Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) ELE3103 – English for Language Teachers Topic 1: Language and Communication Definition of Language The way chosen for communicates with others such that the

meaning / thinking can be delivered to others. Pearson Education Limited (2000) - "System of

communication by written or spoken word, which is used by the people of a particular country or area."

Sets of rules in language: o Phonology – study of sound system o Morphology – study of morpheme & allomorph o Syntax – study on how he word combined o Semantics – study of meaning o Lexicon – study of set of words and idiom

Language and Culture Culture factor that affects the language:

o Religion o Social traits o Geography boundary o Different activities of people o Borrowed words (e.g.: Candy – from Sanskrit)

Function of Language Informative – essentially, the communication of information

o Affirms or denies propositions (facts) o To describe or reason about something o Have truth value

Expressive – reports feeling or attitudes o Related to poetry & literature o Two main aspects – evoking certain feeling & expressing

feelings Directive – the purposes of causing (or preventing)

o Found in command & requests o Not considered as true or false o E.g.: “Close the windows.”

Uses of the Language Ceremonial – not simply mix expressive & directive

language function because perfomative aspects are included

Performative Utterance – language which performs the action it reports (e.g.: “I do”)

Phatic language – street-corner conversations (e.g.: “Hi”) Form of Language (Types of Sentences)

Sentence Types

Usual / Function

Informative Expressive Directive Assertion / Declarative

The room is cool.

I had a nice time

I would like some coffee.

Question / Interrogative

But isn’t this Gymnasium?

Isn’t that great?

Don’t you want to help me?

Command / Imperative

Read the notes for test.

Have a nice day.

Shut the windows.

Exclamation / Exclamatory

The universe is bounded!

I’m really glad!

It’s late!

Non-verbal Communication Includes facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body

posture and motions & positioning within groups. Categories & features (G.W. Porter):

o Physical – personal type of communication (e.g.: facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell & body motion)

o Aesthetics – types of communication through creative expression (e.g.: play instrumental music, dancing, painting & sculpting)

o Signs – mechanical types of communication (e.g.: signal flags, sirens, horns)

o Symbolic – types of communication that make uses of religious, status or ego-building symbols

Static Features

o Distance – standing (sign of attraction to other people) o Orientation – present ourselves to others (face-to-face,

side-to-side or back-to-back) o Posture – convey the degree of formality or relaxation o Physical contact – shaking hand, touching, holding,

embracing, pushing or patting on the back. It reflect intimacy or feeling

Dynamic Features o Facial expressions – smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn

& sneer. It continually changes during interaction & monitored constantly by audience.

o Gestures – hand and body part movement o Looking – major feature in communication. It convey

emotion signal when to talk or finish or aversion. Tortoriello, Blott & DeWine defined non-verbal

communication as: “… the exchange of messages primarily through non-linguistics means, including: kinaesthetic, facial expressions and eye contact, tactile communication, space and territory, environment, paralanguage (vocal but non-linguistics cues), the use of silence & time…” o Kinaesthetic Forward & backward

Features (by Argyle) Static

Dynamic

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) Vertical movement Side-to-side movement

o Facial expression o Eye contact o Tactile communication o Personal Space o Environment o Paralanguage o Silence & Time

Speech and Writing Definition of Speech

o The faculty or act of speaking o The faculty or act of expressing or describing thoughts,

feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words o Something spoken; an utterance o Vocal communication; conversation o A talk or public address: "The best impromptu speeches

are the ones written well in advance" (Ruth Gordon) o A printed copy of such an address o One's habitual manner or style of speaking o The language or dialect of a nation or region: American

speech Features of Speech

o Speech is a dynamic, ephemeral behavior distributed in time; it proceeds continuously.

o It has many features of continuous movements o Whole interaction between speaker and listener is

dependent on the situation (context) o Speech is a resource available for all normally equipped

human beings across different social groups and cultures

Definition of Writing o The act of one who writes. o Written form: Put it in writing. o Handwriting; penmanship. o Something written, especially: Meaningful letters or characters that constitute

readable matter. A written work, especially a literary composition.

o The occupation or style of a writer. Features of Writing

o It has the character of objects o Written text is made up of discrete symbols o Organized in certain regular spatial patterns (according

to syntactic rules) o Lacks an immediate context – reader must properly

understand a written text o Acquisition of the ability to read and write is quite

different from learning to speak and understand speech.

English Language in Malaysia Malaysian English (MyE), formally known as Malaysian

Standard English (MySE) o Form of English used and spoken in Malaysia as a

second language Features:

o Malaysian English is generally non-rhotic English o Originates from British English (Colonial era) o Post-colonial – influence by American English

There are 3 level of categories of English in Malaysia o Acrolect – near natives o Mesolect – used daily in interaction (mostly used by

professionals ) o Basilect – street language

English Language Teaching Policy in Primary Schools. “ To equip pupils with the basic skills and knowledge of the English language so as to enable them to communicate, both orally and in writing, in and out of the school.” o Aims: Listen to and understand simple spoken English in

certain given contexts Speak and respond clearly and appropriately in

familiar situations using simple language Read and understand different kinds of texts for

enjoyment and information Write for different purposes and in different forms

using simple language

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) Level Time Period

Lower primary ( Year 1 – 3)

330 minutes / week 120 minutes / week (National-type Chinese and Tamil)

Upper primary ( Year 4 – 6)

300 minutes / week 120 minutes / week (national-type Chinese and Tamil)

Secondary school (Form 1 – 5)

280 minutes/ week

Form 6 (MUET)

400 minutes / week

Matriculation 6 hours / week

English Language in School (Issues) o Focused on the literary skills (writing and reading) o Lack of exposed on the orally skills (listening and

speaking) o Exam orientated o Not enough English teachers. o Introduced the teaching and learning mathematics and

science in English (2005) and will be drop on 2012. o Malaysia English also create their own words which

come from a variety of influences. Malaysian British / American

Handphone (often abbreviated to HP)

Mobile phone or Cell phone

Slippers Flip-flop (not to be

confused with slip-on night-time footwear)

Outstation

Means both 'at work out of town' or less frequently

'at work overseas / abroad'

MC (medical certificate) Sick note

Mee Noodles

Malaysian Colloquial English which is famously known as MANGLISH or Street English o Using mixing grammar and words that don't belong

together can be done quite spontaneously and be quite amusing.

o The local language (Malay) terms, intonations, exclamations and grammar are fused with English

o The changing the pronunciation, intonation, over-simplifying the grammar to express the words.

Manglish English

Got or not? Did that happen? or Do you have it?

Sure ah? Are you sure?

Like dat cannot la! I cannot accept it this way or in this condition

O.K. wat? (OK what?) Isn't this good enough?

or This should be acceptable, isn't it?

..is it? Is this/that correct? or Is the statement true?

Topic 2: Introduction to Phonology Speech Organs Speech organ produce the many sounds needed for

language (articulators) The organs of speech:

The articulator and the sound produced:

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) o Bilabial – with two lips (/b/, /p/, /m/, /w/) o Labiodental – upper teeth & inner lower lip (/f/, /v/) o Dental – tongue near / on inner surface of upper teeth

(/θ/, /ð/) o Alveolar – tongue tip near / on tooth ridge (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/,

/n/, /l/) o Palatal – tongue blade or body near tooth ridge (/ʃ/, /ʒ/,

/t ʃ /, /dʒ/, /r/, /y/) o Velar – tongue body near / on soft palate / velum (/g/, /k/,

/ŋ/) o Glottal – by air passing windpipe through vocal cord (/h/)

Vowel Sound It is an open sound. It is produced by not blocking the breath with the lips, teeth,

or tongue. It is the shape of your mouth that decides which vowel sound

comes out. It is always voiced (VD

Front Central Back

High Seat /iy/ Do /uw/

Sit /I/ Book /U/

Mid Say /ey/ Up /Λ/ No /ow/

Met /e/ Ball

Low Cat /ae/ My /ay/ Now /aw/

Diphthong Sound A vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for

one vowel and moves toward the position for another, as (oi) in boil or (ī) in fine o Proper diphthong – coalition or union of two vowel

sounds pronounced in one syllable; as, ou in out, oi in noise

o Improper diphthong – vowel digraph; a union of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded; as, ai in rain, eo in people

Consonant Sound Produce sounds more consistent and easier to identify than

vowels Can be voiceless (VL) or voiced (VD) Work should be done on identifying beginning consonant

sounds (e.g.: t-t-t tulip) After that, activities can focus on identifying final consonant

sounds (e.g.: cat ends with the t-t-t sound) Sound produced by stopping the air flowing freely through

the mouth; a letter representing a sound thus defined (b c d f

g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z) 25 Consonant Sound

/b/ as in bib /θ/ as in thing /f/ as in laugh

/g/ as in dig /d/ as in pond /j/ as in jam

/k/ as in king /h/ as in hop /m/ as in thumb

/n/ as in pen /l/ as in hall /r/ as in car

/s/ as in sent /p/ as in pop /v/ as in hive

/w/ as in window /t/ as in tent /z/ as in zip

/ch/ as in chip /y/ as in yell /zh/ as in Asia

/ð/ as in the /sh/ as in sheep /hw/ wheat

/ng/ as in ring Topic 3: Morphology Morpheme The smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language

o –s (affix to show plural) o And o –ed (affix to show past tense)

Types of morpheme: o Bound morphemes : morpheme cannot appear on their

own (dependent) o Free morphemes : morpheme can appear on their own

(independent)

Derivational Morpheme The morpheme that added with affixes such that it change

the meaning of words or the part of speech or both.

Root Word Root Word + Affixes

Derivational Morpheme

Able Un + able Unable Possible Im + possible Impossible Full (adj.) Full + ly Fully (adv.) Hard (adj.) Hard + er Harder (adv.)

Inflectional Morpheme The morpheme that can only be suffix and create a change

in the function of word. Types of inflectional morpheme:

wanted want – free morpheme

-ed – bound morpheme

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) o Noun inflectional morpheme

1. Plural Noun (-s, -es, -ies, -en)

Singular Plural Suffix

Apple Apples -s

Bus Buses -es

Tomato Tomatoes -es

Cherry Cherries -ies

Child Children -en

Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law -s

2. Possessive Form (‘s and ‘) Used for Example Suffix

Singular / plural nouns not ending in ‘-s’

John’s coat Women’s club ‘s

Nouns ending with ‘-s’ Francis’s tools ‘s

Compound noun Fisherman’s catch ‘s

The second name if two names are joined by ‘and’

Ahmad and Muhammad’s

father ‘s

Plural nouns ending in ‘-s’

The girls’ shoes The birds’ nest ’

o Verb inflectional morpheme 1. Present Tense (-s, -es)

Example Suffix

He walks to school -s

She washes her skirt. -es

2. Past Tense (-ed)

He walked to school -ed

She washed her skirt. -ed

3. Past Participle (-en, -ed)

Awaken -en

Talked -ed 4. Present Participle

Walking -ing

o Adjective and adverb inflectional morpheme

1. Comparative (-er)

Adjective Example Suffix

Big Shape A is bigger than shape B -er

Adverb Comparative Suffix

Hard Harder -er

Early Earlier -er

2. Superlative Adjective Example Suffix

Big Shape A is biggest -est

Adverb Comparative Suffix

Hard Hardest -est

Early Earliest -est Allomorph A unit of meaning that can vary in sound (phonologically)

without changing meaning o Past tense allomorph Walk walked Want wanted Weep wept Shake shook

o Plural allomorph noun ends in an alveolar / alveo-palatal sibilant /s/,

/z/, /ʃ/, /t ʃ/ - lances, mazes, fishes, badges, beaches noun ends in a non-strident voiceless consonant /p/,

/t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/ e.g. cups, leeks, carts, laughs, moths /-z/ elsewhere (all vowels and /b/, /d/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/,

/r/, /w/, /j/), e.g. bards, mugs, rooms, keys, shoes Word Structure The way in which a word is constructed, the elements of

which it is made, is an important building block in our understanding of our language.

The admissible arrangement of sounds in words.

A B C

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010)

Combining Vowels o Link the root to the suffix or the root to another root.

Words Combination

pancreatitis o pancreat is the root (pancreas) o itis is the suffix Since itis begins with a vowel, we do not need to add a combining vowel.

pneumoencephalography

pneum is the root (lung), o is the combining vowel, encephal is the second root which does start with a vowel (so we KEEP the combining vowel), o is the second combining vowel, graphy is the suffix (test.)

Combining Forms o Made up of a root plus the combining vowel.

hematology hemat is the root (blood), o is the combining vowel, logy is the suffix (study of), the combining form is hemat /o

Word Formation Process Processes for creating new words in a language. Process consists of a combination of morphemes that are

rule-governed (a new word is formed). Major Word Formation Process:

o Affixation Forming words by adding affixes to morphemes 15 common prefixes:

Prefix Meaning Example

ad- to, toward AdSense

circum- around, about circumference

com- with, together

de- away from, off decomposition

dis- away, apart disable

ex- from, out exclude

in- not include

in- in, into

inter- between internet

mis- wrong misconception

post- after post-graduate

re- back restart

sub- beneath, under subtopic

trans- across transnational

un- not unknown

10 common suffixes: Suffix Meaning Example

-able / -ible Capable of being Changeable

Compatible

-ance / -ence The act of Endurance

Conference

-ate Making / applying

-ful Full of Powerful

-ity The state of being Complexity

-less Without Wireless

-ly In a certain way Fully

-ment The result of being Statement

-ness The state of being Awareness

-tion / -ion / -sion

The act of / the state of being

Promotion

o Compounding Process that forms new words from two or more

independent words. e.g.: girl + friend = girlfriend

o Reduplicating Process of forming new words either by doubling an

entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication).

Total reduplicating: e.g.: bye - bye

Partial reduplicating: e.g.: hunny-bunny

Affixes

Infix – an affix that is added to the middle of a word (in some

languages)

Suffix– an affix that is

added to the end of a word

e.g.: fully

Prefix– an affix that is

added to the begin of a

word e.g.: unable

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) o Suppletion Relationship between forms of a word wherein one

form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other (this process is rare). e.g.: am vs was

Minor Word Formation Process: o Acronym Words that are formed from the initials of several

words. e.g.: RAM = Random Access Memory

o Blending Process of creating a new word by combining the

parts of two different words, usually the beginning of one word and the end of another. e.g.: camera + recorder = camcorder

o Clipping Process of creating new words by shortening parts of

a longer word. e.g.: doctor doc

Topic 4: Syntax Definition of Syntax From Greek word meaning order or arrangement Study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences

in natural languages. Types of Phrases Noun Phrase

o Can be used: In opposition to a noun

e.g.: Ahmad, Ali’ cousins will come to visit Terengganu

As subject e.g.: Jogging thrice a week can maintain the healthy.

As object of a verb e.g.: Hairi bought a new motorcycle.

Verb Phrase

o Can be constructed using: Present participle

e.g.: Singing out of tones, the singer was booed off the stage.

Past participle e.g.: Frightened by the strange noises, Patricia woke her mother up.

Adverbial Phrase

o Adverbial phrase of manner Answer the question “how?”

e.g.: The prince loved her with all his heart. o Adverbial phrase of reason Answer the question “why?”

e.g.: He opens the door to let his father enter. Prepositional Phrase

o Group of words that begins with a preposition and does not have verb. e.g.: I put the books on the table.

Phrase Structure Rule (Tree Diagram) A way to describe a given language's syntax.

e.g.:

Transformational Rule (Operations) Relates two phrase markers in the course of a derivation

from the deep to the surface syntactic representation of a sentence, as by reordering, inserting, or deleting elements.

Types of transformation: o Declarative – Interrogative o Active – Passive o Aux-movement

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) o -wh-movement o There sentences o PP preposition

Examples of Transformation Rule o Declarative – Interrogative

o -wh-movement

Clause Types Clause – group of words that contain a subject and a verb,

but which is usually only part of a sentence. Main clause or independent clause

Can stand alone. Its meaning is very clear; e.g. I know.

Subordinate clause or dependent clause

Cannot stand alone. It depends on the main clause for its full meaning; e.g. what he wants.

Main Clause or Independent Clause

Subordinate clause or Dependent Clause

1. I know what he wants. 2. You must read if you want to learn. 3. I do not know why he went out. 4. It is cold when it rains.

Types of dependent clause: o Noun Clause (NC) – begin with ‘that’, ‘where’, ‘who’,

‘what’ Subject of a verb

e.g.: What I do is for your own good.

Object of the verb e.g.: She asks Saiful why she was fuming

Object of preposition e.g.: Is there any login in what he just saying?

o Adjective Clause (AdjC)

o Adverb Clause (AdvC) – begins with ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘before’, ‘until’ Adverbial clause of manner – begin with ‘as’, ‘just as’,

‘as if’, ‘as though’, ‘just like’ e.g.: You look as if you had seen a spirit.

Adverbial clause of reason – begin with ‘because’, ‘as’, ‘since’, ‘for’ e.g.: The baby cried because he was hungry.

Adverbial clause of purpose – begin with ‘so that’, ‘in order that’, ‘in case’ e.g.: I bought along an umbrella in case it rained.

Adverbial clause of result – begin with ‘so that’, ‘that’, ‘so’ e.g.: It was so hot that the chocolate melted.

Adverbial clause of comparison – begin with ‘as’, ‘than’ e.g.: Ahmad can’t run as fast as Borhan.

Sentence Patterns Structure of Sentences

o Simple sentence Contains only one clause

e.g.: The ice melts quickly o Compound sentence Create a sense of balance or contrast between two

(or more) equally-important pieces of information e.g.: I want like to eat strawberry cake but I prefer to eat chocolate cake today.

o Complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one

dependent clause e.g.: Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go

Types of Sentences o Declarative sentence Express possibility, a probability or impossibility.

e.g.: I might not be able to meet you now. Commands & question.

e.g.: You are not going funfair with us? o Interrogative sentence Yes / No Interrogative – need Yes or No answer

e.g.: Are you married? Wh- Interrogative – Wh-question

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010) e.g.: What are you doing?

o Exclamatory sentence Express strong & sudden feeling

e.g.: How awful its look! o Imperative sentence Express commands

e.g.: Go into the room now. Warning

e.g.: You had better stop crying. Direction

e.g.: Go straight. Instruction

e.g.: Cut the orange. Prohibitions

e.g.: No littering. Advice

e.g.: Do not wonder too far away. Offers

e.g.: Have some watermelon. Sentences Patterns

o Subject + Intransitive Verb e.g.:The students listened to the professor discuss the five sentence patterns.

o Subject + Intransitive Linking Verb + Subject Complement e.g.:The English professor is a man who wants to help his students..

o Subject + transitive verb + direct object e.g.: Barack Obama picked Joe Biden for his vice president.

o Subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object e.g.: Barack Obama offered Joe Biden the vice presidency

o Subject + transitive verb + direct object + object complement e.g.: In November of 2008, the American people elected Barack Obama president

Topic 5: Semantics Definition of Semantics & Pragmatics Semantics

o The study of language which focuses on meaning. e.g.: My father is the driver

Words Semantics My (i) pronouns

(ii) human (iii) those who say

father (i) human (ii) Men (iii) Adult (iv) the father of child

driver (i) human (ii) to bring vehicle

Pragmatic o Area of language function that embraces the use of

language in social context. o Pragmatics skills Knowing that you have to answer when a question

has been asked. Being able to participate in a conversation by taking it

in turn with other speakers. Awareness that you have to introduce a topic

conversation in order for listener to fully understand. The ability to maintain a topic. The ability to maintain appropriate eye – contact (not

too much staring and not too much looking away) during a conversation.

Knowing which words or what sort of sentence – type to use when initiating a conversation or responding to something someone has said.

The ability to distinguish how to talk and behave towards different communicative partners.

The ability to notice and respond to the non-verbal aspects of language.

Denotative & Connotative Meaning Denotative meaning

o The meaning of a symbol that is shared by a group of people and work for communication

o Lateral meaning (direct meaning) Connotative meaning

o The meaning of a symbol that is personal to an individual and not shared

o Not lateral meaning (indirect direct)

Cg Mohd Ridzuan al-Kindy (PISMP-MT IPG KDRI 2010)

Word Denotative Meaning

Connotative Meaning

Mother a female parent love and security Cat a carnivorous

mammal, domesticated as a rat catcher or pet

graceful motion, affectionate playfulness, noble reserve and admirable self sufficiency

Home a place where one lives; a residence

a place of security, comfort, and family

Rose a red rose with a green stem

passion and love

Sense & References Polysemy (or polysemia)

o An intimidating compound noun for a basic language feature. e.g.: paper comes from Greek papyrus

Synonymy o Word or phrase meaning same the same as another in

the same language. e.g.: Postpone means Put off

Hyponymy o Inclusive relationship where some lexemes are

co-hyponyms of another that includes them. e.g.: Rose, Hibiscus, Morning glory – hyponym of flower

Antonymy o Word opposite in meaning to another. o Gradable antonymy

e.g.: Tall vs short taller, shorter o Ungradable antonymy

e.g.: married vs not married taller, shorter e.g.: half dead’, ‘barely alive’, ‘more dead than alive’, ‘quite pregnant’

Figurative Expressions Make communication a bit more hazardous, increasing the

risk of misunderstandings. o Allegory - a symbolic representation

e.g.: The blindfolded figure with scales is an allegory of justice.

o Alliteration - the repetition of the initial consonant. There should be at least two repetitions in a row. e.g.: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

o Allusion – A reference to a famous person or event in life or literature. e.g.: She is as pretty as the Mona Lisa.

o Assonance - the repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence.

o Foreshadowing - hints of what is to come in the action of a play or a story

o Hyperbole - a figure of speech involving exaggeration. o Metaphor - A comparison in which one thing is said to be

another. e.g.: The cat's eyes were jewels, gleaming in the darkness.

o Onomatopoeia - the use of words to imitate the sounds they describe. e.g.: The burning wood crackled and hissed.

o Oxymoron - putting two contradictory words together. e.g.: bittersweet, jumbo shrimp, and act naturally

o Personification - is giving human qualities to animals or objects. e.g.: The daffodils nodded their yellow heads.

o Pun - A word is used which has two meanings at the same time, which results in humor.

o Simile - figure of speech involving a comparison between unlike things using like, as, or as though.

Compiled by, Mohd Ridzuan bin Mohd Taib

PISMP Mathematics Semester 5, 2010 Credit:

The notes from friends PISMP Mathematics Semester 5, 2010