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European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 24, Number 3 (2011)

376

Importance of Work Health and Safety Training in Preventing

Work Injuries: An Application in Turkish Retail Sector

Bnyamin BacakAssoc. Prof., Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations

Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey

E-mail:[email protected]: 00902863358738

Suat Uur

Asist. Prof., Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations

Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey


Gnnur Eken

Specialist in the Field of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations


AbstractEarly years of industrialisation witnessed priorities of producing more, earning more andproducing in required quality and quantity demanded by the markets; yet existence of

human as a production factor was neglected. However, in todays highly competitive globalenvironment, firms have to take some actions about their human resources that range fromimproving their work conditions to protecting their health, providing them with work safetyand organizing training schemes on these issues in order to survive and catch up with fastchanging business settings. The key factor in increasing the productivity of labor force asone of the most important competition components of firms is to provide employees with aworkplace of healthy and safe environment. Moreover, elimination of risk factors (physical,chemical, biological, ergonomic) to minimum levels, providing a healthy, safe andhumanitarian environment and taking measures for this purpose are requirements toestablish workplace peace. It is possible to minimize these risk factors that threaten healthand safety of workers by taking technical measures in the workplace. However, technically

safe workplaces do not solve the problem fully as workers are required to behave accordingto the measures taken. This constitutes the priority for working healthy and safe and thestudy discusses the importance of training in preventing work injuries and occupationaldiseases.

Keywords: Work Health and Safety, Work Injures, Retail Sector, Training.

1. IntroductionFollowing the scientific and technological advancements during the industrial revolution, newproduction methods were put into use. As a natural result of these developments, large companies

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started rising and the mass production era began. Moreover, implementation of these technical methodsin industry and increased use of machinery and equipment led to a complicated production process. Asa result of these developments the concept of work health and safety arose and referred to hazards ofphysical and chemical factors in the work place, dangers of production tools and equipments and beingexposed to dangerous effects of the raw materials and auxiliary materials (Bacak, 2002:9).

2. The Concept of Work InjuryWork injuries not only affect workers work health, life and the firms production process directly butthey also closely affect the society by their results. This stems from the fact that work injuries causegreat social and economic costs for workers, employers, national economy and the society(Demirbilek-Pazarlolu: 2007:82).

According to International Labor Organization (ILO) work injury is an unexpected andunplanned incident that causes a certain damage or injury. World Health Organization defines workinjury as an unplanned incident that causes personal injury, damage of tools, equipments andmachinery and break of production process. Turkish legislation defines work injury as; an incidencethat causes mental or physical disability over the insured worker while the worker performs his serviceunder the responsibility of an employer during his presence in the workplace, while the worker is

appointed to do some other work than his specified one at a different place and during the time ofconducting the work, while the female insured worker has breastfeeding break of her baby, while theworker is transported to the workplace by the vehicle provided by the employer.

Various physical and chemical factors as well as mechanical and ergonomical factors in theworkplace cause direct and indirect effects on the workers. Among other direct results poisoning mightoccur in the short run and an occupational disease might occur in the long run. Indirect effects ofnegative working contidions in the workplace demonstrate themselves as work injuries. Several factorssuch as production technology, production tools, sociological and psychological factors play key rolesin occurrence of work injuries (zdemir, 2008: 149).

However, factors that cause work injuries can be reduced to two. These are unsafe workingsituations and unsafe activities of workers. According to the data of ILO, while 99% of work injuries

can be preventable, 1% of the work injuries are unpreventable. These data demonstrate that workinjuries by production tools can be completely eliminated with advancing technology (zdemir, 2008:149).

3. Work Health and Safety FactWork health and safety is a field of study that has been developed by contribution of positive andsocial sciences such as medicine, law, physics and psychology and it requires inter-disciplinaryinteraction and collaboration with other disciplines in contemporary understanding. While theelimination or reduction of dangers during the conducting of work form the focal point from thetechnical and physical point of view, protection from and treatment of wounds and occupationaldiseases after the occurence of work injuries come fore in health sciences. In work health and safety,psychological and sociological perspectives concentrate on issues concerning workers behaviour,attitude, and culture. Legal settings point of view expresses the law that is brought within the scope ofpublic law that bring liability to provide work safety both to the employers and workers (Demirbilek-akr: 2008: 173-174).

Work health and safety is important both for workers and the employers. Obviously workerslives and futures are at risk at the workplace. Work health and safety has emerged as a result of anecessity to protect workers from dangers and threats caused by the industrialisation, especially theones that risk their lives, physical formation and health. It is because work injuries and occupationaldiseases cause danger of deprivation or reduction in their income or lead to their lay off. Moreover, incases of injuries or deaths following a possible work injury or an occupational disease, families of

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workers face material and moral losses (Karacan-Erdoan, 2011:104). Besides pain and suffering,work injuries cause great losses for workers, employers, businesses and national economy. Workinjuries have been stressed as an important problem of Turkey and every year hundreds of thousands ofwork injuries occur that cause thousands of deaths, injuries as well as large material losses (Ylmaz,2005:11).

Besides various medical, legal, technical and managerial activities, training is also veryimportant in the formation of healthy and safe work places. Training about work health and safety have

been given importance by ILO regulations, European Union Regulations (EU) and in all industrializednations and concrete targets have been identified for the progress (Ylmaz, 2009: 108).

According to the research conducted by International Labor Organization (ILO) in the membercountries about reasons of work place injuries; 20% of the injuries were caused by machinery and itsfacilities, 79% were caused by workers disobedience and noncompliance with the safety rules in theworkplace, and %1 were unavoidable injuries (Bacak, 2003: 69). Most of the injuries caused bymachinery, facilities and equipment in the work place can be prevented by extensive, planned andpreventive measures. However, most of the work injuries are caused by unsafe activities. Prevention ofinjuries caused by unsafe activities can only be achieved by establishing awareness of job health andsafety in all parties of the society as well as vocational and technical training.

When cases of work injuries in Turkey are examined it is seen that most of the work injuries

occured in coal mine extraction with 13,5%, injuries related to metal products excluding machineryand equipment with 12% and injuries occured in construction by 5,8% (Social Security Institution,2009:16). Above mentioned injuries occured due to heavy and dangerous working conditions and badworking conditions of the workplaces. Therefore these kind of workplaces present an unsafe workingenvironment. Furthermore, injuries are unavoidable when unsafe working conditions are combinedwith workers unsafe activities. While elimination of unsafe conditions is possible by implementingsome new technological and engineering investment and ergonomical designs, it is not possible toeliminate or decrease workers violation of safety rules, which cause most of the work injuries, in theshort term. The elimination or minimization of this problem can be achieved by investing towards thisissue in the short run, and formation of a work health and safety culture by training workers on workhealth and safety in the long run.

However, most of the firms in Turkey are small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and mostof the work injuries occur in these kinds of establishments. SMEs avoid investing in work health andinjuries and see it as a cost factor. While adjustments and investments over work health and injuries areseen as a cost factor, it is obvious that these actitivities will bring benefits in the long run and attractqualified professionals to firms.

Work health and safety process starts by taking necessary measures at the workplace. In thesecond phase, the efficiency and effectiveness of measures are checked based on their purpose. Thethird and final phase includes adaptation of new measures to existing ones if the changes in workplaceor techonological improvements require such an adjustment (Kabakc, 2009:28).

Since the efforts over work health and safety are based on humans in the workplaces, theseactivities and investments are also referred to as an art of management, an approach suggested by H.

W. Henrich. As well as earning profit economically for the companies, managers are also required tominimize risk factors in the work environment to minimum levels, to form a healthy, safe andhumanious environment and to take measures for this purpose (Akkk, 1997:10).

Workers of retail sector, where the research was conducted, had 2,42% work injury rate amongother activity groups in Turkey in 2009. When the rates of work injuries among sectors are examined,it is known that metal, mining and construction sectors, which are in heavy and dangerous jobs group,take the lead. However, it is observed that the rates of work injuries in retail sector can not be ignoredas well.

The responsibility is on the shoulders of primarily the state, as well as firms, non-governmentalorganizations, unions and finally workers in the prevention of work injuries that cause damage of

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thousands of workers mental and physical condition, disability and even death. Providing a healthyand safe working environment and protecting workers' health and safety from risks that originate fromworkplace environment are among the basic functions of the social state governed by rule of law(Trkolu, 2006: 118). Employers have also an obligation to take necessary work health and safetymeasures, place necessary tools and equipment for the prevention of injuries in the workplace andcheck whether their workers obey the measures taken for work health and safety (Oktar, 2004: 196).

Researches that have been conducted over work injuries put forward how important education

levels of the workers are in the prevention of work injuries. For instance, according to a research thathas been conducted in the Industry of Forestry workers education levels have revealed that althoughthe profession requires vocational training, 72% of workers are primary school graduates, 14% ofworkers are secondary school graduates, 10% of the workers are high school and finally 4% of theworkers were vocational school graduates. It is observed that workers with low levels of education aremore likely to have a workplace injury that worker with high levels of education (Tunay and Varol:1998:557) (Table 1).

Table 1: Workers Rates of Work Injuries in the Industry of Forestry Based on Their Education Levels

Primary Secondary High School Vocational High School

Education Level % 72 14 10 4

Work Injury % 13,5 2,7 1,8 0,2

Reference: Metin Tunay-Turul Varol, Noise Risk in the Forestry Products Sector,6.Ergonomics Congress, National Productivity Center, Publication Number: 622, Ankara, 1998, s. 557.

According to the statistics released by the Institution of Social Security in Turkey; 25% of thework injuries that occured in Turkey in 2009 occured in establishments with 1-3 workers and this rateis twice that of other types of establishments. Morever, when the distribution of work injuries over agesis considered, it is seen that 40% of the work injuries occured at the age group 18-29 and when thedistribution of the work injuries are considered based on the time of work spent with the latestemployer, it is seen that almost 45% of the work injuries occured in 1 year period (Social SecurityInstitution, 2009:25). Based on these rates it can be said that most work injuries in Turkey occur in

small sized establishments (1-3 workers) and among young (18-29 years old) and inexperienced(below 1 year time of work in the establisment) workers. Thus training efforts of work health andsafety in the workplaces is vital.

Therefore, workers' protection from work injuries and occupational diseases could be achievedby regular training of work health and safety parallel to contiunuously improving technology. Aresarch conducted in Turkish retail sector will help reveval the issue more easily.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to identify to what extent work health and safety trainings areeffective in preventing work injuries that cause spiritual and material loss for workers and employers inthe workplace and to find out whether there is a relationship between several factors such as workers

gender, age, level of education, weekly working hours, experience, orientation, training attendance, useof personal protective tools and their work injury rates.

Within this framework, answers for the following questions have been sought:1. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate

depending on their gender, age, level of education, weekly working hours and experience?2. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate

depending on whether or not they attend work health and safety training?3. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate

depending on whether or not they attend orientation given by the employer?

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4. Do the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiate whetheror not they use personal protective tools?

Assumptions

1. Answers of the respondent workers that have been chosen for the sampling group in theconducted survey reflect their status of having work injury and their view on preventing workhealth and training.

2. The survey tool which has been prepared by performing reliability and validity studies and bytaking specialist view can put sub-problems withing the scope of research into consideration.

3. Respondent workers of the conducted study are assumed to give their answers truly.Restrictions

This research has been restricted to,1. 250 workers of hypermarkets in the retail sector located in Marmara Region in 20102. 33 statements in the survey that have been aimed at identifying workers view on work health

and safety trainings in preventing work injuries.

MethodTarget Population

Target population of the research consists of workers that are active in hypermarkets in MarmaraRegion.

Survey Population

The survey population of the research consists of 270 randomly selected workers that are active in thehypermarkets in the Balkesir, Krklareli, stanbul, Yalova, anakkale, Edirne and Bursa cities of theMarmara Region. Following the elimination of incomplete or incorrectly answered surveys, 250workers have been taken into consideration.

Table 2: Survey Attendance Rates of Workers

Store City/Town Number Of Workers Number of Survey Attendance

1 Balkesir/Ayvalk 200 102 Krklareli/Lleburgaz 200 103 Balkesir 240 124 stanbul/Pendik 300 155 Balkesir/Burhaniye 300 156 Yalova 400 207 anakkale 400 208 Edine 520 269 Silivri 640 32

10 Bursa 700 3511 orlu 700 3512 stanbul/Kurtky 800 40

Collection of the Data

Data of the research has been prepared by taking into consideration data collection tool used in thestudy Factors That Affect Work Injuries and Ways to Prevent Work Injuries: An Application in theSector of Cement, Soil and Glass Sectors in the Province of Canakkale by Bacak (2002). The surveyconsists of two parts. Reliability and validity tests of the survey tool developed by the researchers(Bacak, Uur ve Eken, 2010 ) have been performed. (Scope and validity of the test have been

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conducted by taking the opinions of specialists about the statemens placed in the survey tool.Moreover, 25 workers were pre-surveyed to identify whether or not the survey is understandable andnecessary language corrections such as use of words and expression were performed. Cronbach Alphacoeefficient value has been considered to identify the reliability of the survey. Accordingly 0,70Cronbach Alpha coefficiency value has been found).

Analysis of the Data

Data obtained by the survey have been analyzed by using the SPSS software. Opinions of the workershave been assessed by using t-test and variance F (anova) analysis according to different variables.Identification of the areas where there are differences has been performed by using Tukeys test.

Findings and Interpretations

Findings of the research are as follows.

Table 3: Findings about whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injurydifferentiate depending on their gender

Gender n X SD t p

Male 169 1,7160 ,49018 ,03771 .001*Female 81 1,8272 ,41201 ,04578

*P< .05

Table 3 includes findings about whether differences exist between workers injury rates andtheir genders. When Table 3 is examined it is seen that rates of work injury of workers differentiatedepending on their genders. Table 3 puts forward that male workers rates of work injuries are higherthan female workers. Accordingly, a significant difference at 0,05 importance level has been foundbetween the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injuries and their genders. It couldbe said that male workers rates of work injuries are different and higher compared to female workers.In this way, rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injuries differentiate depending on

the gender variable. (Xhigher rates for women should be interpereted that women are moreadvantageous from the point of not having work injuries).

Table 4: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiatedepending on their age groups

Source of variance Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p.

Between Groups 2,987 4 ,747 3,543 ,008*Within Groups 51,637 245 ,211

Total 54,624 249

*P< .05

Table 4 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and their ages(18-25, 26-33, 34-41, 42-49 and 50-57). When workers work injury rates depending on their agegroups are examined it is seen that workers in 26-33 age group are more likely to have work injuriesthan the other age groups. In this way, a significant difference has been found between the rates ofwork injury of those workers who had work injuries and the age groups at 0.05 importance level.Tukey test results that have been conducted to find out the exact age group that caused the differencepointed 26-33 age groups among other age groups of 18-25 and 34-41. Based on this result it can besaid that rates of work injuries of workers who had work injury differentiate depending on their agegroup.

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Table 5: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiatedepending on their education levels


Between Groups ,894 4 ,224 1,019 ,398Within Groups 53,730 245 ,219

Total 54,624 249

*P< .05

Table 5 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and theireducation levels. When the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury are examineddepending on their education levels it is seen that the rates of work injuries are quite similar among thegraduates of primary, secondary, high and vocational high school graduates. No significant differencehas been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates of those workers who had workinjury and their education levels. Based on this result it can be said that no difference exist between therates of work injury of those workers who had work injury and their education levels.

Table 6: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiatedepending on their weekly working time.

Source of variance Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p.Between Groups 2,011 2 1,006 5,466 ,005*Within Groups 43,420 236 ,184

Total 45,431 238

*P< .05

Table 6 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and theirweekly working hours (20 hours, 29,5 hours and 45 hours). When the rates of work injuries of thoseworkers who had work injury are examined depending on their weekly working hours it is seen that therates of work injury of those workers who worked 45 hours are higher than workers in other groups ofweekly working hours. In this way, a significant difference of 0.05 has been found between the rates ofwork injury of those workers who had work injuries and weekly working hours. Tukey test results thathas been conducted to find out the exact weekly working hour group that caused the difference pointed45 hours weekly working hour group other than the weekly working hour group of 29,5 hours. Basedon this result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injurydifferentiate depending on their weekly working hours.

Table 7: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiatedepending on working time of duration (experience) in the workplace


Between Groups 2,459 7 ,351 1,630 ,128Within Groups 52,165 242 ,216

Total 54,624 249

*P< .05

Table 7 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and durationof work (experience). When the rates of work injuries are examined based on their past workingduration at the workplace, it is seen that work injury rates are very close to each other. In this way, nosignificant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates of thoseworkers who had work injury and their duration of work at the workplace. According to this result itcan be said that the rates of work injury of those workers who had work injury do not changedepending on their duration of work at the workplace.

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Table 8: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiatedepending on their attendance to work health and safety trainings

Status of attendance to work health and safety trainings at the

workplacen X SD t p

Attended 238 1,7479 ,47233 ,03062 ,121Not attended 12 1,8333 ,38925 ,11237

*P< .05

Table 8 includes findings whether differences exist between workersinjury rates and theirstatus of attendance to work health and safety trainings at the workplace. When the rates of workinjuries of those workers who had work injuries are examined based on the status of attendance towork health and safety trainings at the workplace it seen that the results and status of attandence arevery close to each other. In this way, no significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance levelabout the work injury rates of those workers who had work injury and their status of attendance towork health and safety trainings at the workplace. According to this result it can be said that the ratesof work injury of those workers who had work injury do not change depending on their status ofattendance to work health and safety trainings at the workplace.

Table 9: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiatedepending on their attendance to orientation training.

Status of Attendance to orieantation trainings at the workplace n X SD t p

Attended 225 1,7467 ,46560 ,03104 ,889Not attended 25 1,8000 ,50000 ,10000

*P< .05

Table 9 includes findings whether differences exist between workers injury rates and theirstatus of attendance to orientation trainings at the workplace. When the rates of work injuries of thoseworkers who had work injuries are examined based on the status of attendance to orientation trainingsat the workplace it seen that the results and status of attandence are very close to each other. In this

way, no significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injury rates ofthose workers who had work injury and their status of attendance to orientation trainings at theworkplace. According to this result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers whohad work injury do not change depending on their status of attendance to orientation trainings at theworkplace.

Table 10: Findings whether the rates of work injuries of those workers who had work injury differentiatedepending on their use of personal protective tools

Status of use of personal protective tools n X SD t p

Using 210 1,7524 ,47484 ,03277 ,667Not Using 40 1,7500 ,43853 ,06934

*P< .05

Table 10 includes findings whether differences exist between workersinjury rates and theirstatus of using personal protective tools at the workplace. When the rates of work injuries of thoseworkers who had work injuries are examined based on the status of using personal protective tools atthe workplace it seen that the results and use of personal protective tools are very close to each other.In this way, no significant difference has been found at 0,05 importance level about the work injuryrates of those workers who had work injury and their status of using personal protective tools at theworkplace. According to this, result it can be said that the rates of work injury of those workers whohad work injury do not change depending on their use of personal protective tools at the workplace.

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4. Conclusion and DiscussionThis research is aimed at identifying to what extent work health and safety trainings are effective inpreventing work injuries and finding out whether or not there is a relationship between several factorssuch as workers gender, age, level of education, weekly working hours, experience, attendance toorientation training, use of personal protective tools and their work injury rates.

A significant relationship between gender and work injury rates of those workers who hadwork injury has been found. In this regard, work injury rate status of those workers who had work

injury changes depending on their gender. According to the results of the research it can be said thatmale workers are more likely to have work injuries compared to female workers. This might bebecause male workers have been made to work in more dangerous and high-risk jobs or that maleworkers are more careless than female workers while working. The reason for low rates of workinjuries recorded by female workers might be that female workers are made to work in less dangerouslow-risk jobs and that some legal documents such as law and regulations include protective statementsabout working conditions for female workers.

A significant relationship between age and work injury rates of those workers who had workinjury has been found. In this regard, work injury rate status of those workers who had work injurychanges depending on their ages. According to the results of the research work injury rates of thoseworkers who are in 20-33 age groups are higher than other age groups. This results from the fact that

50% of the workers are within 26-33 age group, young workers usually work in more dangerouspositions, that their experience and family responsibilities are less compared to other senior workersand they act more dynamic, fast yet more careless in the workplace.

No significant relationship has been found between level of education of workers and workinjury rates. In this regard, it can be said that level of education of workers is not a determinant factorfor work injury rates of those who had work injuries. Because workers of hypermarkets in the retailsector consist of workers with high levels of education and the workers with university degrees starttheir career later than the others, they are usually less experienced. Thus, even though workers of higheducation levels are expected to have low rates of work injuries, it is seen that such workers have thesame levels of work injury rates as of those workers with low levels of education.

A significant relationship between weekly working hours and work injury rates of those

workers who had work injuries has been put forward. In this regard, work injury rates of those who hadwork injuries change depending on their weekly working hours. According to the results of theresearch, workers who work 45 hours a week have higher rates of work injury compared to otherweekly working hours of 20 hours and 29,5 hours. This is because tiredness of workers with highweekly working hours increases proportionately to the amount of their work and this increases the riskof having a working injury.

No significant relationship has been found between the work injury rates of those who hadwork injuries and duration of work experience at the work place. In this regard, it can be said thatduration of work experience is not a determinant factor for work injury rates of those who had workinjuries. However, according to the results of the research it is an unexpected situation. Workersexcessive confidence over their experiences and behaving in a mood as if nothing might happen to

them are effective on the appearance this result.No significant relationship has been found between attendance to trainings of work health and

safety and the work injury rates of those who had work injuries. In this regard, it can be said thatattendance to trainings of work health and safety is not a determinant factor for work injuries of thosewho had work injuries. The biggest factor for the appearance of this result is the high levels of workhealth and safety training attendance by the workers of hypermarkets in retail sector.

No significant relationship has been found between work injury rates of those who had workinjuries and attendance to orientation training. In this regards, it can be said that attendance toorientaion training is not a determinant factor for work injuries of those who had work injuries.According to the obtained data of the research, it is seen that training about the job to be done and the

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tools to be used are given extensively to the workers in the retail sector by their employers. Therefore,it has been concluded that orientation training is not a factor that affects work injury rates of those whohad work injuries.

Finally, no significant relationship has been found between workers injury rates of those whohad work injuries and their use of personal protective tools. In this regard, it can be said that use ofpersonal protective tools is not a determinant factor for work injury rates of those who had workinjuries. However, when it is considered that the use of personel protective tools prevents work injuries

as proved by conducted research in the past, it can be said that survey respondents probably avoidedanswering the question whether or not they use personal protective tools so the result does not reflectthe truth fully.

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Publication Number: 204, Ankara.[2] Bacak, Bnyamin. (2002) Factors That Affect Work Injuries and Ways to Prevent Work

Injuries: An Application in the Sector of Cement, Soil and Glass Sectors in the Province ofCanakkale Dissertaion of Doctorates Degree, University of Istanbul, Institute of Social

Sciences, Istanbul.[3] Bacak, Bnyamin. (2003) Importance of Training in Preventing Work Injuries, Journal ofMercek, Publication of Turkish Metal Industrialists (MESS), Year: 8, Number: 32, October.

[4] Demirbilek, Sevda-M. Vedat Pazarlolu. (2007) Factors That Affect Work Injuries in Turkey:An Emprical Application, Finance, Politics & Economic Comments, Volume:44, Issue:509.

[5] Demirbilek, Tun-zlem akr. (2008) Personal and Organizational Variables That AffectUse of Personal Protective Tools, Journal of the Faculty of Economics and AdministrativeSciences of Dokuz Eyll University, Volume:23, Issue:2.

[6] Kabakci, Mahmut. (2009) Risk Evaluation From Legal Points, Journal of Work Health andSafety, Year:9, Issue:44.

[7] Karacan, Esin-zlem Nazan Erdoan. (2011) An Analytical Approach for Work Health andSafety From the Point of Human Resources Management Functions, Journal of SocialSciences Institute of Kocaeli University, Volume: 1, Issue: 21.

[8] Oktar, M. Kemal. (2004) Application Guideline For Labor Law and Social SecurityLegislation,Oluum Publications, Ankara.

[9] zdemir, Birol. (2008) Work Injuries, Occupational Disease and the Situation in ourCountry,Measure in Engineering and Architecture, February.

[10] Institution of Social Security, Statistical Yearbook 2009, Ministry of Labor and Social Security,Institution of Social Security Publication, Sosyal Gvenlik Kurumu, statistik(http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/tr/kurumsal/istatistikler/sgk_istatistik_yilliklari/).

[11] Tunay, Metin-Turul Varol. (1998) Noise Risk in the Forestry Products Sector,6.Ergonomics Congress, National Productivity Center, Publication Number: 622, Ankara.

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Trkolu, Ferhat. (2006) Cost of Work Injuries and Occupational Diseases for the TurkishEconomy, Importance of Training, Unpublished Masters Degree Dissertation, GaziUniversity, Educational Sciences Institute, Ankara.

[13] Ylmaz, Fatih. (2009) Importance of Scool Training in Work Health and Injury: Appicabilityof Work Health and Safety Undergraduate Education in the Light of Contemporary Cases,Kamu-, Volume:11.

[14] Ylmaz, Grbz. (2005) Responsibilities That Arise From Work Injuries, Machinery andEngineer, Volume:46.

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