elasticity and its application - · pdf fileelasticity . . . is a measure of how much buyers...
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Elasticity and Its
Application
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Elasticity . . .
… is a measure of how much buyers and
sellers respond to changes in market
conditions
… allows us to analyze supply and
demand with greater precision.
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Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand is the
percentage change in quantity demanded
given a percent change in the price.
It is a measure of how much the quantity
demanded of a good responds to a change
in the price of that good.
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Determinants of
Price Elasticity of Demand
Necessities versus Luxuries
Availability of Close Substitutes
Definition of the Market
Time Horizon
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Determinants of
Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand tends to be more elastic :
if the good is a luxury.
the longer the time period.
the larger the number of close
substitutes.
the more narrowly defined the market.
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Computing the Price Elasticity
of Demand
The price elasticity of demand is computed
as the percentage change in the quantity
demanded divided by the percentage
change in price.
Price Elasticity of Demand =
Percentage Changein Quantity Demanded
Percentage Changein Price
Price Elasticity of Demand =
Percentage Changein Quantity Demanded
Percentage Changein Price
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Computing the Price Elasticity
of Demand
price inchange Percentage
demandedquatity inchange Percentagedemand of elasticityPrice
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases
from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from
10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be
calculated as:
2percent10
percent20
100002
002202
10010
810
.
)..(
)(
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Ranges of Elasticity
Inelastic Demand
Quantity demanded does not respond strongly to
price changes.
Price elasticity of demand is less than one.
Elastic Demand
Quantity demanded responds strongly to changes
in price.
Price elasticity of demand is greater than one.
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Ranges of Elasticity
Perfectly Inelastic
Quantity demanded does not respond to price
changes.
Perfectly Elastic
Quantity demanded changes infinitely with any
change in price.
Unit Elastic
Quantity demanded changes by the same
percentage as the price.
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A Variety of Demand Curves
Because the price elasticity
of demand measures how
much quantity demanded
responds to the price, it is
closely related to the slope of
the demand curve.
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Perfectly Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 0
Quantity
Price
4
$5
Demand
1002. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
1. Anincreasein price...
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Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity is less than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
Demand
100902. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
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Unit Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
Demand
100802. ...leads to a 22% decrease in quantity.
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Elastic Demand
- Elasticity is greater than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
Demand
100502. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
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Perfectly Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals infinity
Quantity
Price
Demand$4
1. At any priceabove $4, quantitydemanded is zero.
2. At exactly $4,consumers willbuy any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,quantity demanded is infinite.
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Elasticity and Total Revenue
Total revenue is the amount paid by
buyers and received by sellers of a good.
Computed as the price of the good times
the quantity sold.
TR = P x Q
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$4
Demand
Quantity
P
0
Price
P x Q = $400
(total revenue)
100Q
Elasticity and Total Revenue
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Elasticity and Total Revenue
With an inelastic demand
curve, an increase in price
leads to a decrease in quantity
that is proportionately
smaller. Thus, total revenue
increases.
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Elasticity and Total Revenue:
Inelastic Demand
$3
Quantity0
Price
80
Revenue = $240
Demand$1 Demand
Quantity0
Revenue = $100
100
Price
An increase in price
from $1 to $3...
…leads to an increase
in total revenue
from$100 to $240
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Elasticity and Total Revenue
With an elastic demand curve,
an increase in the price leads to
a decrease in quantity demanded
that is proportionately larger.
Thus, total revenue decreases.
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Elasticity and Total Revenue:
Elastic Demand
Demand
Quantity0
Price
$4
50
Demand
Quantity0
Price
Revenue = $100
$5
20
Revenue = $200
An increase in price
from $4 to $5...
…leads to a decrease
in total revenue
from$200 to $100
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Computing the Elasticity of a
Linear Demand Curve
Price Quantity
Total Revenue
(Price x
Quantity)
Percent Change
in Price
Percent
Change
in Quantity Elasticity Description
$0 14 $0 200% 15% 0.1 Inelastic
1 12 12 67 18 0.3 Inelastic
2 10 20 40 22 0.6 Inelastic
3 8 24 29 29 1 Unit elastic
4 6 24 22 40 1.8 elastic
5 4 20 18 67 3.7 elastic
6 2 12 15 200 13 elastic
7 0 0
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Income Elasticity of Demand
Income elasticity of demand measures
how much the quantity demanded of a
good responds to a change in consumers’
income.
It is computed as the percentage change
in the quantity demanded divided by the
percentage change in income.
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Computing Income Elasticity
Income Elasticityof Demand
Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded
Percentage Changein Income
=
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Income Elasticity- Types of Goods -
Normal Goods
Inferior Goods
Higher income raises the quantity
demanded for normal goods but lowers
the quantity demanded for inferior
goods.
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Income Elasticity- Types of Goods -
Goods consumers regard as necessities
tend to be income inelasticExamples include food, fuel, clothing, utilities,
and medical services.
Goods consumers regard as luxuries tend
to be income elastic.Examples include sports cars, furs, and
expensive foods.
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Price Elasticity of Supply
Price elasticity of supply is the
percentage change in quantity supplied
resulting from a percent change in price.
It is a measure of how much the quantity
supplied of a good responds to a change
in the price of that good.
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Ranges of Elasticity
Perfectly Elastic
ES = Relatively Elastic
ES > 1
Unit Elastic
ES = 1
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Ranges of Elasticity
Relatively Inelastic
ES < 1
Perfectly Inelastic
ES = 0
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Perfectly Inelastic Supply
- Elasticity equals 0
Quantity
Price
4
$5
Supply
1002. ...leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.
1. Anincreasein price...
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Inelastic Supply
- Elasticity is less than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
110100
Supply
2. ...leads to a 10% increase in quantity.
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Unit Elastic Supply
- Elasticity equals 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
125100
Supply
2. ...leads to a 22% increase in quantity.
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Elastic Supply
- Elasticity is greater than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
200100
Supply
2. ...leads to a 67% increase in quantity.
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Perfectly Elastic Supply
- Elasticity equals infinity
Quantity
Price
Supply$4
1. At any priceabove $4, quantitysupplied is infinite.
2. At exactly $4,producers willsupply any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,quantity supplied is zero.
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Determinants of
Elasticity of Supply
Ability of sellers to change the amount of
the good they produce.
Beach-front land is inelastic.
Books, cars, or manufactured goods are
elastic.
Time period.
Supply is more elastic in the long run.
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Computing the Price Elasticity
of Supply
The price elasticity of supply is
computed as the percentage change
in the quantity supplied divided by
the percentage change in price.
Elasticity of Supply =
Percentage Change in Quantity Supplied
Percentage Change in Price
Elasticity of Supply =
Percentage Change in Quantity Supplied
Percentage Change in Price
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Application of Elasticity
Can good news for farming be bad news for
farmers?
What happens to wheat farmers and the market
for wheat when university agronomists discover a
new wheat hybridthat is more productive than
existing varieties?
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Application of Elasticity
Examine whether the supply or demand
curve shifts.
Determine the direction of the shift of the
curve.
Use the supply-and-demand diagram to
see how the market equilibrium changes.
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An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
$3
Quantity of Wheat1000
Price ofWheat
Demand
S1
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
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3. ...and a proportionately smallerincrease in quantity sold. As a result,revenue falls from $300 to $220.
An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
$3
Quantity of Wheat1000
Price ofWheat 1. When demand is inelastic,
an increase in supply...
Demand
S1 S2
2
110
2. ...leads
to a large
fall in
price...
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
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Compute Elasticity
-0.240.4
0.095-
2.00)/2(3.002.00-3.00
110)/2(100110-100
=ED
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Compute Elasticity
-0.240.4
0.095-
2.00)/2(3.002.00-3.00
110)/2(100110-100
=ED
Demand is inelastic
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Summary
Price elasticity of demand measures
how much the quantity demanded
responds to changes in the price.
If a demand curve is elastic, total
revenue falls when the price rises.
If it is inelastic, total revenue rises as
the price rises.
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Summary
The price elasticity of supply measures
how much the quantity supplied
responds to changes in the price.
In most markets, supply is more elastic
in the long run than in the short run.
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Graphical
Review
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Computing the Price Elasticity
of Demand
Demand is price elastic
$5
4 Demand
Quantity1000
Price
50
-3percent 22-
percent 67
5.00)/2(4.005.00)-(4.00
50)/2(10050)-(100
ED
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Perfectly Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 0
Quantity
Price
4
$5
Demand
1002. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
1. Anincreasein price...
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Inelastic Demand
- Elasticity is less than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
Demand
100902. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
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Unit Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
Demand
100802. ...leads to a 22% decrease in quantity.
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Elastic Demand
- Elasticity is greater than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
Demand
100502. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
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Perfectly Elastic Demand
- Elasticity equals infinity
Quantity
Price
Demand$4
1. At any priceabove $4, quantitydemanded is zero.
2. At exactly $4,consumers willbuy any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,quantity demanded is infinite.
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$4
Demand
Quantity
P
0
Price
P x Q = $400
(total revenue)
100Q
Elasticity and Total Revenue
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Elasticity and Total Revenue:
Inelastic Demand
$3
Quantity0
Price
80
Revenue = $240
Demand$1 Demand
Quantity0
Revenue = $100
100
Price
An increase in price
from $1 to $3...
…leads to an increase
in total revenue
from$100 to $240
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Elasticity and Total Revenue:
Elastic Demand
Demand
Quantity0
Price
$4
50
Demand
Quantity0
Price
Revenue = $100
$5
20
Revenue = $200
An increase in price
from $4 to $5...
…leads to a decrease
in total revenue
from$200 to $100
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Perfectly Inelastic Supply
- Elasticity equals 0
Quantity
Price
4
$5
Supply
1002. ...leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.
1. Anincreasein price...
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Inelastic Supply
- Elasticity is less than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
110100
Supply
2. ...leads to a 10% increase in quantity.
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Unit Elastic Supply
- Elasticity equals 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
125100
Supply
2. ...leads to a 22% increase in quantity.
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Elastic Supply
- Elasticity is greater than 1
Quantity
Price
4
$51. A 22%increasein price...
200100
Supply
2. ...leads to a 67% increase in quantity.
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Perfectly Elastic Supply
- Elasticity equals infinity
Quantity
Price
Supply$4
1. At any priceabove $4, quantitysupplied is infinite.
2. At exactly $4,producers willsupply any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,quantity supplied is zero.
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An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
$3
Quantity of Wheat1000
Price ofWheat
Demand
S1
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
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An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
3. ...and a proportionately smallerincrease in quantity sold. As a result,revenue falls from $300 to $220.
$3
Quantity of Wheat1000
Price ofWheat 1. When demand is inelastic,
an increase in supply...
Demand
S1 S2
2
110
2. ...leads
to a large
fall in
price...
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.