessons from the GoreForecast.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 34(March): 21 - 24.

Linn, Suzanna, Jonathan Moody, and Stephanie Asper. 2009. “Explaining the Horse Race of2008.” PS Political Science & Politics, 42(July): 459 - 466.

MacDonald, Stuart Elaine, George Rabinowitz, and Ola Listhaug. 2001. “Sophistry versusScience: On Further Efforts to Rehabilitate the Proximity Model.”Journal of Politics,63(May): 482 - 500.

Mulligan, Kenneth. 2008. “The ‘Myth’ of Moral Values Voting in the 2004 PresidentialElection.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 41(January): 109 - 114.

Norpoth, Helmut. 2001. “Primary Colors: A Mixed Blessing for Al Gore.” PS: Political Scienceand Politics, 34(March): 45 - 48.

Norpoth, Helmut, and Andrew H. Sidman. 2007. “Mission Accomplished: The WartimeElection of 2004.” Political Behavior, 29(June): 175 - 196.

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Oliver, J. Eric, and Shang E. Ha. 2007. “Vote Choice in Suburban Elections.” AmericanPolitical Science Review, 101(August): 393 - 408.

Panagopoulos, Costas. 2009. “Campaign Dynamics in Battleground and NonbattlegroundStates” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Spring): 119 - 129.

Pasek, Josh, Alexander Tahk, Yphtach Lelkes, Jon A. Krosnick, B. Keith Payne, Omair Akhtar,and Trevor Thompson. 2009. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Special Issue): 943 - 994.

Redlawsk, David, Daniel Bowen, and Caroline Tolbert. 2008. “Comparing Caucus andRegistered Voter Support for the 2008 Presidential Candidates in Iowa.” PS: PoliticalScience and Politics, 41(January): 12 - 138.

Sears, David O., Richard R. Lau, Tom R. Tyler, & Harris M. Allen, Jr. 1980. "Self-Interest Vs.Symbolic Politics in Policy Attitudes and Presidential Voting." American PoliticalScience Review, 74, 670-684.

Segura, Gary M., and Luis R. Fraga. 2008. “Race and the Recall: Racial and Ethnic Polarizationin the California Recall Election.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(April): 421- 435.

Skitka, Linda J., and Christopher W. Bauman. 2008. “Moral Conviction and PoliticalEngagement.” Political Psychology, 29(February): 29 - 54.

Tedesco, John C. 2007. “Examining Internet Interactivity Effects on Young Adult PoliticalInformation Efficacy.” American Behavioral Scientist, 50(May): 1183-1194.

Todorov, Alexander, A.N. Mandisodza, A. Goren, and C.C. Hall. 2005. “Inferences ofCompetence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes.” Science, 308(5728): 1623 - 1626.

Tomz, Michael, and Robert P. Van Houweling. 2008. “Candidate Positioning and VoterChoice.” American Political Science Review, 102(August): 303 - 318.

Tomz, Michael, and Robert P. Van Houweling. 2009. “The Electoral Implications of CandidateAmbiguity.” American Political Science Review, 103 (February): 83 - 98.

Wand, Jonathan N, et al. 2001. “The Butterfly Did It: The Aberrant Vote for Buchanan in PalmBeach County, Florida.” American Political Science Review, 95(December): 793 - 810.

Weisberg, Herbert F. 2005. “The Structure and Effects of Moral Predispositions inContemporary American Politics.” Journal of Politics, 67(August): 646 - 668.

Weisberg, Herbert F., and Dino P. Christenson. 2007. “Changing Horses in Wartime? The2004 Presidential Election.” Political Behavior, 29(June): 279 - 304.

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Westholm, Anders. 2001. “On the Return of Epicycles: Some Crossroads in Spatial ModelingRevisited.” Journal of Politics, 63(May): 436 - 481.

Wlezien, Christopher. 2001. “On Forecasting the Presidential Vote.” PS: Political Science andPolitics, 34(March): 25 - 32.

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Congressional Elections

Abramowitz, Alan. 2006. “National Conditions, Strategic Politicians, and U.S. CongressionalElections: Using the Generic Vote to Forecast the 2006 House and Senate Elections.” PS,39(October): 863 - 866.

Abramowitz, Alan, Brad Alexander, and Matthew Gunning.2006. “ Incumbency, Redistricting,and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections.” Journal of Politics,68(February): 75 - 88.

Abramowitz, Alan, Brad Alexander, and Matthew Gunning.2006. “Don’t Blame Redistrictingfor Uncompetitive Elections.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 39(January): 87 - 90.

Adams, Greg D., & Peverill Squire. 1997. "Incumbent Vulnerability and Challenger Emergencein Senate elections." Political Behavior, 18: 97-112.

Adams, James, Benjamin G. Bishin, and Jay K. Dow. 2004. “Representation in CongressionalCampaigns: Evidence for Discounting/Directional Voting in U.S. Senate Elections.”Journal of Politics, 66(May): 348-373.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, James M. Snyder, Jr., and Charles Stewart III. 2001. “CandidatePositioning in U.S. House Elections.” American Journal of Political Science,45(January): 136 - 159.

Backstrom, Charles, Samuel Krislov, and Leonard Robins. 2006. “Desperately SeekingStandards: The Court’s Frustrating Attempts to Limit Political Gerrymandering.” PS:Political Science and Politics, 39(July): 409 - 416.

Basinger. Scott J., and Howard Lavine. 2005. “Ambivalence, Information, and ElectoralChoice.” American Political Science Review, 99(May): 169 - 184.

Brady, David W., John F. Cogan, Brian J. Gaines, & Douglas Rivers. 1996. "The Perils ofPresidential Support: How the Republicans took the House in the 1994 MidtermElections. Political Behavior, 18(December): 345-368.

Brunell, Thomas L. 2006. “Rethinking Redistricting: How Drawing Uncompetitive DistrictsEliminates Gerrymanders, Enhances Representation, and Improves Attitudes towardCongress.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 39(January): 77 - 86.

Burden, Barry C. 2004. “Candidate Positioning in US Congressional Elections.” British Journalof Political Science, 34(2): 211-228.

Campbell, Angus. 1966. "Surge and Decline: A Study of Electoral Change." In A. Campbell etal. (Eds.) Elections and the Political Order (pp. 40-62). New York: Wiley.

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Campbell, James E. 1997. "The Presidential Pulse and the 1994 Midterm CongressionalElection." The Journal of Politics, 59(August): 830-857.

Carsey, Tom M., and Geoff C. Layman. 2004. “Policy Balancing and Preferences for PartyControl of Government.” Political Research Quarterly, 57(4): 541-550.

Carson, Jamie L., Erik J. Engstrom, and Jason M. Roberts. 2007. “Candidate Quality, thepersonal Vote, and the Incumbency Advantage in Congress.” American Political ScienceReview, 101(May): 289 - 302.

Esterling, Kevin M. 2007. “Buying Expertise: Campaign Contributions and Attention to PolicyAnalysis in Congressional Committees.” American Political Science Review,101(February): 93 - 110.

Engstrom, Erik J., and Samuel Kernell. 2005. “Manufactured Responsiveness: The Impact ofState Electoral Laws on Unified Party control of the Presidency and House ofRepresentatives, 140 - 1940. American Journal of Political Science, 49(July): 531 - 549.

Fowler, James. 2005. “Dynamic Responsiveness in the U.S. Senate.” American Journal ofPolitical Science, 49(April): 299 - 312.

Friedman, John N., and Richard T. Holden. 2009. “The Rising Incumbent Reelection Rate: What’s Gerrymandering Got to Do With It?” Journal of Politics, 71(April): 593 - 611.

Gartner, Scott Sigmund, and Gary M. Segura. 2008. “All Politics are Still Local: The Iraq Warand the 2006 Midterm Elections.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 41(January): 95 -100.

Gay, Claudine. 2007. “Legislating without Constraints: The Effect of Minority Districting onLegislators’ Responsiveness to Constituency Preferences.” Journal of Politics, 69(May):442 - 456.

Gimpel, James G., Frances E. Lee, and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz. 2008. “The Check Is in theMail: Interdistrict Funding Flows in Congressional Elections.” American Journal ofPolitical Science, 52(April): 373 - 394.

Goodliffe, Jay. 2001. “The Effect of War Chests on Challenger Entry in U.S. House Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 830 - 844.

Goodliffe, Jay. 2004. “War Chests as Precautionary Savings.” Political Behavior:26(December): 377 - 398.

Heberlig, Eric Marc Hetherington, and Bruce Larson. 2006. “The Price of Leadership:Campaign Money and the Polarization of Congressional Parties.” Journal of Politics,68(November): 992 - 1005.

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Highton, Benjamin. 2002. “Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the 1998 House Elections.” PublicOpinion Quarterly, 66(Spring): 1 - 17.

Highton, Benjamin. 2004. “Policy Voting in Senate Elections: The Case of Abortion.” PoliticalBehavior, 26(June): 181-200.

Hogan, Robert E. 2004. “Challenger Emergence, Incumbent Success, and ElectoralAccountability in State Legislative Elections.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1283 -1303.

Huckfeldt, Robert, Edward G. Carmines, Jeffery J. Mondak, and Eric Zeemering. 2007. “Information, Activation, and Electoral Competition in the 2002 CongressionalElections.” Journal of Politics, 69(August): 798 - 812.

Jacobson, Gary C. 2007. “Referendum: The 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections.” PoliticalScience Quarterly, 122(Spring): 1 - 24.

Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Timothy P. Nokken. 2008. “Partisanship. The Electoral Connection,and Lame-Duck Sessions of Congress, 1877-2006.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 450 -465.

Jones, David R., and Monika L. McDermott. 2004. “The Responsible Party Government Modelin House and Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(January): 1-12.

Klarner, Carl, and Stan Buchanan. 2006. “Forecasting the 2006 Elections for the U.S. House ofRepresentatives.” PS, 39(October): 857 - 862.

Klarner, Carl, and Stan Buchanan. 2006. “Forecasting the 2006 Elections for the United StatesSenate.” PS, 39(October): 849 - 856.

Ladewig, Jeffrey W., and Matthew P. Jasinski. 2008. “On the Causes and Consequences of andRemedies for Interstate Malapportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(March): 89 - 108.

Lazarus, Jeffrey. 2008. “Why Do Experienced Challengers Do Better than Amateurs?” Political Behavior, 30(June): 185 - 198.

Lazarus, Jeffrey. 2009. “Party, Electoral Vulnerability, and Earmarks in the U.S. House ofRepresentatives.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 1062 - 1075.

Maestas, Cherie D., Sarah Fulton, L. Sandy Maisel, and Walter J. Stone. 2006. “When to RiskIt? Institutions, Ambitions, and the Decision to Run for the U.S. House.” AmericanPolitical Science Review, 100(May): 195 - 208.

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Maestas, Cherie D., and Cynthia R. Rugeley. 2008. “Assessing the ‘Experience Bonus’ ThroughExamining Strategic Entry, Candidate Quality, and Campaign Receipts in U.S. HouseElections.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(July): 520 - 535.

Martin, Andrew D. 2001. “Congressional Decision Making and the Separation of Powers.”American Political Science Review, 95(June): 361 - 378.

McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2009. “Does Gerrymandering CausePolarization?” American Journal of Political Science, 53(July): 666 - 680.

McDonald, Michael P. 2006. “Drawing the Line of District Competition.” PS: PoliticalScience and Politics, 39(January): 91 - 94.

Prior, Markus. 2006.“The Incumbent in the Living Room: The Rise of Television and theIncumbency Advantage in U.S. House Elections.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 657 -673.

Ramirez, Mark D. 2009. “The Dynamics of Partisan Conflict on Congressional Approval.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(July): 681 - 694.

Stone, Walter J., Sarah A. Fulton, Cherie D. Maestas, and L. Sandy Maisel. 2010. “IncumbencyReconsidered: Prospects, Strategic Retirement, and Incumbent Quality in U.S. HouseElections.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 178 - 190.

Stone, Walter J., and L. Sandy Maisel. 2003. “The Ont-So-Simple Calculus of Winning:Potential U.S. House Candidate’ Nomination and General Election Prospects.” Journal ofPolitics, 65(November): 951-977.

Werner, Timothy. 2009. “Congressmen of the Silent South: The Persistence of Southern RacialLiberals, 1949 - 1964.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 70 - 81.

Witko, C. 2006. “PACs, Issue Context, and Congressional Decisionmaking.” PoliticalResearch Quarterly, 59(2): 283-296.

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Gender and Politics

Banwart, Mary Christine. 2007. “Gender and Young Voters in 2004: The Influence of PerceivedKnowledge and Interest.” American Behavioral Scientist, 50(May): 1152 - 1168.

Beisel, Nicola, and Tamara Kay. 2004. “Abortion, Race, and Gender in Nineteenth-CenturyAmerica.” American Sociological Review, 69(August): 498-518.

Blanchfield, TA. 2007. “Superficial Significance: Tailoring the Perfect Female Candidate.” Campaigns and Elections, 28(1): 34-39.

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Suzanna De Boef, and Tse-min Lin. 2004. “The Dynamics of thePartisan Gender Gap.” American Political Science Review, 98(August): 515-528.

Burden, C. Barry. 2008. “The Social Roots of the Partisan Gender Gap.” Public OpinionQuarterly, 72(Spring): 55 - 75.

Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as RoleModels for Adolescents.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 233 - 247.

Conway, M. Margaret. 2001. “Women and Political Participation.” PS: Political Science andPolitics, 34(June): 231 - 234.

Dasgupta, Nilanjana, and Shaki Asgari. 2004. “Seeing Is Believing: Exposure toCounterstereotypic Woman Leaders and its Effect on the Malleability of AutomaticGender Stereotyping.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(September): 642-658.

Dolan, K. 2005. “Do Women Candidates Play to Gender Stereotypes? Do Men Candidates Playto Women?” Political Research Quarterly, 58(1): 31-44.

Eagly, Alice H., A.B. Diekman, M.C. Johannesen Schmidt, and A.M. Koenig. 2004. “GenderGaps in Sociopolitical Attitudes: A Social Psychological Analysis.” Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 87(December): 796-816.

Falk, E., and K. Kenski. 2006. “Issue Saliency and Gender Stereotypes: Support for Women asPresidents in Times of War and Terrorism.” Social Science Quarterly, 87(1): 1-18.

Fowler, Linda L., and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2009. “Looking for Sex in All the Wrong Places:Press Coverage and the Electoral Fortunes of Gubernatorial Candidates.” Perspectives onPolitics, 7(September): 519 - 536.

Fox, Richard L., and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2004. “Entering the Arena? Gender and the Decisionto Run for Office.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(April): 264-280.

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Fox, Richard L., and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2005. “To Run or Not to Run for Office: ExplainingNascent Political Ambition.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(July): 642 -659.

Fox, Richard L., and Zoe M. Oxley. 2003. “Gender Stereotyping in State Executive Elections:Candidate Selection and Success.” Journal of Politics, 65(August): 833-850.

Fulton, S.A.; Maestas, C.D.; Maisel, L.S.; Stone, W.J. 2006. “The Sense of a Woman: Gender,Ambition, and the Decision to Run for Congress.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(2): 235-248.

Hatemi, Peter K., Sarah E. Medland, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2009. “Do Genes Contribute to the‘Gender Gap’?.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 262 - 276.

Herrnson, Paul S., J. Celeste Lay, and Atiya Kai Stokes. 2003. “Women Running as ‘Women’:Candidate Gender, Campaign Issues, and Voter-Targeting Strategies.” Journal of Politics,65(February): 244-255.

Howell, Susan E., and Christine L. Day. 2000. “Complexities of the Gender Gap.” Journal of

Politics, 62(August): 858 - 874.

Hutchings, Vincent L., Nicholas A. Valentino, Tasha S. Philpot, and Ismail K. White. 2004. “TheCompassion Strategy: Race and the Gender Gap in Campaign 2000.” Public OpinionQuarterly, 68(Winter): 512-541.

Kane, Emily W., and Kimberly J. Whipkey. 2009. “Predictors of Public Support for Gender-Related Affirmative Action: Interests, Gender Attitudes, and Stratification Beliefs.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Summer): 233 - 254.

Kaufman, Karen M. 2004. “The Partisan Paradox: Religious Commitment and the Gender Gap inParty Identification.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(Winter): 491-511.

Kenski, Kate M. 2007. “Gender and Time of Voting Decision: Decision Certainty During the2000 Presidential Campaign.” Journal of Political Marketing, 6(April): 1-22.

Koch, Jeffery W. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Citizens’ Impressions of House Candidates’Ideological Orientations.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(April): 453 -462.

Kornacki, S. 2007. “Men are From Mars, Women are From... Mars? Gender Roles in 21stCentury Campaigns.” Campaigns and Elections, 28(1): 40-43.

Lawless, Jennifer L., and Kathryn Pearson. 2008. “The Primary Reason for Women’s UnderRepresentation? Reevaluation the Conventional Wisdom.” Journal of Politics,70(January): 67 - 82.

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Norrander, Barbara, and Clyde Wilcox. 2008. “The Gender Gap in Ideology.” PoliticalBehavior, 30(December): 503 - 523.

Paxton, Pamela, Melanie M. Hughes, and Jennifer L. Green. 2006. “Women's PoliticalRepresentation, 1893 - 2003.” American Sociological Review, 71(December): 898-920.

Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice.” American Journal of PoliticalScience, 46(January): 20 - 34.

Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2003. “Gender-Related Political Knowledge and the DescriptiveRepresentation of Women.” Political Behavior: 25(December): 367-388.

Schaffner, Brian F. 2005. “Priming Gender: Campaigning on Women’s Issues in U.S. SenateElections.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(October): 803 - 817.

Schlesinger, Mark, and Caroline Heldman. 2001. “Gender Gap of Gender Gaps? NewPerspectives on Support for Government Action and Policies.” Journal of Politics,

63(February): 59 - 92.

Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and William Mishler. 2005. “An Integrated Model of Women’sRepresentation.” Journal of Politics, 67(May): 407 - 428.

Streb, Matthew J., Barbara Burrell, Brian Frederick, and Michael A. Genovese. 2008. “SocialDesirability Effects and Support for a Female American President.” Public OpinionQuarterly, 72(Spring): 76 - 89.

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Ethnic/Racial Groups and Politics

Abrajano, Marisa A., R. Michael Alvarez, and Jonathan Nagler. 2008. “The Hispanic Vote inthe 2004 Presidential Election: Insecurity and Moral Concerns.” Journal of Politics,70(April): 368 - 382.

Abrajano, M.A., Jonathan Nagler, and R. Michael Alvarez. 2005. “A Natural Experiment ofRace-Based and Issue Voting: The 2001 City of Los Angeles Elections.” PoliticalResearch Quarterly, 58(2): 203-218.

Alvarez, R. Michael, and Lisa Garcia Bedolla. 2003. “The Foundation of Latino VoterPartisanship: Evidence from the 2000 Election.” Journal of Politics, 65(February): 31-49.

Barreto, Matt A. 2007. “Si Se Puede! Latino Candidates and the Mobilization of LatinoVoters.” American Political Science Review, 101(August): 425 - 442.

Baybeck, Brady. 2006. “Sorting Out the Competing Effects of Racial Context.” Journal ofPolitics, 68(May): 386 - 396.

Berg, Justin Allen. 2009. “Core Networks and Whites’ Attitudes Toward Immigrants andImmigration Policy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Spring): 7 - 31.

Campbell, David E., and J. Quin Monson. 2008. “The Religion Card: Gay Marriage and the2004 Presidential Election.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Fall): 399 - 419.

Citrin, Jack, Amy Lerman, Michael Murakami, and Kathryn Pearson. 2007. “TestingHuntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?” Perspectives onPolitics, 5(March): 31 - 48.

Gay, Claudine. 2001. “The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on PoliticalParticipation.” American Political Science Review, 95(September):589 - 602.

`Griffin, John D., and Patrick Flavin. 2007. “Racial Differences in Information, Expectations,and Accountability.” Journal of Politics, 69(February): 220 - 236.

Hajnal, Zoltan L. 2001. “White Residents, Black Incumbents, and a Declining Racial Divide.”American Political Science Review, 95(September): 603-618.

Hajnal, Zoltan L. 2009. “Who Loses in American Democracy? A count of Votes Demonstratesthe Limited Representation of African Americans.” American Political Science Review,103 (February): 37 - 58.

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Harris, Fred C., V. Sinclair-Chapman, and B.D. McKenzie. 2005. “Macrodynamics of BlackPolitical Participation in the Post-Civil Rights Era.” Journal of Politics, 67(4):1143-1163.

Hero, Rodney E., and Robert R. Preuhs. 2009. “Beyond (the Scope of) Conflict: National Blackand Latino Advocacy Group Relations in the Congressional and Legal Arenas.” Perspectives on Politics, 7(September): 501 - 518.

Herron, Michael C., and Jasjeet S. Sekhon. 2005. “Black Candidates and Black Voters:Assessing the Impact of Candidate Race on Uncounted Vote Rates.” Journal of Politics,67(February): 154 - 177.

Highton, Benjamin. 2004. “White Voters and African American Candidates for Congress.” Political Behavior, 26(March): 1-26.

Jacob, Anil G. 2006. “Asian American Political Participation: Research Challenges for anEmerging Minority.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 39(January): 103 - 106.

See also several articles on Asian Americans and politics in PS: Political Scienceand Politics, 2000, 34(September).

Jang, Seung-Jin. 2009. “Get Out on Behalf of Your Group: Electoral Participation of Latinosand Asian Americans.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 511 - 536.

Junn, Jane, and Natalie Masuoka. 2008. “Asian American Identity: Shared Racial Status andPolitical Context.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(December): 729 - 740.

Kidd, Q., H. Diggs, M. Farooq, and M. Murray. “Black Voters, Black Candidates, and SocialIssues: Does Party Identification Matter?” Social Science Quarterly, 88(1): 165-176.

Kinder, Donald R., and Corrine M. McConnaughy. 2006. “Military Triumph, RacialTranscendence, and Colin Powell.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(Summer): 139 - 165.

Leal, David L., Matt A Barreto, Johgho Lee, and Dodolfo O. D. La Garza. 2005. “The LatinoVote in the 2004 Election.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 38(January): 41 - 50.

Leal, David L., Stephen A. Nuno, Jongho Lee, and Rodolfo O. de la Garza. 2008. “Latinos,Immigration, and the 2006 Midterm Elections.” PS: Political Science and Politics,41(April): 309 - 318.

Luks, Samantha, and Laurel Elms. 2005. “African-American Partisanship and the Legacy of theCivil Rights Movement: Generational, Regional, and Economic Influences on DemocraticIdentification, 1973 - 1994.” Political Psychology, 26(October): 735 - 754.

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McClain, Paula D., et al. 2006. “Racial Distancing in a Southern City: Latino Immigrants’Views of Black Americans.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 571 - 584.

McClain, Paula. 2006. Presidential Address: “Racial Intergroup Relations in a Set of Cities: ATwenty-Year Perspective.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 757 - 770.

McClerking, Harwood K., and Eric L, McDaniel. 2005. “Belonging and Doing: PoliticalChurches and Black Political Participation.” Political Psychology, 26(October): 721 -734.

Nicholson, Stephen P; A. Pantoja, and Gary M. Segura. 2006. “Political Knowledge and IssueVoting Among the Latino Electorate.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(2): 259-272.

Parker, Christopher S. 2009. “When Politics Becomes Protest: Black Veterans and PoliticalActivism in the Post-War South.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 113 - 131.

Philpot, Tasha S., and Hanes Walton, Jr. 2007. “One of Our Own: Black Female Candidatesand the Voters Who Support Them.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(January):49 - 62.

Pinderhughes, Diane. 2009. “The Challenge of Democracy: Explorations in American RacialPolitics.” Perspectives on Politics, 7(March): 3 - 12.

Tomz, Michael, and Robert P. Van Houweling. 2003. “How Does Voting Equipment Affect theRacial Gap in Voided Ballots?” American Journal of Political Science, 47(January): 46-60.

Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues the Matter:How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns.” American PoliticalScience Review, 96(March): 75 - 90.

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Public Policy

Bartels, Larry M. 2006. “Is the Water Rising? Reflections on Inequality and AmericanDemocracy.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 39(January): 39 - 42. [See several othercomments on the APSA report American Democracy in the Age of Rising Inequality inPS: Political Science and Politics, 39(January).]

Berry, William D., Richard C. Fording, and Russell L. Hanson. 2000. An Annual Cost of LivingIncrease for the American States, 1960 - 1995. Journal of Politics, 62(May): 550 - 567.

Gerber, Elisabeth, Arthur Lupia, and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2004. “When Does GovernmentLimit the Impact of Voter Initiatives? The Politics of Implementation of Enforcement.”Journal of Politics, 66(February): 43-68.

Gibson, James L, Greg A. Caldeira, and J.K. Spence. 2005. “Why Do People Accept PublicPolicies They Oppose? Testing Legitimacy Theory with a Survey-Based Experiment.”Political Research Quarterly, 58(2): 187-202.

Gilens, Martin. 2009. “Preference Gaps and Inequality in Representation.” PS PoliticalScience & Politics (42, April): 335 - 342.

Griffin, John D. 2006. “Electoral Competiti8on and Democratic Responsiveness: A Defense ofthe Marginality Hypothesis.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 911 - 921.

Griffin, John D., and Brian Newman. 2005. “Are Voters Better Represented?” Journal ofPolitics, 67(November): 1206 - 1227.

Griffin, John D., and Brian Newman. 2007. “The Unequal Representation of Latinos andWhites.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 1032 - 1046.

Hogan, Robert E. 2008. “Policy Responsiveness and Incumbent Reelection in StateLegislatures.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(October): 858 - 873.

Jacoby, William G., and Sandra K. Schneider. 2001. “Variability in State Policy Priorities: AnEmpirical Analysis.” Journal of Politics, 63(May): 544 - 568.

Jacoby, William G., and Sandra K. Schneider. 2009. “A New Measure of Policy SpendingPriorities in the American States.” Political Analysis, 17(Winter): 1 - 24.

Leal, David L. Valerie Martinez-Eberg, and Kenneth J. Meier. 2004. “The Politics of LatinoEducation: The Biases of At-Large Elections.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1224- 1244.

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Meier, Kenneth J., Warren S. Eller, Robert D. Wrinkle, and J. L. Polinard. 2001. “Zen and theArt of Policy Analysis: A Response to Nielsen and Wolf.” Journal of Politics, 63(May):

616 - 629.

Meier, Kenneth J., J.L Polinard, and Robert D. Wrinkle. 2000. “Bureaucracy and Organizationalperformance: Causality Arguments about Public Schools.” American Journal of PoliticalScience, 44(July): 590 -602.

Meier, Kenneth J., Robert D. Wrinkle, and J. L. Polinard. 1999. “Representative Bureaucracy andDistributional Equity: Addressing the Hard Questions.” Journal of Politics, 61(November):

1025 - 1039.

Nielsen, Laura B. and Patrick J. Wolf. 2001. “Representative Bureaucracy and Harder Questions:A Response to Meier, Wrinkle, and Polinard. Journal of Politics, 63(May): 598 - 615.

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Deliberation, Democracy, Democratic Culture, Political Knowledge, and Social Capital

Alexander, M. 2007. “The Determinants of Social Capital: New Evidence on Religion, Diversityand Structural Change.” British Journal of Political Science, 37(2): 368 - 377.

Anderson, Mary. 2009. Beyond Membership: A Sense of Community and Political Behavior.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 603 - 628.

Bennett, Stephen Earl, Staci L. Rhine, and Richard S. Flickinger. 2000. “Reading’s Impact onDemocratic Citizenship in America.” Political Behavior, 22(September): 167 - 196.

Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan, and Robert Hanneman. 2003. “Art for Democracy’s Sake? Group Membership and Political Engagement in Europe.” Journal of Politics,65(November): 1111-1129.

Chanley, Virginia A.,Thomas J. Rudolph, and Wendy M. Rahn. 2000. “The Origins andConsequences of Public Trust in Government: A Time Series Analysis.” Public OpinionQuarterly, 64(Fall): 239 - 256.

Conover, Pamela Johnston, Donald D. Searing, and Ivor Crewe. 2004. “The Elusive Ideal ofequal Citizenship: Political Theory and Political Psychology in the United States andGreat Britain.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1036 - 1068.

Craig, Stephen, James Kane, and Jason Gainous. 2005. “Issue-Related Learning in aGubernatorial Campaign: A Panel Study.” Political Communication,22(October-December): 483-503.

Crystal, David S., and Matthew DeBell. 2002. “Sources of Civic Orientation Among AmericanYouth: Trust, Religious Valuation, and Attributions of Responsibility.” PoliticalPsychology, 23(March): 113 - 132.

Curtis, J.E., D.E. Baer, and E.G. Grabb. 2001. “Nations of Joiners: Explaining VoluntaryAssociation Membership in Democratic Societies.” American Sociological Review,66(6): 783 - 805.

Donovan, Todd, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Daniel A. Smith. 2009. “Political Engagement,Mobilization, and Direct Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Spring): 98 - 148.

Dyck, Joshua J., and Edward L. Lascher, Jr. 2009. “Direct Democracy and Political EfficacyReconsidered.” Political Behavior, 31(September): 401 - 428.

Freie, John F. 1997. "The Effects of Campaign Participation on Political Attitudes. PoliticalBehavior, 18(June): 133-156.

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Gibson, James L. 2001. “Social Networks, Civil Society, and the Prospects for ConsolidatingRussia’s Democratic Transition.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(January): 51- 68.

Goidel, Robert Kirby, Craig M. Freeman, Steven Procopio, and Charles F. Zewe. 2008. “WhoParticipates in the ‘Public Square’ and Does It Matter?” Public Opinion Quarterly,72(Winter): 792 - 803.

Gordon, Stacy B., & Gary M. Segura. 1997. "Cross-National Variation in the PoliticalSophistication of Individuals: Capability or Choice? The Journal of Politics,59(February): 126-147. #Correct Voting, cross-nationally.

Green, Melanie, C., and Timothy C. Brock. 2005. Organizational Membership versus InformalInteraction: Contributions to Skills and Perceptions that Build Social Capital.” PoliticalPsychology, 26(February): 1 - 26.

Hill, Kim Quaile, and Tetsuya Matsubayashi, 2005. “Civic Engagement and Mass-Elite PolicyAgenda Agreement in American Communities.” American Political Science Review,99(May): 215 - 224.

Huckfeldt, Robert, Ken’ichi Ikeda, and Franz Urban Pappi. 2005. “Patterns of Disagreement inDemocratic Politics: Comparing Germany, Japan, and the United States.” AmericanJournal of Political Science, 49(July): 497 - 514.

Jackman, Simon, and Paul M. Sniderman. 2006. “The Limits of Deliberative Discussion: AModel of Everyday Political Arguments.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 272 - 283.

Jennings, M. Kent, and Vicki Zeitner. 2003. “Internet Use and Civic Engagement: ALongitudinal Analysis.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(Fall): 311-334.

Keele, Luke. 2005. “Macro Measures and Mechanics of Social Capital.” Political Analysis,13(Spring): 139-156.

Keele, Juke. 2007. “Social Capital and the Dynamics of Trust in Government.” AmericanJournal of Political Science, 51(April): 241 - 254.

Knack, Stephen. 2002. “Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from theStates.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(October): 772 - 785.

Kuklinski, James H., and Paul J. Quirk. 2001. “Conceptual Foundations of Citizen Competence.”Political Behavior, 23(September): 285 - 311.

Lupia, Arthur, and T.S. Philpot. 2005. “Views from Inside the Net: How Websites Affect YoungAdults' Political Interest.” Journal of Politics, 67(4): 1122-1142.

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McFarland, Daniel A., and Reuben J. Thomas. 2006. “Bowling Young: How Youth VoluntaryAssociations Influence Adult Political Participation.” American Sociological Review,71(June): 401- 425.

Meinke, Scott R., and Edward B. Hasecke. 2003. “Term Limits, Professionalization, and PartisanControl in U.S. State Legislatures.” Journal of Politics, 65(August): 898-908.

Mettler, Suzanne. 2002. “Bringing the State Back In to Civic Engagement: Policy FeedbackEffects of the G.I. Bill for World War II Veterans.” American Political Science Review,96(June): 351 - 366.

Mutz, Diana C. 2002. “Cross-Cutting Social Networks: Testing Democratic Theory in Practice.”American Political Science Review, 96(March): 111 - 126.

Mutz, Diana C. 2002. “The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation.”American Journal of Political Science, 46(October): 838 - 855.

Mutz, Diana C. 2005. “Social Trust and E-Commerce: Experimental Evidence for the Effectsof Social Trust on Individual’ Economic Behavior.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(Fall): 393 - 416.

Mutz, Diana C. 2009. “Effect of Internet Commerce on Social Trust.” Public OpinionQuarterly, 73(November): 439 - 461.

Oliver, Eric. 2000. “City Size and Civic Involvement in Metropolitan America.” AmericanPolitical Science Review, 94(June): 361 - 373.

Pattie, C.A., and R. J. Johnston. 2009. “Conversation, Disagreement and PoliticalParticipation.” Political Behavior, 31(June): 261 - 286.

Rehfeld, Andrew. 2009. “Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes inthe Study of Political Representation and Democracy.” American Political ScienceReview, 103(May): 214 - 230,

Richey, Sean. 2007. “Manufacturing Trust: Community Currencies and the Creation of SocialCapital.” Political Behavior, 29(March): 69 - 88.

Rosenberg, Shawn W. 2007. “Rethinking Democratic Deliberation: The Limits and Potential ofCitizen Participation.” Polity, 39(July): 335 - 360.

Schofer, E., and ??? “The Structural Contexts of Civic Engagement: Voluntary AssociationMembership in Comparative Perspective.” American Sociological Review, 66(6): 806 -828.

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Shields, Jon A. 2007. “Between Passion and Deliberation: The Christian Right and DemocraticIdeals.” Political Science Quarterly, 122(Spring): 89 - 113.

Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. “A Nation of Organizers: TheInstitutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States.” American PoliticalScience Review, 94(September): 527 - 546.

Smith, Daniel, and Dustin Fridkin. 2008. “Delegating Direct Democracy: Interparty LegislativeCompetition and the Adoption of the Initiative in the American States.” AmericanPolitical Science Review, 102(August): 333 - 350.

Smith, Mark A. 2002. “Ballot Initiatives and the Democratic Citizen.” Journal of Politics,64(August): 892 - 903.

Sturgis, Patrick, Caroline Roberts, and Nick Allum. 2005. A Different Take on the DeliberativePoll: Information, Deliberation, and Attitude Constraint.” Public Opinion Quarterly,69(Spring): 30 - 65.

Sulkin, Tracy, and Adam F. Simon. 2001. “Habermas in the Lab: A Study of Deliberation in anExperimental Setting.” Political Psychology, 22(December): 809 - 826.

Tavits, M. 2006. “Making Democracy Work More? Exploring the Linkage between SocialCapital and Government Performance.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(2): 211-226.

van Deth, Jan W., and Sonja Zmerli. 2010. “Introduction: Civicness, Equality, andDemocracy--A "Dark Side" of Social Capital?” American Behavioral Scientist,53(January): 631 - 639. [Entire issue devoted to this topic]

Weissberg, Robert. 2001. “Democratic Political Competence: Clearing the Underbrush and aControversial Proposal.” Political Behavior, 23(September): 257 - 285.

Zmerli, Sonja, and Ken Newton. 2008. “Social Trust and Attitudes Toward Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Winter): 706 - 724.

See the special issues of the American Behavioral Scientist (July 2009; Vol. 52,No. 11; January 2010, Vol 53, No 1) about social capital and social networks.