eisenhower's topsy-turvy logic

PEKING July 29, 1958

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R E V l EW

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Eisenhower's Topsy-turvy Logic

The World Cannot Look On with Folded Arms R e n m i n Ribao editorial calls on the people of the wor ld to defeat U.S.-Brit ish aggression in the Middle East (p. 5).

On the Long March with Chairman Mao Reminiscences of a Chinese Red Army man who accom-

panied Chairman Mao on the Long March (p. 14).

China's Big Leap in Steel

New Trend in Education

"Tragic History" and "Historical Tragedy"

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E OF C H I N E S E N E W S AND V I E W S

Just Of/: the ,Press

CHINA ~ I L L OVERTAKE BRITAIN by IViu Chung-huang The whole Chinese people are s t r iving to surpass the Bri t ish indust r ia l level wi thin 15 years. But can they fulfil this ambit ious task? This booklet provides an answer by giving a comprehens ive analys is of: Bri ta in 's industr ia l production, pas t and present , and of China ' s p~:esent-day indus t ry and its rapid growth. China 's advan tages and dis- advantages in this competi t ion are d iscussed f rom a practical point of view. 66 pp .

A GREAT DEBATE ON THE LITERARY FRONT by ChoU Yang An impor tan t article dealing wi th the t r emendous campaign agains t the bourgeois r ight is ts waged by Chinese wri ters and ar t is ts in 1957. Basing h imse l f on the principles of Mao T s e - t u n g ' s T a l k s at t he Y e n a n F o r u m on A r t a n d L i t e r a t u r e , Chou Yang expla ins the inevi tabi l i ty and necess i ty of the struggle, ana lyses its historical and class origins, and supplies a basis for a su rvey of the differences and controvers ies long presen t in the lef t-wing l i terary m o v e m e n t in China. 73 pp.

IN REFUTATION OF MODERN REVISIONISM

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i A collection of ma jo r art icles and editorials f rom the Chinese press criticizing and repudia t ing modern revis ionism tha t finds concentra ted express ion in the P rog ramme of the League of Co mmu n i s t s of Yugoslavia. Also included is the Resolut ion on the Moscow Meet ings of the Communi s t and Workers ' Par t ies adopted by the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Chinese Communi s t Party. 92 pp.

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PEKING REVIEW

( B E I J I N G Z H O U B A O )

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE

NEWS AND VIEWS

July 29, 1958 Vol. I No. 22

C O N T E N T S

ARTICLES

The World Cannot Look On wi th Folded A r m s - - R e n m i n Ribao Editorial 5

E i senhower ' s Topsy - tu rvy Logic 6

A Blind Plunge into the Dark 8

Nat ion-wide Pro tes t s Agains t U.S.- Bri t ish Aggress ion g

The Big Leap in Steel - - Wu Li -yung 11

On the Long March wi th Cha i rman Mao - - Chen Chang-feng 14

New Trend in Educat ion - - Wu Pin 16

R O U N D THE WEEK 18

S u m m e r Harves t Best Ever ; China in the Atomic Age; Mili tary Affairs Commiss ion Meets; Co-ordinat ion in Transpor t ; Yel low River Vigil; Science on the Fa rm; Tackling Labour Shor tages

CHINESE PRESS O P I N I O N

The Middle East Crisis

C H I N A A N D T H E W O R L D

China and Cambodia to Exchange Ambassador s ; L o n g - t e r m Trade wi th Rumania ; Ind ian Flagship Ends Visit; Briefs; Visitors; U.A.R. Weight- l i f ters in Peking

M U S I C

Pianist Liu Sh ih-kun; Briefs

CINEMA

Chinese Fi lms at Kar lovy Vary

WHAT'S ON IN P E K I N G

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Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

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Printed in the People's Republic of China

"Tragic History" and "Historical Tragedy"

T HE rapid international developments in the wake of the U.S.- British aggression in the Middle East leaves no room for doubt

as to the direction in which the political wind is blowing. The United States and Britain now find themselves in a position from which they can neither push forward their aggression without running the grave risk of provoking a serious world-wide con- flict nor back down without serious loss of face. They are caught in a dilemma of their own making.

Alfred M. Lilienthal, a veteran U.S. writer on Middle Eastern affairs, deplored the landing of U.S. marines in Lebanon as a "tragic American blunder." History records only too many such "tragic blunders." One need not go far back to find them. For the imperialists and colonialists, the ignominious defeat of U.S. aggression against Korea and the dismal failure of the Anglo- French gamble in the Suez attack are, in the words of some Western commentators, "tragic history."

But the United States and Britain, it appears, did not emerge any the wiser. In launching fresh mil i tary aggressions in the Middle East, they are writing another historical tragedy for themselves. And this t ragedy will undoubtedly add another stinkin$ chapter o~ world notoriety to their long "tragic history."

Some sober-minded people in the West have advised a cau- tious "stop, look and listen" policy before it is too late. Mr. Aneurin Bevan thought it "essential that we pause in this mid 2 summer madness before we find ourselves at the point of no return," but his Labour Par ty so far has not yet taken any effec- tive action to secure the withdrawal of British forces from Jordan.

F OR the people of the world, it is not altogether a bad thing that the imperialists have dropped their masks and come out

in their true colours. Barefaced U.S.-British armed intervention in the Middle East makes nonsense of all their high-sounding talk about observing the principles of justice and international law, about respecting each nation's inalienable right to manage its affairs in its own way. It shows up the United States and Britain for the die-hard imperialists that they are. Imperialists will act like imperialists, after all. You might as well expect the beasts of prey to refrain from eating men as expect the imperialists to give up aggression.

Both Eisenhower and Macmillan tried to just ify U.S.-British aggression on the pretext of "protecting" their nationals and particularly of helping Lebanon and Jordan to preserve their independence. Such arguments, however, don't hold water, as we show elsewhere in this issue. More revealing is the fact that Eisenhower and Macmillan simply did not mean what they said. All their pious talk about preserving the independence of Lebanon and Jordan is intended to cover up their ulterior motives.

It is common knowledge that Washington and London had planned armed intervention in Lebanon for quite some time. But they hesitated to take the plunge for fear of world opinion. Things, however, took a sharp turn after the victory of the people's revolution in Iraq. Eisenhower declared that the situation in Lebanon was "radically changed on Ju ly 14 when there

was a violent outbreak in nearby Iraq" and that "the measures thus far taken are not sufficient."

It is quite obvious that much more is involved than the problem of Lebanon.

American officials acknowledged that the United States would be the target of universal denunciation if marines were sent to Lebanon. But they said that "the issue at stake was so immense" that President Eisen- hower "had no alternative."

Eisenhower himself admitted that he was well aware of the fact that the landing of U.S. troops in Lebanon could have some "serious consequences," but he came to the conclusion that the action taken was "essential to the welfare of the United States."

Discussing the dispatching of British troops to Jordan, Prime Minister Macmillan told the House that it was the most difficult decision he personally remem- bered having had to take, or to be associated with. He could not predict the course of events, but he believed that the government "had no option in what they had

done."

W HAT is the issue at stake which is so "immense" that both the United States and Britain had no

choice but to embark on mil i tary adventures much as they were aware of the serious consequences?

An AP dispatch from Athens dated Ju ly 16 sheds a good deal of light on this question. According to this story, U.S.-British intervention wasn' t dictated by events in Lebanon at all but by what happened in Iraq. "Events in Iraq were bound to give new impetus to the Lebanese revolt, but the main concern of the United States was the future of the entire Middle East, with its vast strategic importance to Western Europe.

"For Britain it is a matter of life or death . . . . The oil production of Iraq and Kuwait is the life blood of British industry.

"The United States, too, has a tremendous stake in what happens in this area, and in whether these events spill over into the Arabian Peninsula to threaten the vast American oil holdings there."

IN '

EisenhoWer: Don ' t lose hear t , Mac, w e a r e not a lone By T a t Lir~

The New York Times editorial of Ju ly 19 further confirmed that the United States dispatched troops to Lebanon to see "how stability can be restored and preserved in the entire Middle East area."

Prime Minister Macmillan also let the cat out of the bag. He expressed alarm over "the critical and dangerous situation" created by the events in the Middle East. Whatever course these events took there were grave dangers for Britain, he warned. As he saw it, the prospects would be disastrous for Britain if things were allowed to drift along.

"What will be the future of Sudan? Where will Libya stand? What may be the resulting impact on other parts of Africa? What may be the results on our lriends in Persia, Turkey and Pakistan?" he asked in panic.

From the above, it can be readily seen that the objective of U.S.-British intervention, as we have pointed out in previous editorials, is to bolster up colonial rule in the Middle East.

In their desperate efforts to maintain imperialist domination over the Middle East, the United States and Britain find a formidable road block in the ever-mount- mg national independence movements in the Arab countries. That 's why they are doing everything they can to slander and suppress Arab nationalism.

On this point, the British Prime Minister showed himself a true master. According to him, the national independence movements in the Middle East have about them something "perverted." Why? Because, in his view, "this form of nationalism is not the pure patriotism of sacrifice; it is the kind of nationalism which feeds upon and can often be sustained by con- t inual aggression."

Macmillan's complaint about "perverted" nationalism, however, fools no one. Even the British paper News Chronicle retorted with contempt: "Nothing is more likely to pervert it than the West's recent actions."

What Macmillan said is clear enough. By sacrifice, he meant sacrificing national interests and independence. By aggression he simply meant resisting foreign intervention.

All this goes to show that the alibis about helping to preserve the independence and integrity of Lebanon and Jordan merely add hypocrisy to crime.

Imperialism in its entire history has made all too many "tragic blunders." But the imperialist powers just keep on adding one chapter after another to their tragedy. That, it seems, is the greatest tragedy of all for them.

For the peace and freedom-loving people of the world, however, there is nothing tragic about all this. It is the logical out- come of the development of imperialism as a world system. Imperialism and colonialism must go if the nations of the world are to live at peace and to be free to manage their affairs in fheir own way.

Aggression in the Middle East

THE WORLD CANNOT LOOK ON WITH FOLDED ARMS

Following is an abridged translation o I the " R e n m i n Ribao" editorial of Ju ly 20, 1958 which was published under the title: "The Countries and Peoples of the World W h o Love Peace and Freedom Cannot Look o n w i t h Folded A r m s . " - - E d .

p EACE in the Middle East and the whole world is seriously threatened by the joint U.S.-British aggres-

sion against the Middle Eastern countries. The U.S.- British imperialists, after sending troops to occupy Lebanon and Jordan, are continuing to rush reinforcements to these countries. At the same time, U.S.-British aggressive forces are hastily massing in Turkey, Cyprus, Aden and in the waters of the Eastern Mediterranean. Their aggression is being directed at !raq and the United Arab Republic. The U.S.-British imperialists are indulging in wild fantasies of exterminating the whole national independence movement in the Arab east and the Asian- African regions, once they have gained a stable footing in Lebanon and Jordan. These aggressive actions and insane ambitions of the U.S. and British imperialists are a provocation against all countries and peoples who cherish peace and independence.

In the face of this U.S.-British war provocation, the peace and freedom-loving countries and peoples of the world definitely cannot afford to look on with folded arms.

History has demonstrated time and again that resolute blows must be dealt to aggressors, and that peace and national independence can only be achieved by determined struggles against imperialist aggressors. Baring their fangs and opening their claws, the imperialists may look ferocious, but in reality they are nothing but paper tigers, outwardly strong, but all dried up inside. If only the peopte of all countries take action, the aggression of the imperialists can definitely be defeated, and their war schemes stopped. "Nothing can be saved by yielding to evil, and coddling wrong only helps the devil." The his- tories of the aggressive wars launched by Hitler Germany and Japan are still fresh in the memories of the whole world and are sufficient to bring this lesson home. Con- sequently, if the U.S.-British aggressors refuse to with- draw from Lebanon and Jordan, and insist on expanding their aggression, then the only course left to the people of the world is to hit the aggressors on the head!

T HE days when imperialism could dream of perpetuating its colonial ru le by threat of brute force have long

passed. During the Chinese people's war of liberation, the United States sent many troops to carry out armed threats, but in the face of the firm struggle of the Chinese people, the American forces finally cleared out of the Chinese mainland with their tails between their legs, and the Chiang Kai-shek reactionary regime, to which the United States had ,given aU-out support, finally dis-

integrated and collapsed. After this, the United States launched the war of aggression agains.t Korea, with wild dreams of gobbling Korea down and spreading the flames of war to China. But under tl~e heavy blows of ' the Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volun- teers, the American aggressors were finally forced back south of the 38th Parallel, in disgrace, and had to admit their defeat and accept an armistice. After that, the struggle of the Viet-namese people against the American and French imperialists also ended in a great victory. In Egypt 's struggle to protect her sovereignty over the Suez Canal, in Syria's struggle to guard her national independence, the Arab people showed their unity and solidarity and their determination to strike out at the aggressors, and this, together with the support of the peace forces of the whole world and the support of the socialist countries, and especially the Soviet Union, to the Arab people, stopped aggression in time. Recently, the struggle of the Indonesian Government and people to safeguard the unity of their country has again proved that only by o p p o s i n g

the intervention of the imperialists and their lackeys firmly and without l~esi~ation can they be forced to shrink back. The imperialists have always bullied the weak and been afraid of the strong. The only language they understand is that of force. Only by carrying out determined struggle can we teach these imperialist pirates a lesson, accustomed as they are to carrying out aggression, intervention and war adventures, and force them to accept peace.

At present, the balance of forces is unfavourable as never before to the U.S. and British imperialists. Since the end of World War II, the imperialist colonial system has been in a state of disintegration.

Old colonial countries with a population of 700 million have already achieved their independence; besides this, other countries with a population of 600 million are struggling for their independence or for full independence, or are capitalist countries with neutralist tendencies; and the forces of the socialist camp, which firmly support all

"The fox borrows the terror of the tiger" (a Chinese s a y i n g ) - - B u t il's only a paper tiger!

C a r t o o n by L o Y u a n - m t n g

national independence movements , a r e s t ronger today than they have ever been before.

I MPERIALISM has lost its super ior position, not only polit ically, but mi l i ta r i ly as well. The wor ld domain

of imper ia l ism may be broken through at any t ime or any place. Its f ront is too long to be defended and its leaks are too numerous to be stopped up. When the Amer ican and Brit ish imperia l is ts embark on mi l i ta ry adventures , they become even more isolated. Dur ing the Korean war, the American imperial is ts were stil l able to usurp the United Nations banner by various ways and means, but this t ime the United States has found i tself in an un- precedentedly difficult s i tuat ion even in the U.N. organization, which has been under its control for a long time. Many countries have a l ready formal ly announced thei r support for the nat ional s truggle of the Republic of I raq and of the Arab people, and stil l more countries have formal ly expressed thei r opposit ion to U.S. and Bri t ish intervent ion in the Middle East, and demanded the rapid wi thdrawal of the U.S. and Bri t ish troops.

The aggressive actions of the United States and Bri ta in in the Middle East have not only encountered indignant

condemnat ion f rom the peace-loving countries and peoples the world over, but have also met wi th opposition from the people of the i r own countries, and even from strata of the bourgeoisie in thei r own countries. If the U.S. and Bri t ish imperia l is ts turn a deaf ear to the protests of the peoples th roughout the wor ld and the warnings given by China and the Soviet Union, if they do not wi thdraw their troops from Lebanon and Jo rdan soon, and abandon their war provocat ions which threa ten the nat ional independence movement of the whole Arab people and world peace, then the only fate in store for them is the hastening of thei r own doom. Pres ident Nasser of the United Arab Republic put i t well. He said: "We take a peaceful a t t i tude towards those Who t rea t us peaceably. We take a hostile a t t i tude towards those who are hostile to us. If they wan t peace, we agree. If they are hostile to us, we will fight to the last drop of blood. This is our way and our motto." Nasser 's words express the common a t t i tude of all those who love peace and uphold justice. We want peace, but we cer ta inly are not afraid of war. If t h e imper ia l i s t aggressors, who have lost their senses, insist on a test of s trength, then all those who refuse to be slaves must make the necessary preparat ions.

Alibis for Aggression

Eisenhower's Topsy-turvy Logic p RESIDENT Eisenhower stepped before the television

cameras and radio microphones on Ju ly 15 and dressed up U.S. aggressive policy in the Middle East in fancy clothes. His a rguments were la ter echoed by Macmil lan and Lloyd in London. S t r ipped of its flights of rhetoric, the Eisenhower speech in effect spelled out the U.S.-Brit ish programme for a rmed in tervent ion in the Middle East. As, such it is worth looking into.

U.S. troops landed in Lebanon, according to Eisen- hower, "for the welfare of the United States," to protect American lives and also to "assist the government of Lebanon to preserve its t e r r i to r ia l in tegr i ty and polit ical independence." These arguments don ' t have a leg to stand on.

Every country, of course, has its own "welfare." Most countries have nat ionals abroad. According to Eisen- hower 's logic, every country can send troops to foreign lands whenever it wants to. The bui l t - in excuse is so easy: for its "welfare" and to protect its nationals. But in Lebanon, as all admit, there wasn ' t even any threa t to American nationals. If the United States today is al lowed to invade Lebanon on the grounds of "protect ing" its 2,500 nationa.ls there, tomorrow it can send troops to other countries because of some other thousands or hundreds of U.S. nationals.

A Hackneyed Colonial Excuse

This is, in fact, a hackneyed and much used colonial excuse. When Hit ler carr ied out a rmed in tervent ion in Spain in 1936, he claimed that i t was "to protect the lives

and proper ty of Germans." And we in China remember only too dis t inct ly tha t when fascist Japan invaded this country in 1931, 1932 and 1937, i t also used the same pretext .

Eisenhower 's h igh-sounding words about Lebanese in- tegr i ty and independence are no less specious. Lebanon enjoyed te r r i to r ia l in tegr i ty until the U.S. forces invaded it. Lebanon was pol i t ical ly independent , in form at any rate. And the Lebanese people were s truggling against the Chamoun government to turn this formal independence into real independence. But the invasion of the U.S. forces has completely destroyed even that formal independence.

The United States and the Chamoun government, Eisenhower said, were "ent i t led . . . to join in measures of collective securi ty for self-defence" and such action is an " inherent r ight" recognized by the U.N. Charter. Art icle 51 of the U.N. Char te r provides:

Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Na- tions, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. But, as world public opinion agrees almost unani-

mously, there was no question of a rmed at tack against Le- banon. What was going on there was pure ly an internal affair. This was confirmed even by the U.N. observer group and the s ta tement of the U.N. Secre tary-Genera l Hammarsk jo ld (though both were sent to Lebanon to find grounds for interventionS. Fur thermore , the United States dispatched its troops to Lebanon not before but after the

Security Council had "taken the measures necessary" in June. Invoking the U.N. Charter merely underscores Eisenhower's hypocrisy.

U p s i d e D o w n

In his speech, the President of the United States described the Lebanese people's armed struggle against the Chamoun clique and the Iraqi people's revolution against the Faisal monarchy as "aggression" or "indirect aggression." From this upside-down logic we are supposed to believe that the Lebanese people are committing aggression against Lebanon and the Iraqi people are committing aggression against Iraq. This pretext for imperialist intervention outdoes even Hitler and Tajo in illogic and impudence.

Trying to make the American people accept the military adventure "whatever the consequences," Eisen- hower mentioned that many Americans in the past had given their lives for independence. But American history certainly does not come to the aid of Eisenhower, Dulles and c o m p a n y - - r e n e g a d e s to the tradition of Washington, Jefferson and Franklin. In their War of Independence (1775-1781), the people of the British colonies in North America fought against British tyranny. They defeated the British overlords. They also crushed the "loyalists" within the colonies who supported the British throne. That is how the United States of America came into being. The well-known American Declaration of Independence affirmed:

. . . tbat all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are in- stituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

Aren ' t the people of the Middle East today demanding exactly the same things that the Declaration of Independ- ence affirmed? Why is it that the Americans had the inalienable right to institute a new government while the peoples of Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq should be denied the self-same right?

According to Eisenhower's topsy-turvy logic, the American people in the time of the American Revolution were committing aggression against both England and America itself!

The Americans in the 18th century overthrew the British colonial rulers because they did not "derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." The pro- Western rulers of present-day Lebanon, Jordan and pre- revolution Iraq are even more unpopular among the people. Even the New York Herald Tribune admitted on July 8: "The majority of the Lebanese people openly or passively sympathize with the rebels." And Hussein of Jordan is not a whit more popular. In contrast, the new Government of Iraq enjoys the enthusiastic support of the people. Reporting from Bagdad, the Agence France Presse correspondent, for instance, wrote: "The most significant fact about the revolution is the enthusiasm and support of the people and the fact that it appeared to be a strictly internal affair . . . . The new regime seems to

Eisenhower's "logic" makes Washington, Jeffer- son and Franklin guilty of "indirect aggression"

Cartoon by Wang Hung

enjoy extraordinary and jubilant support of the people. Circulating freely since the first day, I witnessed groups of cheery people, dancing and singing."

In his speech, Eisenhower defined so-called "indirect aggression" in the following words: "Under the cover of a fomented civil strife, the purpose is to put into domestic control those whose real loyalty is to the aggressor." In this connection it is worthwhile recalling the fact that the American fighters for independence in the 18th century relied greatly on foreign support. They obtained important military assistance from France, Holland" and Spain. During the first two and a half years of the War of Inde- pendence, over 90 per cent of all ' the arms used were imported from Europe, and France in particular. French- men and many other Europeans formed volunteer armies to help the war effort of the Americans. Can Eisenhower or, for that matter, anybody else, have the audacity to say that the French who went to the aid of the Americans were "aggressors"? Or that the Americans who sought this help were "those whose real loyalty is to the aggressor"?

Yet today, both the struggle of the Lebanese people and the victory of the Iraqi people depend almost exclu- sively on their own efforts. Nonetheless, one may ask: why are they not entitled to the same international assistance that the American War of Independence received?

Addressing a mass meeting in Cairo, President Nasser pointed out that the American Revolution "declared the same principles" that the "free men of Iraq" had declared, and asserted: "America, when she expresses her anger today, forgets her own history and her logic."

The P i ra tes ' Flag

It is clear that the American rulers today trample on the principles proclaimed by their forefathers at the time of the War of Independence. The U.S.-British imperialists, furthermore, have scrapped the• principles proclaimed by their governments during World War II. The Atlantic Charter signed in 1941, for instance, stated categorically:

They respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them.

The U.N. Char te r s t ipulates tha t the a im of the Un i t ed Nat ions is the m a i n t e n a n c e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l peace and security, tha t m e m b e r na t ions should settle the i r i n t e r n a - t ional disputes th rough peaceful means , and tha t they should not resort to i n t im ida t i on and force in the i r i n t e r - na t iona l relat ions.

The presen t act ion of the Uni ted States and Br i t a in in the Middle East violates and negates all these principles. Eisenhower, in his Ju ly 15 speech, t r ied to jus t i fy this course of action. If his logic were accepted, the U.S. could send its troops to any country , could indeed take posses- sion of the whole world.

Mark Twa in ' s words d e n o u n c i n g the U.S. conques t of the Phi l ippines more than half a c en t u ry ago appear today

as though they were wr i t t en to describe the action and a r g u m e n t s of P res iden t E isenhower :

We have invited our clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandits' work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear, not to follow; we have debauched America's honour and blackened her face before the world . . . . We can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and crossbones.

But the days of p i racy are g o n e - - a n d gone for ever. The wor ld -wide t idal wave of protest aga ins t U.S.-Bri t ish aggression indicates tha t the people have recognized the U.S.-Bri t ish pi ra tes for wha t t h e y are more clearly than ever. They are d e m a n d i n g that the"U.S.-Bri t ish maraude r s c l ea r out of the Middle East for thwi th . The Chinese people, a long wi th peace- loving peoples in o ther par ts of the world, will not rest un t i l this jus t d e m a n d is satisfied.

--T.C.R.

From the Western Press

A BLIND PLUNGE INTO THE DARK

G RAVE misgiv ings abou t the U.S.-Bri t ish mi l i t a ry adven - tures in the Middle East are voiced in newspapers in

England, the Uni ted States and other Wes te rn countr ies .

"Blind, Blind, Blind," is the t i t le of an edi tor ia l in the London Daily Mirror asser t ing tha t "Suez wil l go down in his tory as a b l u n d e r " bu t tha t " the Bri t i sh l and ings in Jo rdan were charged wi th even g raver perils."

The Labour i te Daily Herald says: "We're i n - - a n d no- body knows where we are going. We are p l u n g i n g in to the dark."

The Tr ibune in London wri tes : "Arab na t i ona l i sm and Arab un i t y are on the march. His tory is on its side . . . . The Bagdad Pact was in ruins , the E i senhower Doct r ine was futile, and dollar imper ia l i sm was doomed."

The N e w Y o r k T imes admi ts : "The whole Amer i can and Bri t ish a rmed forces combined canno t quench tha t brush-f i re in the Middle East."

Hanson W. Baldwin, the mi l i t a ry com men t a to r of The N e w Y o r k Times , declares: "The l and i ng of Un i t ed States mar ines in Lebanon yes te rday m ay u l t ima te ly help to produce wha t it is i n t ended to prevent . This is the tragic i rony of our Lebanon in t e rven t ion , which is r emin i scen t of the abor t ive Br i t i sh -French a t tack on Por t Said a lmost two years ago." " T h e i r (the U.S. troops') mere presence in Lebanon wil l b e to Arab na t iona l i s t s l ike a red rag to a bull ;" Ba ldwin adds. "It wil l do more t h a n any o ther even t since the Por t Said a t tack to kn i t together Arab na t iona l i s t s th roughout the Middle East and to inf lame them."

In his syndica ted N e w Y o r k Herald Tr ibune column, Wal ter L i p p m a n n admi ts tha t " the popula r revo lu t ionary m o v e m e n t of the Arabs canno t be overcome by Western a rms" and tha t it is p la in "no k ind of mi l i t a ry i n t e rven t ion (against the Republ ic of Iraq) would have any chance of success." He emphasizes tha t "any Lebanon g o v e r n m e n t which owes its exis tence to the Mar ines is doomed to de- s t ruc t ion when the Mar ines leave. Moreover, the longer the Mar ines s tay on, the grea ter will be the popular opposit ion to them in Lebanon ."

There is wor ry even in t h e U.S.-Bri t ish aggressive cir- cles. "An a t t i tude of g rav i ty and apprehens ion" prevai ls in the U.S. Congress, Uni ted Press I n t e r n a t i o n a l reports, and "seldom has t h e Uni ted States been in such an a tmos- phere of u n c e r t a i n t y as exists now," Associated Press notes.

Wil l iam L. Ryan, Associated Press commenta tor , notes: "Now the Middle East is s l ipping away and force can do l i t t le to hal t this process."

Press comment s on both sides of the At lan t ic are h igh ly sceptical abou t the pre tex ts of the U.S.-Bri t ish mil i - t a ry i n t e r v e n t i o n in Lebanon and Jordan .

The London weekly N e w S t a t e s m a n asserts: "Amer ican i n t e r v e n t i o n is indefens ible . The Uni ted N a t i o n s - at Amer ica ' s r e q u e s t - - h a v e inves t iga ted the Lebanon revol t and p ronounced f i rmly and au thor i t a t ive ly tha t it was a pu re ly i n t e r n a l affair . . . . : Now Eisenhower - - act ing in panic at the news f rom B a g d a d - - h a s torn up the U.N. report ." " I n t e r v e n t i o n cannot be just i f ied even in te rms of expediency," the j o u r n a l declares.

The London Tribune declares that the U.S.-British intervention in the Middle East is "without a shadow of

justification."

The Manchester Guardian accuses the British Govern- ment of turning back the clock in Jordan and voices the suspicion that Macmillan has not looked far ahead.

The influential West German daily Die Welt maintains that the Anglo-American action in the Middle East "has the nasty odour of an adventure" and criticizes John Foster Dulles and Selwyn Lloyd for "swimming against the current of history." "It was certain that the United States would in future be regarded as the protectors of colonialism," the paper says.

News Roundup

NATION-WIDE PROTESTS AGAINST U.S.- BRITISH AGGRESSION

I N TEN d a y s - - f r o m July 17 to the time we go to press, over 64 million people had participated in outdoor

demonstrations and rallies against U.S. and British aggression in the Middle East. A nation-wide protest movement unprecedented in scale is sweeping through China.

Demonstrations are still going on from the northern- most forest city of Yichun to the subtropical seaport of Hoichow on Hainan Island, and from coastal Shanghai to China's westernmost city of Kashgar.

In Peking, the mammoth rally against the U.S. invasion of Lebanon and round-the-clock protests in front of the British charge d'affaires office (read Peking Review, No. 21) have given place to indoor discussions and street corner rallies. Scores of amateur theatrical groups are putting on impromptu political skits in various parts of the city in which victorious "Arab war- riors" always end up by defeating a bedevilled band of U.S. marines or routing Uncle Sam and John Bull in swallow-tailed frock coats and top hats.

The Middle East situation is still the number one topic in the capital. Radio programmes carry extra news, comments, songs and skits about latest developments. Extra editions of papers are quickly sold out. Many carried letters from readers protesting against U.S.-British aggression. Beijing Wanbao (Peking Evening News) is doing specially well. Sales of Peking papers have gone up from half a million to around 800,000 copies daily. Books and maps on the Middle East are best sellers.

On July 22, Foreign Minister Chen Yi, speaking at a Polish National Day reception, again warned the U.S. and British imperialists. He declared that "the 600 million Chinese people as well as other peace-loving countries and people of the world will not look on with folded arms," if the imperialists do not cease their acts of aggression in the Middle East.

All over the Country

In Shanghai, on July 19, over a million people came out on the streets to demonstrate their solidarity with the Arab people. They marched

on Nanking Road, where thir ty-three years ago many Chinese were killed by the imperialists during a patriotic demonstration. Endless streams of people went to the office of the local British consul to voice their protests.

In Canton in the south, in sweltering July heat, 600,000 people took part in a demonstration on July 21.

On behalf of the demonstrators a Whangpoo harbour trade union member told the captain of a British ship in port that the Chinese people were determined to defend world peace and asked him to convey these sentiments to Britain.

D e m o n s t r a t o r s be fore the Br i t i sh charge d'affaires office in P e k i n g

9

Peasants in the outskirts of Canton who have just completed their summer harvest poured into the city to a meeting before the Canton monument to those who died in the struggle against British imperialist aggressors a hundred years ago. They pledged that they would fight imperialist aggression to the bitter end.

In Tientsin, two million took part in demonstrations. On July 18, when news came of the British invasion of Jordan, 12,000 dockers on the shift in the new harbour held a lightning demonstration to show their solidarity with the Arab people. They were greeted by seamen on German and Norwegian ships in port.

In Wuhan, the triple city on the Yangtse, 1,200,000 city residents put their signatures to letters of protest against the aggression in the Middle East. From early morning till late at night, crowds arrived to sign at stands in alI' parts of the busy city.

The protest movement has also spread to the smaller cities and towns, villages and hamlets in all parts of China.

In northwest China, where most of the Chinese of the Muslim faith live, the campaign is being pressed with vigour. Sixty thousand people of various nationalities took part in a protest demonstration in Urumchi, Sin- kiang, on July 19 to show their support for the Arab people. Two hundred Imams of forty mosques marched in the ranks of the demonstrators. In the great Muslim centre of Kash- gar, 50,000 people demonstrated in the square in front of the city's world-famous Etgar Mosque.

In Antung, on the Sino-Korean border, a city which was heavily bombed by U.S. aircraft in 1953 during the Korean war, thousands of citizens marched in a demonstration. They were joined by Chinese Volunteers who had just returned from Korea.

In east China, half a million fishermen and peasants in the Choushan Archipelago off the Chekiang coast held a giant "radio meeting." Fishermen who have often been attacked by Chiang. Kai-shek pirates pledged themselves to fight resolutely against any imperialist provocations.

Muslims in Sian rally in support of their Arab brothers

10

Protest parade in Shanghai

In Lhasa, Tibet, angry denunciations of U.S.-British imperialist armed invasion in the Middle East was voiced at a mass meeting on July 21. In written statements to the rally, the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni denounced imperialist invasion in the Middle East as acts "under- mining peace and fomenting war." On behalf of the Tibetan people, they pledged full support to the anti- imperialist struggles of the Arab people.

In Paoan County, Kwangtung Province, wave after wave of workers and peasants went to the Lowu Bridge where they roared slogans: "Down with British aggression in Jordan!" and "U.S. and British forces, get out of the Middle East[" to the British policemen on duty on the opposite e n d of the bridge on the British-leased territory of Kowloon.

In Huhehot, capital of Inner Mongolia, on July 22, despite pouring rain 150,000 workers, peasants and herdsmen held a torchlight parade with lanterns, red flags and banners protesting against imperialist aggression.

The movement to support the Arab people in their struggle against aggression has spread to the remotest regions of the country. Thousands of Yis of the Great and Little Liangshan Mountains, who only a few years ago were freed from slavery, and Tibetans of Kang- ting, capital of the Kanze Tibetan Autonomous Chou in southwest China, turned out at mass rallies to support "their Arab brothers" struggling against "imperialist slavery."

Bitter Experience The Chinese people who suffered long years of

imperialist aggression and exploitation have bitter memories of imperialist rule. Many at the rallies told of their personal experience.

Jen Hsiao-chu, a Shanghai resident, recalled how a pedicabman was murdered in broad daylight by a U.S. sailor in 1946. When the sailor was surrounded on the spot by indignant pedicabmen, Jen related, U.S. soldiers suddenly arrived in a jeep and escaped wi th the murderer,

Liu Chen, a peasant in Peking's Lukouchiao area {Marco Polo Bridge), scene of the outbreak of Japan 's war of aggression against China in 1937, declared: "The Japanese killed every member of my family. I hate the imperialists. I can't be indifferent when the imperialists are invading the Middle East."

Those who addressed the rallies spoke with passionate conviction. As a seventy-four-year-old retired railway worker, Wang Chi-lin, said in Peking: "A lifetime's experience has convinced me that the imperialists must be resolutely handled if we are to ensure peace. The imperialists are again making war in the Middle East. We must act now!"

Artists and Writers Join In

Chinese artists and writers are also doing their bit in the current campaign.

In Peking, actors of the Chinese classical Peking opera, dressed in Arab national costume, presented a play in praise of the Iraqi revolution at the Tien An Men Square. Thousands of spectators burst into applause and cheers at the end of the play. In similar open-air performances, actors of other opera companies were also staging short plays dealing with the Middle East situation.

Peking streets are plastered with huge posters con- demning U.S.-British aggression in the Middle East. These

are the works of huridreds of artists and students of the art academies in the capital.

In Shanghai, over a hundred noted writers and poets held a protest meeting during which they unanimously pledged to use their pens to support the Arab people's just struggle. Many poets wrote new verses and personally pasted them in buses, trams, and on public buildings. Shanghai singers are popularizing over a hundred short songs composed by musicians in support of the Arab people.

In faraway Britain, the Chinese Theatrical and Dance Troupe which happened to be performing in London, can- celled all its remaining performances in protest against British aggression in Jordan. They left Britain on July 24.

On Guard for Peace

In the Chinese People's Liberation Army, rallies and meetings have been held in all units of the army, navy and air force in all p a r t s of the country. Officers and men condemned U.S.-British aggression in the Middle East and expressed their readiness to defend China's security and world peace.

Members of units stationed on the Chekiang front declared that they would heighten their vigilance and be ready at all times to liberate Taiwan.

Industry

TH E BIG LEAP IN STEEL by WU LI-YUNG

Director of the Bureau of Metallurgical Industry, State Economic Commission

C HINA'S steel output increased at an average annual rate of 31.7 per cent during the First Five-Year Plan

{1953-1957)- a speed unknown in the history of capi tal is t countries. This year, steel production is expanding at a much faster rate than any previous year. It is expected to exceed ten million t o n s - - a more than 90 per cent increase over last year. Next year's steel output, it is estimated, will be more than 20 million tons.

In the light of actual experience, the time-table for the development of China's steel industry has been consider-

ably accelerated. At the end of 1957, the Central Com- mittee of the Chinese Communist Par ty declared that China Would catch up with and surpass Britain in the output of major industrial products in fifteen years or a little longer. A t the Second Session of the Eighth Na- tional Congress of the Chinese Communist Par ty held in May this year, the slogan was changed to catch up with and surpass Britain in the output of major industrial products in fifteen years or less.

The development of the steel industry in Britain has been slow and unsteady. Between 1937 and 1957 (years of war and post-war boom), the average annual rate of increase was 2.5 per cent. Even if we take the 1950-1957 period {years of the Korean war and armament race), the figure was a mere 4 per cent. Britain's steel output in 1957 was 22 million tons. According to figures released by the Iron and Steel Board, it showed a 5.4 per cent drop in the first half of this year compared with the correspond- ing period last year. Judging from the development of the iron and steel industry in Britain, China will catch up with and outstrip Britain in steel production in con~ ~iderably less than 15 years.

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Why can China's iron and steel industry advance at such high speed?

The fundamental reason is China's socialist system which has released the creative forces of her 600 million people.

China is rich in the resources needed for the iron and steel industry. By the end of the Second Five-Year Plan (1962), the measured and indicated iron reserve may amount to 15,000 million tons; the coal reserve over 110,000 million tons. Iron and coal mines are found in nearly every province of the country and many of the coal de- posits can be used to make coke. Manganese, refractories and flux are also in rich enough supply to meet the needs of the rapid development of the iron and steel industry.

In the past few years, much experience has been acquired in this field and a considerable number of technicians have been trained, paving the way for the further development of the iron and steel industry.

Further, as a result of the rapid development of agriculture, the machine-building industry, communications and transport, there has been a growing demand for iron and steel products. The domestic market for iron and steel is constantly expanding.

P r i n c i p l e s a n d P o l i c i e s

The principle of the simultaneous development of this branch of industry by both the central and local authorities and the development of medium and small iron and steel plants as well as giant ones. has been adopted so that these favourable conditions can be utilized to the full for the speedy development of the iron and steel industry.

One of the outstanding features in the development of China's iron and .steel industry today is that a large number of medium and small iron and steel enterprises are being set up by the local authorities. Among t h e

medium-sized integrated iron and steel works are the Chungking Iron and Steel Works, the Hantan Iron and Steel Works in Hopei Province, the Tsinan Iron and Steel Works in Shantung Province, the Maanshan Iron and Steel Works in Anhwei P r o v i n c e - all of which are either being expanded or under construction. When completed, each will produce over 600,000 tons of steel annually. Among the smaller iron and steel plants are the Ocheng Iron and Steel Plant in Hupeh Province, the Lienyuan Iron and Steel Plant in Hunan Province and the Chekiang Iron and Steel Plant, each with an annual steel output of over 100,000 tons.

More numerous still are the various types of medium and small blast furnaces for smelting iron and medium and small Bessemer converters for steel-making. More than 13,000 blast furnaces are being built this year. They will have a total capacity of over 20 million tons of pig

C H I N E S E WE I GHTS and M E A S U R E S at & G L A N C E

1 mu~0.06 hectare or 0.1647 acre I dan (picul)----0.05 ton or 0.984 hundredweight 1 jin (catty)----0.5 kilogramme or 1.1023 pounds

::F .sTEEL.

| ,o,,ooo,oo, I .oo t 6000 - - ~5350

9 2 3 ~ pra.Jiberation peak (1943)

1958

iron.* The provinces of Hopei, Honan , Hunan and Shan- tung will each build more than 1,000 small blast furnaces and most of them will be completed this year.

In steel production , over 200 medium and small Bes- semer converters ranging from 0.5 to 12 tons are being built this year by the local authorities in all parts of the country. Their total capacity of steel-smelting will reach l0 million tons. Some of them set up recently in Chekiang, Shansi, Shantung and Peking have already gone into operation.

This does not mean, however, that China will rely on a large number of medium- and small-sized iron and steel p lants alone. The Ministry of Metallurgical Industry is stepping up the construction of giant, modern, integrated iron and steel works. The expansion of the Anshan Iron and Steel Works has been completed. The first 1,386- cubic-metre blast furnace of the Wuhan Iron and Steel Works in central China will produce iron on October 1 of this year. Its second blast furnace, steel-smelting plant and rolling mills are also under construction. In Inner Mongolia, the Paotow Iron and Steel Works is building its own mines and preparations are being made for its first 1,5:13-cubic-metre blast furnace to go into operation next year, These are big, integrated iron and steel works, the sinew of China's iron and steel industry, each with an annual capacity of over three million tons of steel.

In this way, the whole country, with t h e t h r e e major integrated iron and steel works as the backbone, will be dotted with many medium-sized iron and steel plants and still more small ones, to be supplemented by myriads of

* Britain's total pig iron output in 1957 was 14,530,000 tons.

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small blast furnaces and small Bessemer converters. This will end the pattern that prevailed in old China when a small iron and steel industry was confined to the northeast and the coastal areas. Then, there will be a relatively balanced development of this industry in the country as a whole and iron and steel output will increase quickly.

It was necessary, in the past, for the iron and steel industry to be developed centrally by the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry so as to build up the technical strength and gather experience in this field. Now it is possible for the local authorities to establish their own iron and steel industries. The local authorities will work things out in accordance with local needs. The central authorities will balance things out from the viewpoint of the situation in the country as a whole, make over-all plans and co-ordinate the work.

In addition to the mechanized and automatic iron and steel plants in China today there are also small plants where manual labour is combined with semi-mechaniza- tion. These small enterprises are not necessarily low in output and high in production costs as some people might think. Since the small enterprises are numerous their total output will be raised fairly rapidly. A farm tools plant in Soochow recently built an eight-cubic-metre small blast furnace in three months. It cost only 100,000 yuan. Its annual capacity is 4,000 tons. In Szechuan, the cost for one ton of pig iron produced by a small blast furnace is only around 100 yuan. These small blast furnaces and Bessemer converters take little time to build and cost very little. They can make good use of the resources, manpower and equipment available in the locality.

Small enterprises, of course, also have their drawbacks. For one thing, their equipment does not last very long. But they meet an urgent need. With the growth of production, the accumulation of funds and technological advances, backward methods of production can be gradually replaced by modern me thods - -mechan iza t ion and auto- mation.

Funds and Equipment

The construction of a large number of iron and steel plants is being financed by the central as well as the local authorities who can raise funds by pruning administrative and other expenses. Agricultural and handicraft co- operatives can also accumulate funds. The principle is to establish small ones first and big ones later. Small enterprises can go into operation quickly. As soon as they bring in profits, they can be expanded again and recon- structed for enlarged reproduction.

The fullest use is made of the materials and equipment available locally. Some small blast furnaces are not made entirely of steel and only the part above the bosh is bound with hoops of steel. Most of the 400 small blast furnaces which Szechuan plans to build this year are to be made of local sand and stone. When certain materials are not available, substitutes are used. Thus, when re- fractory bricks are in short supply, a mixture of fire clay and coke powder is used. The equipment is either made by the machinery works run by the Central Government or those operated by the local authorities.

Large numbers of technicians needed in the development of the iron and steel industry are being drawn from

the existing enterprises. The newly built p lants are also sending their workers to the old ones to learn the t rade. The master steel workers are training more apprentices. Short- term iron and steel smelting classes have been opened to train still more people. Mobile technical teams are organized to make the rounds of various plants to help solve technical problems. The old plants are serving as technical advisers to the new ones. In this way the corps of iron and steel technicians is rapidly expanding.

Innovat ions

In this age of technical revolution, iron and steel tech- nology too is making rapid progress. The coefficient of utilization of blast furnace (the volume of furnace required to produce one ton of iron in 24 hours) is declining daily. Today, the record is already as low as 0.395. The TaN yuan Iron and Steel Works and the Chungking Iron and Steel Works have successfully employed a new steel tap- ping method in which three troughs are used and this has increased steel output by 50 per cent. Shanghai 's No. 3 Steel Plant now uses three rows of tuyere instead of two in side blowing. The result, the time for blowing steel in a converter was shortened by 13 per cent; the rate of loss in blowing dropped by 27 per cent; output went up by 14 per cent. Moreover, the quality of converter steel is now just as good as that of open hearth steel. The latest technique of making alloy steel with both electric furnace and converter has been proved to be successful and this will enable China to produce a greater amount of alloy steel. The latest technique of continuous rolling has been used to simplify the heating process and has raised output by over 5 per cent. Another new technique in- troduced is the continuous casting which simplified the blooming process. As a result, investment in this field can be greatly reduced. China produced 4,000 types of steel products in 1957. Thanks to the elevation of the technical level, she expects to produce more than ten thousand types of steel products within three years.

We have every reason to believe that the progress of China's iron and steel will continue at a very high speed. In 1952, China was 18th among the countries of the world in steel production. In 1957 China jumped to 9th place. This year she will beat Belgium and Italy and take 7th place or higher. When, in less than fifteen years, China catches up with and surpasses Britain in steel output, she will make still greater efforts to quicken the tempo of development of her steel industry so that her steel output will, in the not distant future, equal that of the most advanced countries in the world.

Sketches of s t e e l w o r k e r s b y Hs~ao Su

13

Reminiscences

On the Long March with Chairman Mao by CHEN CHANG-FENG

This is the second i n s t a l m e n t oy our abrSdged vers ion oy the remin i scences oy Colonel Chen Chang-yeng, " 'With C h a i r m a n Mao on the Long March ," n o w appear ing ser ial ly in the popular ]or tn tght ly "'Xin G u a n e h a " ( N e w Observer) . Our f irs t ins tal - m e n t was pub l i shed last w e e k and our f inal one w i l l appear in a s u b s e q u e n t issue, m Ed.

III. ON THE LONG MARCH By April 1935, we had crossed the Chingsha River

and reached Mienning in southeast Sikang. We were about to enter the region inhabited by the Yis.

One d a y we were chatting with our host. He was a very talkative old chap and once he got going it was difficult to stop him. He could turn a molehill into a mountain at a moment 's notice. When the Conversation turned to the Yi people he suddenly became very agitated and cried in alarm: "That 's the Lolos, eh? Ah, they're fierce, they are!"

"How fierce?" we asked him, and he carried on in great excitement: "They're savages and love to fight! They specially hate us Hans. They see red as soon as they catch sight of a Han, and if they catch y o u - well, it's all up with you!"

"If they're that fierce, we'd better keep out of their way!" said Tseng Hsien-chi, another bodyguard.

"How can you keep away from them unless you keep away from their land?" retorted our host. "Once in there, you'll land yourselves in a trap. Suddenly you'll find a whole mountain full of their men, yelling and shouting, and sniping at you. It 's said they're first-rate shots!"

"Why do they hate the Hans so much?" we asked. The old man frowned and shook his head: "I don't

know[" Although we didn't believe all he told us about the

Yis, we were a bit worried. Particularly about the sniping. We were puzzled too because in our political study class we had often discussed this question of the national minorities. We knew that the White Army* oppressed them worse than it did the Hans, so we looked on them as our brothers. We'd not heard anything about them killing Hans, so I went and asked Chairman Mao.

"Chairman Mao, it's said the Yis are very fierce!" I began.

"Who told you that?" he rejoined. So I told him all that our host had said and asked him: "Is it true?"

Chairman Mao smiled and countered: "What do you think?"

I smiled in my turn and shook my head. He then explained that the Yis in Szechuan and the

Miaos in Kwangsi were cruelly oppressed by the White Army. This was why they hated the Whites. "But to us," he said, "they're different. We respect them and look on them as our brothers. We unite with them and fight

* The Kuomintang and warlord armies.

together with them against exploitation by the White Army.'~ "Our Commander-in-Chief Chu Teh," he continued, "and Chief-of-Staff Liu Po-cheng both come from Szechuan. They know the Yi people well. The Yis will be glad when they know that an a rmy led by Commander Chu Teh has come to them. So what 's there to be afraid of?"

"But that old man spoke as if what he said was truth itself !"

Chairman Mao explained: "Those are simply rumours deliberately spread by the White Army to stir up hatred between Hans and Yis. That old man hasn' t seen things with his own eyes so naturally it's easy to deceive him."

Chairman Mao's explanations set our minds at rest. Soon Chief-of-Staff Liu Po-cheng actually became the sworn brother of Hsiao Yehtan, leader of the Yis.

Meeting the Yi Brothers

Two days later we left Mienning. We entered the Yi region. It was high noon. In my native Kiangsi, the fields would already be gay with the golden rice, but here the land was deserted and untilled. There were no rice fields, no farm houses, only some rough empty shacks in the forests.

But soon after we entered a mountainous area a group of men and women in strange clothes suddenly appeared before us. They shouted as they approached. I and Tseng Hsien-chi were f rankly alarmed. It was only when they came near to us that I saw clearly that they came not to fight but to welcome us. Five tall women came out from the group, each carrying a big red cock in her arms. They approached Chairman Mao and surrounded him. They said something that we could not understand. But Chairman Mao nodded his head and imitating their gestures, put his hands before his breast to show his gratitude. I, Tseng Hsien-chi and other comrades imitated him in turn to thank them.

Then Chairman Mao, closely followed by the women with the cocks, walked on. By this time there were Yi people everywhere, on the slopes, in the valley, and on the top of the mountain. Some of them raised their hands high in welcome, some bowed, others sang gaily. It was a strange and moving sight that brought tears to our eyes.

Chairman Mao turned to us: "See! All that talk about fighting. They've come to welcome us! Just think why!" As we walked on, we discussed the matter.

A while later Tseng asl~ed: "Chairman Mao, although they are our good brothers, we can't understand what they say. It 's as if we were in a foreign country!"

"It 's not surprising," Chairman Mao said. "You know how big our country is. I 've met many Hans who can't even understand what I, a Hunan man, say. So how can you understand what the Yi people say?"

This set all of us laughing. When the Yi people saw us laughing, they too laughed, uproariously. The way

14

they laughed was so simple and unaffected that one wondered at tha t wicked ta lk about thei r fierceness and cruelty. And it was in this atmosphere, full of ga ie ty and friendship, that we crossed the "myster ious" region of the Yis.

H o w W e Crossed t h e S n o w M o u n t a i n s

In June 1935, af ter crossing the Tatu River, we came to the foot of Chiachin Mountain, a towering, snow-covered peak. The June sun had not yet set but its heat had lost its power in the face of this great icy mass.

We paused for a day at its foot. Cha i rman Mao had advised us to collect ginger and pepper to for t i fy ourselves against the b i t ter cold as we cl imbed the pass over the mountain. We s tar ted the climb in the ear ly morn ing of the next day.

The peak of Chiachin Mountain pierced the sky like a sword point gl i t ter ing in the sunlight. I ts whole mass sparkled as if decorated with a myr iad g l i t te r ing mirrors . Its brightness dazzled your eyes. Every now and again clouds of snow swirled around the peak l ike a vast umbrella. It was an unearthly, fa i ry sight.

At the s tar t the snow was not so deep and we could walk on it fa i r ly easily. But af ter twen ty minutes or so the drif ts became deeper and deeper. A single careless step could throw "you into a crevasse and then it might take hours to ext r ica te you. If you walked where the mant le of snow was l ighter , it was s l ippery; you slid back three steps for every forward one you took! Chai rman Mao was walking ahead of us, his shoulders hunched, climbing with difficulty. Sometimes he would slip back several steps. Then we gave h im a hand; but we too had difficulty in keeping our foothold and then it was he who caught our a rms in a firm grip and pulled us up. He wore no padded clothes; he had none to wear. Soon his thin grey t rousers were wet through and his black cotton slippers were shiny with frost.

The climb was taking it out of us. I c lambered up to him and said: "Chai rman Mao! I t 's too hard for you, bet ter let us support you!" I stood firm beside him. But he only answered short ly: "No," and went on. "You are just as t i red as I aml"

Half way up the mounta in a sudden, sharp wind blew up. Thick, da rk clouds dr i f ted along the top of the range. The blast blew up the snow which swir led around us viciously.

I hurr ied a few steps forward and pul led at his jacket : "Snow's coming, Chai rman Mao!" I yelled.

He looked ahead against the wind. "Yes, i t ' l l be here immediately. Let us get preparedW No sooner had he ceased speaking than hailstones, as big as small eggs, whist led and splashed down on us. Umbrel las were use- less against this gusty sea of snow and ice. We held an oilskin ground sheet up and huddled together under it with Chai rman Mao in the centre. Lao Yu, the groom, was having a difficult time. The horse he was looking after, scared by the hailstones, reared up and refused to obey him. The s torm raged around us as if the very sky were falling. All we could hear were the confused shouts of people and deafening thunder claps. Then came a hoarse voice f rom above us.

"Comrades!" it said. "Hold on! Don' t give up! Per - sistence means victory!" As I l i f ted my head and- looked up I saw red flags flying f rom the top of the pass. The

F i v e ta l l w o m e n , e a c h c a r r y i n g a red c o c k in h e r arms, approached Chairman Mao and surrounded him

Drawing by Ah L a o

whir l ing snow bowed to their br ight colours. I looked enquir ingly at Cha i rman Mao.

"Who's that shouting there?" "Comrades f rom the propaganda team," Chai rman

Mao replied. "We must learn f rom them. They 've got a s tubborn spir i t !"

The snowstorm dropped as suddenly as i t had started, and the warm, red sun came out again. Chai rman Mao left the oilskin shel ter and stood up on the snowy moun- tainside. The last snow flakes stil l whi r led a round him.

"Well, how did we" come out of tha t bat t le?" he asked. "Anyone wounded?"

No one repor ted any hurts. Only Lao Yu led his horse up and announced, "A hai ls tone 's made my arm swell up !"

Chai rman Mao immedia te ly called to Chung Fu- chang, the Red Cross man, to put some salve on Lao Yu's arm. But Lao ¥ u smiled, refused any help and led his horse on. I was walk ing with Tseng Hsien-chi, my fellow bodyguard, and teased him, "Well, chum, how do you like i t?"

He pointed to Chai rman Mao and said: "If he can take it, so can we!" Then he looked a t his own feet buried deep in the snow and groaned jokingly: "Only look at this stuff! I t ' s confiscated my feet!" It was true. Numbed with the cold, it fel t as if you had no feet!

As we went up higher, the going grew more difficult. When we were still at the foot of the mountain, the local people had told us: "When you get to the top of the mounta in don ' t ta lk nor laugh, otherwise the god of the mounta in will choke you to death." We weren ' t super- stitious, but there was some harsh t ru th in what they said. Now I could hard ly breathe. I t seemed" as if my chest was being pressed between two millstones. My

15

heartbeats were fast and I had difficulty in talking, let alone laughing. I felt as if my heart would pop out of my mouth if I opened it. Then I looked at Chairman Mao again. He was walking ahead, stepping firmly against the wind and snow. At the top of the mountain the propaganda people shouted again:

"Comrades, step up! Look forward! Keep going!"

Victory

Finally we gained the summit of th~ mountain pass. White snow blanketed everything. People sat in groups of three or five. Some were so exhausted that they lay down. When they saw Chairman Mao, several comrades came up calling: "Chairman Mao! Come and take a rest!"

When Chairman Mao saw all this he immediately went up to them and said gently: "Comrades, we can't rest here: The air is too rarefied. Make another effort and we'll meet the Fourth Field Army down on the other side."

With this, our spirits rose again, and we began to scramble down the slope. I don' t know whether it was because of joy of the victory of reaching the top or for some other reason, but suddenly I grew dizzy. It seemed that the mountain shook beneath my feet. I lost control of my limbs and began to shiver violently. I stumbled up to Chairman Mao, cried out: " C h a i r m a n . . . ! " and collapsed. But I was not wholly unconscious. I felt Chair- man Mao supporting me with his arm and calling me by

name. It was as if I was in some fairyland, swimming in air. I had difficulty in breathing and could not speak. But a sudden strong wind lashed the snow flakes in my face. It brought me to and my eyes cleared. Comrades were crowded around me wondering what was the matter. I heard Chairman Mao asking me: "What 's wrong? Are you all right now?" I struggled to my feet and on we went.

Chairman Mao's feet plunged deep in the snow at every step. He turned his head to look at the comrades who still hadn't, made it to the top. They walked slowly and the column looked like a snake winding its way to the summit. He waved them on encouragingly.

Going down was easier than going up, but since there was no sunshine on this side of the mountain it was colder. We were all wearing the same thin cotton clothes, and we shivered with cold. I tied a blanket round my waist and so went walking, slipping and rolling down the snowy slopes.

Not long after we met comrades of the Fourth Field tkrmy carrying banners with the words: "Expand the revolutionary base in northwest Szechuan!" We felt new strength come into our limbs. We felt for them like brothers we had parted from long ago.

As we came down the last slopes, I turned back and looked upwards. The red flags were still fluttering on the top of the snow-covered mountain. The untiring voice of the propaganda officer was still r inging in my ears.

NEW TREND IN EDUCATION by WU PIN

~ W O R K While Yau Study" u' the integration of class- ¥¥ room study and direct participation in production

and practical work u i s the dominant trend in China's education today. Universities and colleges throughout the country are adapting their curricula to this socialist policy and are solving the practical problems involved.

To provide their students with the facilities and op- portunities for participation in productive labour, higher educational institutions are building factories of their own. By mid-July, more than 200 industrial establishments set up by the institutions of higher learning in Peking went into operation. Most of them were built in the past month or so. The University of Wuhan in Hupeh alone plans to set up about one hundred industrial establishments this year, in addition to several large farms.

Factories Run by Students Some of these factories are actually expanded labora-

tories and experimental factories while some are entirely new. They range from brick kilns, paper mills and car- pentry workshops, which are technically simple, to plants manufacturing semi-conductors, electronic calculating machines, precision instruments established for the purpose of developing modern branches of industry in China.

The time students are required to devote to practical labour varies in different colleges and universities. In some places, they are required to work one to two days a week; in other places, the students will spend three

I6

months out of the year in the factories or on the farms, eight months in classrooms and have one month 's vacation.

Technical institutes of various kinds have not only opened factories of their own, like other colleges and universities, but have also worked out other forms of the "Work While You Study" programme. The Tangshan Railway Engineering College in Hopei Province, for instance, has undertaken to build a 160-kilometre railway in the province. The faculty and students of the college are doing the complete j o b - f rom surveying and designing to actual construction. The college is ready to build another 150 kilometres of railway lines this year and in the future will undertake to build at least 400 kil0metres of railways every year.

More than a thousand students and teachers of the East China Institute of Water Conservancy have participated in water conservancy work in Kiangsu Province. They surveyed more than 1,000 kilometres of irrigation canals in north Kiangsu and helped the people in the province design 42 medium and small reservoirs, 38 rural hydro-electric power stations and irrigation systems for an area of 8.7 million m u .

The Civil Engineering School of Changchun has established a company that undertakes civil engineering work in the city. The school president has become the manager of the company. The faculty members are the engineers, section foremen or technicians and the students are the building workers. In this school, the system of

half-time at work and half-time at study has been in- troduced. Classroom work is conducted in the winter and spring while work at the construction sites proceeds in summer and autumn. During the working seasons there is study in the evening and work at the construction site during the day. Rainy days are devoted to studying.

The Geological Prospecting Institute in Changchun recently took an even bolder step. Commissioned by the People's Council of Kirin Province, this institute has begun to take charge of the work of the Provincial Geological Bureau. The president of the institute was appointed director of the bureau and the faculty members and students will serve as engineers and prospecting personnel. This helps reduce the size of administrative organs, brings the potentialities of the technical forces and equipment of the educational institutions into full play and brings them into direct participation in national construction. It is a new form for integrating theoretical study with on-the-job training. During the summer vacation this year, most of the faculty members and students of the institute will go out to the fields on geological prospecting missions.

Graduation Designs

As a result of the "Work While You Study" programme, the designs the students submit as their graduation work have been quite different this year than in the past. The experience of the Harbin Technological Univers i ty is typical. This summer over 600 students will finish their studies. Under the guidance of their teachers, they are working on graduation designs in accordance with actual needs in p r o d u c t i o n - - factory buildings, machinery and tools, etc.

Both the teachers and the students call this sort of designing which is linked with actual production needs "real designing" in contrast with the imaginary designs made by the graduates in the past who, for instance, would design a pompous railway station with accommoda- tions for 400,000 passengers daily, or an extravagant work- shop producing 1,500 giant excavators annually.

Experience shows that there are many advantages in linking designs submitted for graduation with the needs of real life. First of all, the teachers and students, feeling that they are making a real contribution to the country's gigantic construction, are more interested in and stimulated by their work. Secondly, the unexpectedly complex problems which appear in the course of actual work provide an opportunity to train the students to think and work independently. Thirdly, in linking graduation designing with production the students have to pay attention to the question of cost; so they are not only concerned with beauty and theory but with practical values and real economic problems, how to build at less cost, etc. Fourthly, the teachers and students face many new problems, the solution of which can be found only on the basis of extensive research work. Some teachers of the Machine-Building Department of Harbin Technological University have already taken problems that have arisen on the production front as their own research subjects. In this way their scientific research work is linked with the practical problems of the country 's economy.

The Peking Agricultural University was one of the first agricultural colleges and universities in the country to reform its educational programme thoroughly. During

the farming season, f rom April to September, its students are required to work on the farms, participating in sowing, harvesting and other kinds o f field work. This farming season is planned as a school Lerm. The months from October to March are another term which is devoted to classroom work. It has been proved that practical work in actual production is the best way to help the students to consolidate what they have learnt from textbooks. In studying plant pests, for instance, no longer do the students study dried or preserved specimens displayed in the laboratories, but they go out to see the real pests as they exist in the fields. Through close observation on the spot they study their habits and behaviour, the actual harm they do and how best to combat them.

In addition to running their own farms, many agricultural colleges and universities have signed contracts of mutual support and co-ordination with neighbouring farm co-ops.

Experimental Department Stores Besides factories and farms, there are also other enter-

prises run by the students. In a main street in the triple-city of Wuhan there is a small but popular department store run by students of the Central-South College of Finance and Economics. This department store popped up three months ago. It was proposed by students of the Department of Trade and Economics during the rectification campaign, and was supported by the school authorities and the local government.

In this experimental department store the students do field work in specialized subjects. They serve at the counters in rotation. In this way they acquire practical knowledge for such courses as "Studies on Market Con- ditions," "Organization and Techniques of Trade," "Science of Commodities," etc.

Now many colleges of finance and economics have followed suit and established experimental department stores of their own.

The students of fine arts too have their own "Work While You Study" programmes. In the Shanghai Academy of Music every student devotes half a day and two eve- nings a week to actual performances, and to advising amateur students of music in the factories and on the farms, adapting plays for local theatrical troupes, running ~pare-time musical evening schools, making records, writing songs and doing some manual work in the college. During the summer and winter holidays, except for those who travel to give performances, the students .will work in the countryside and the factories for a month.

These activities bring the students face to face with the realities of life, with the broad masses of workers and peasants. This enriches their studies profoundly.

The advantages of the "Work While You Study" programme are clearly apparent although only a few months have passed since it was put into effect throughout the country. It is the best way to link education and production, to combine theory and practice, manual work and brain work, and to merge the intellectuals with the workers and peasants.

The schools have increased their earnings from the "Work While You Study" programme. Some of them have already attained complete financial self-support. This makes it possible for the government to allocate funds they saved to open more schools and to expand the existing ones so that more new students can be enrolled.

17

ROUND THE WEEK

Summer Harvest Best Ever "The best ever" were the words used

by the Ministry of Agriculture in the bulletin just released to describe the bumper summer harvest this year. China's peasants have brought in summer food crops totalling 1Ol,000 million j/m (50.5 million tons), 69 per cent above last year's harvest.

Of the food crops gathered into the bins, Winter wheat accounted for 68,900 million jtn (34.45 million tons). This is 27,900 million jin (13.95 million tons), or 68 per cent, more than the total winter wheat output of 1957. In addition, an estimated 9,000 million Jin (4.5 million tons) of spring wheat are expected to be harvested. This will put the grand total of wheat output i~ China at 77,900 million fin (38.95 million tons) this year.

Thus, in wheat production China has outstripped the United States for the first time. Estimates of the U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture on July 10 show that the winter and spring wheat in the United States this year will reach 343.49 million bushels (38.56 million tons), while Chiaa's wheat output will reach nearly 39 million tons, exceeding that of the United States by at least two million tons. In 1949, however, when the country was set free from Chiang Kai-shek's rule. China's total wheat output was only 44 per cent that of the United States. This rate of increase is unprecedented in world history, the Ministry of Agriculture declared.

In an editorial commenting on the Ministry of Agriculture's bulletin, Renmin Rtbao stated that all this indicates the phenomenal growth of China's agriculture. It has entered a new stage m from gradual advance to flying leaps. For in spite of the fact that the weather had not been favourable, what with all the major wheat-producing areas suffering from varying degrees of drought, some lasting months on end, an unparalleled rich harvest had nevertheless been wrested from the land. This shows that there are great possibilities to raise China's wheat output to still greater heights.

As a matter of fact, steps are being taken to achieve this end. At a recent conference of the Ministry of Agriculture held in Honan, the leading wheat-producing province of China, representatives from nine provinces, including Hopei, Shansi, Shensi, Shantung, and the munic- ipality of Peking, exchanged views on the steps to be taken to reap a still richer harvest in 1959. Among the measures

agreed upon were timely sowing of wheat in the coming winter, continued use of tested quality seeds, making close planting a general practice, accumulation of ferti- lizer to begin in the Summer and still more attention to irrigation and drainage work in the wheat lands. The conference also called for further improvement of all farm tools used in wheat production and the preparation of sufficient insecti- cide to wipe out wheat pests before the winter sets in.

China in the Atomic Age With the construction of an atomic

reactor and cyclotron China has definitely embarked upon the development of atomic energy. This is what Kuo Mo-jo told the correspondent of Shijie Zhishi (World Culture), a Chinese language fort- nightly review of international affairs, when asked to comment on the operation of China's first atomic reactor.

In the interview, published in the current issue of the magazine, the President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences dis- cusses the development of science as a whole in China, and the tremendous advance of nuclear physics in particular. In 1949, he recalled, when the country came under the people's rule only two rooms were allotted by the Academy for research work in atomic energy. Today the institute of atomic energy is one of the largest research bodies, with a staff ex-

ceeding that of the entire Academy at the time of liberation. The study of cosmic rays and isotopes is making big strides forward, too. He predicted that the 12-year Programme for Scientific De- velopment, which was carefully mapped out in 1956, will now be accomplished in much less time, in eight or perhaps even in only five years' time.

Kuo Mo-jo ascribed China's rapid progress in science mainly to the vigorous leadership given by the Communist Party and the advantages that are derived from the system of socialism. He was con- fident, in view of the stress on the integration of theory and practice, that the present high-powered industrial and agricultural expansion would further stimulate the development of science in the country. With a China dedicated to peace, mastering the know-how of atomic energy and progressing by leaps and bounds in both industry and agriculture, there is much that China can contribute to the cause of world peace, Kuo Mo-jo concluded.

Military Affairs Commission Meets ,~n enlarged session of the Military

Affairs Commission of the Chinese Com- munist Party's Central Committee, at- tended by over a thousand high-ranking cadres, was held from May 27 to July 22. Proceeding under the guidance of the Central Committee and Chairman Mao Tse-tung and employing the methods of the current rectification campaign, the session reviewed the over-all strengthen- ing of the People's Liberation Army since the founding of the People's Re- public and defined the lines of policy for the future. At the same time, taking cognizance of t h e p r e s e n t world situation, it discussed the country's national defence and made decisions accordingly. Chairman Mao Tse-tung addressed the meeting. Minister of Defence Peng Teh- huai made the concluding speech sum- marizing the discussions.

Co.ordination in Transport Never has transport on Chinese rail-

ways been in such great demand. In the first quarter of this year rai lway freight showed a 20 per cent increase over the same period last year. In the second quarter, the upward trend continued: the figure was 33 per cent over the first. At the present rate of increase, the last quarter of the year will probably top the first by 50 per cent. Industrial and agricultural production are shooting ahead so fast that things are piling up at the de- pots. 300,000 tons of coal from the Yang- chuan collieries in Shansi Province, for example, were not transported in time. Bottlenecks loomed on the highways and on the ships, too. The tempo of produc-

I8

t i on is indeed p u t t i n g h e a v y s t r a i n s on the transport system.

To solve the dif f icul t ies t h a t a rose w i t h the g rea t p roduc t ion upswing , t he T r a n s - por t D e p a r t m e n t of t he C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ' s Cen t r a l C o m m i t t e e r ecen t ly held a con fe r - ence to discuss the ques t ion of co -o rd ina - t ion in t r a n s p o r t work. T h e r e p r e s e n t a - t ives f rom the va r ious p r o v i n c e s w e r e agreed t h a t b e t t e r co -o rd ina t ion b e t w e e n regions a n d b e t w e e n d i f f e ren t un i t s wou ld go f a r to ease congest ion. The L o s h a n a rea in S z e c h u a n P rov ince , for example , h ad been p i l ing up a v a s t a m o u n t of goods s ince the fac tor ies a n d f a r m s t h e r e t u r n e d ou t m u c h m o r e t h a n in o r d i n a r y years . The C o m m u n i s t P a r t y c o m m i t t e e in the a r e a cal led t o g e t h e r the t r a n s p o r t d e p a r t m e n t s , t he un i t s t h a t commis s ioned wagons and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t space a n d o t h e r pa r t i e s conce rned to d iscuss a n d organize e m u l a t i o n a n d c o - o r d i n a t i o n in transport. The r e su l t was t h a t t he r a t e of usage of the ro l l ing stocks, the lorr ies , the sh ips and o t h e r m e a n s of t r a n s p o r t r e ached 95 pe r cent . O r t a k e T i en t s in for example . Before c o - o r d i n a t i o n was s t r e n g t h e n e d al l t he m e a n s of t r a n s p o r t in the c i ty could on ly m a n a g e to c a r r y 50,000 tons of goods. This h a s n o w b e e n ra i sed to 80,000 tons.

Whi le co -o rd ina t ion on a l imi ted sca le has b e e n the p r ac t i c e in va r ious p a r t s of t h e count ry , the c o n f e r e n c e dec ided t h a t t h e r e m u s t be c o - o r d i n a t i o n en a na t i ona l scale, in o r d e r to t ap t h e fu l l po ten t i a l of t he coun t ry ' s t r a n s p o r t system.

Yellow River Vigil The Yel low R i v e r ha s b e e n kep t w i t h i n

its b a n k s desp i te a n u n u s u a l l y h e a v y and swif t flow a t i ts l ower r eaches th i s year . The w a t e r c res t in S h a n t u n g P rov ince , cons idered t he h i g h e s t for years , h a s safe ly passed one of t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e poin ts of t he r i v e r and is n o w t e a r i n g i ts way t o w a r d s the sea.

For days and weeks dyke p r o t e c t i o n teams cons is t ing of peasan t s , g o v e r n m e n t cadres, a r m y m e n , young and old, m e n and women, n u m b e r i n g mi l l ions in S h a n t u n g P rov ince a n d .ne ighbour ing Honan , m a i n - t a ined a r o u n d - t h e - c l o c k vigi l al l a long the r o a r i n g r iver . T h e f ight p u t up b y the people of Chengchow, in H 0 n a n P r o v - ince, is typ ica l of the r e s p o n s e of mi l l ions of sen t ine l s pos ted al l t he way to t he estuary.

In the sma l l hou r s of July 18 t h i r t y t h o u s a n d people in th i s ra i l and t ex t i l e cen t re t u rned o u t - - t h o u g h on ly 10,000 were called f o r - - t o m a n t he dykes a t n e a r b y H u a y u a n k o w , t o g e t h e r w i t h l ead- ing m e m b e r s of t he local g o v e r n m e n t and the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y commi t tee . H u a -

y u a n k o w was t he scene of t he d a s t a r d l y c r i m e w i t h w h i c h t he people of H o n a n P r o v i n c e in p a r t i c u l a r wil l a l w a y s iden t i fy C h i a n g K a i - s h e k ' s r o t t e n reg ime. I n 1938 he b r e a c h e d the dyke here . F i f ty -e igh t count ies w e r e s u b m e r g e d and ha l f a mi l l ion peop le lost t h e i r lives. Today, m a n y still r e m e m b e r h o w t w e n t y yea r s ago they w e r e compel led a t b a y o n e t po in t to b r e a c h the dykes a t H u a y u a n k o w . One old p e a s a n t was told to s t ay b e h i n d to look a f t e r d r a u g h t an ima l s , bu t h e s tole a w a y f rom his f a r m seve ra l t imes a day to go to t he dykes , j u s t in case he could be useful . M e m b e r s of a co-op f a r m a t H u a y u a n k o w said, " In t he old days, t he g o v e r n m e n t s en t j a c k b o o t e d of- ricers and t h e i r h e n c h m e n to b r e a c h the dykes . T o d a y t he People ' s G o v e r n m e n t sends cadres and so ld ie rs to p ro tec t t h e m . " Th i s co-op f a r m a lone suppl ied m o r e t h a n 2,000 m e n a n d w o m e n to the dyke p ro tec - t ion t eams .

E v e r y w h e r e a long t he b a n k s of the Ye l low R i v e r m u c h t he s a m e sp i r i t a n d a t m o s p h e r e p reva i led . Bu t th i s y e a r the s t ress is on t u r n i n g t he b a t t l e a g a i n s t t he flood .waters of the Yel low River , as of o t h e r r ivers , f r o m a de fens ive to a n of fens ive one m f o con t ro l a n d use the flood w a t e r s for a g r i c u l t u r a l purposes . The m u l t i t u d e of w a t e r c o n s e r v a n c y p ro j - ects comple t ed in the w i n t e r and s p r i n g w e n t a long way to he lp keep the t o r r e n - t ia l w a t e r s of m a n y r ive r s u n d e r con t ro l a n d to s e rve the needs of t he f a rmers . T h e p e a s a n t s say: " In the pa s t we fea red wate r , t oday we long for i~. In t he old days, w a t e r m e a n t t rouble , t oday it is the source of happ ine s s . "

Science on the Farm In t he las t m o n t h or so more t h a n 10,000

scient i f ic cen t r e s of v a r y i n g sizes h a v e b e e n b o r n in C h e k i a n g P r o v i n c e on the eas t coas t of China . In the m o r e deve l - oped p a r t s of t he p r o v i n c e t h e r e is a scient i f ic c e n t r e in e v e r y t o w n s h i p a n d e v e r y f a r m co-op a n d a scient if ic w o r k e r for e v e r y vil lage. Th i s m e a n s t h a t the r u r a l a r e a of C h e k i a n g P r o v i n c e is p r e t t y wel l cove red by a n o rgan ized effor t to p rov ide t he co-op f a r m e r s w i t h the sor t of aid a n d i n f o r m a t i o n they need for m o d e r n ag r i cu l tu re .

In t he K i n h u a area , f a m o u s for i ts ham, t h e r e a r e 45,000 such scient i f ic r e sea rch worker s . I n C h i a h s i n g t he f igure r e a c h e s 80,000. In mos t cases, t hey con* s is t of sec re ta r i e s of C o m m u n i s t P a r t y commi t t ees , t e chn i c i ans and peasan t s . B u t peop le of o t h e r ca l l ings a r e d r a w n in to t he se cen t res too. Of the 80,000 r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s i n Ch iahs lng , f o r in - s t ance , the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y - - 9 0 p e r c e n t - - a ~ e w o r k e r s a n d peasan t s , bu t 10 pe r cen t come f rom o the r wa lks of

l i f e - g o v e r n m e n t c ad re s , school t eachers , s tuden t s , eng inee r s and technic ians .

The w o r k of these scientif ic cen t r e s is m a r k e d by t h e i r i n t i m a t e r e l a t i onsh ip to p r o d u c t i o n - - a c o n s t a n t s u m m i n g up of v a l u a b l e e x p e r i e n c e and f ind ing solut ions to key p r o b l e m s a r i s i ng f rom product ion. T a k e Ch iahs ing , for example , again. The scient i f ic cen t res in the a rea accoun ted for the i n v e n t i o n a n d i m p r o v e m e n t of ove r 500 k inds of f a r m tools in r ecen t weeks w h i c h a re r a i s i ng l a b o u r p roduc- t iv i ty for some t w e n t y types of field work. These c e n t r e s of scient i f ic r e s e a r c h are a lso t a ck l i ng i n d u s t r i a l p rob lems , such as the cons t ruc t i on of s m a l l hydro -e l ec t r i c p o w e r s ta t ions , the s m e l t i n g of i ron and steel, etc.

Tackling Labour Shortages Shans i , t h e l ead ing coa l -p roduc ing

p r o v i n c e in n o r t h China , w h i c h has been fee l ing the p i n c h of l a b o u r s h o r t a g e a long w i t h o t h e r p a r t s of the c o u n t r y in t he "b ig l eap" of i ndus t r i a l and ag r i - c u l t u r a l p roduc t ion , exempl i f ies h o w th is p r o b l e m is b e i n g coped with .

T h e u n p r e c e d e n t e d e x p a n s i o n of local i n d u s t r i e s a n d t h e n a t i o n a l indus t r i e s s i t ua t ed in t he p rov ince m a d e grea t de- m a n d s on m a n p o w e r . Ea r l i e r in the yea r a n a d d i t i o n a l 95,000 app ren t i ce s and 150,000 t e m p o r a r y w o r k e r s we re needed fo r the fac to r ies and mines . Var ious m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n - - m a i n l y s t r e a m - l in ing l a b o u r o rgan i za t i on a n d acce le ra t ing t he t e chn i ca l r e v o l u t i o n ~ bu t m a n p o w e r s t i l l fel l sho r t by 25 pe r c en t a n d 43 pe r cen t for the two ca tegor ies ci ted above.

A n e w source h a d to be found. Wives and o t h e r m e m b e r s of the fami l ies of the w o r k e r s and employees w e r e encouraged to t ake up su i t ab l e jobs in the fac tor ies or in c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , to re - lease m a l e w o r k e r s fo r t he h e a v i e r work. T h e r e sponse was immed ia t e . I n Ta iyuan , the p rov inc i a l capi ta l , m a n y shops, res- t a u r a n t s , pho to s tudios , etc. wh ich h i t h e r - to had been r u n by m a l e w o r k e r s a r e t o d a y e n t i r e l y s ta f fed by women . In th i s way, m a ~ y e x t r a pa i r s of h a n d s h a v e b e e n found a n d t he ques t ion of l a b o u r s h o r t a g e in t he i n d u s t r i a l t owns of S h a n s i is showing s igns of solut ion.

T h e ci t ies a r e also so lv ing the ques t ion of l a b o u r s h o r t a g e by d r a w i n g house - wives in to jobs. T h e h o u s e w o r k lef t behind , cooking, wash ing , sewing , ca r ing of ch i ld ren , etc. is s h a r e d out in an or- gan ized a n d co -ope ra t ive way. C o m m u n a l can teens , l aundr ie s , and n u r s e r i e s h a v e b e e n set up, as we r epo r t ed l a s t week. The Ch inese w o m e n we l come the chance and the c h a n g e because , for one th ing, t hey a re t a k i n g p a r t in bu i l d ing socia l i sm ju s t l ike t h e i r menfo lk , a n d for a n o t h e r t hey find the col lec t ive way of p e r f o r m - ing m a n y of t h e i r househo ld dut ies more eff ic ient and less bu rdensome .

I9

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

The Middle East Crisis

Peace in the Middle Eas t and the world is g r ave ly e n d a n g e r e d . As the P e k i n g press , w h i c h ha s fo l lowed Middle Eas t d e v e l o p m e n t s c losely d u r i n g the past week, sees it, the U.S . -Br i t i sh aggres - sors a re c o n c e n t r a t i n g la rge m i l i t a r y forces in Lebanon , Jo rdan , L ibya a n d o the r poin ts in the Midd le Eas t and p lo t - t ing f r e sh aggress ions on an even b igger scale. If t he h a n d s of the aggressors a r e to be s t ayed and peace de fended , those who love peace mus t mobi l i ze al l t h e forces at t h e i r c o m m a n d .

Renmin Ribao (Ju ly 25) notes : The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of U.S . -Br i t i sh m i l i t a r y forces in the Midd le Eas t is no t on ly a naked t h r e a t of w a r aga ins t the coun t r i e s of t ha t area , bu t a per i lous p l ay ing w i t h fire t h a t t h r e a t e n s the world. The A r a b peoples who s t and f i rm in de fence of t h e i r na t i ona l independence , and the socia l is t coun t r i e s who t r e a s u r e peace wi l l no t let U.S . -Br i t i sh imper i a l i s t aggress ion go uncha l l enged . A n a t t e m p t by the aggres - sors to e x p a n d t h e i r aggress ion can al l too eas i ly lead to an u n c o n t r o l l a b l e ex tens ion of war .

Soviet Proposal

At this cr i t ica l m o m e n t , t he Sovie t p ro- posal for a mee t i ng of h e a d s of g o v e r n - men t s in the U.N. Secur i ty Counci l ha s been gree ted by the Ch inese p a p e r s as a m a j o r s tep for peace. R e n m i n Ribao (July 25) wr i t e s : Peace - l ov ing people t he

wor ld ove r we lcome and suppo r t th is Sovie t p roposa l to q u e n c h the f lame a l r eady e n k i n d l e d by t he aggressors , because i t e n t i r e l y con fo rms w i th t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n s and in te res t s . Da Gong Bao (Ju ly 21) ca l l ing the Sovie t i n i t i a t i ve for a s u m m i t m e e t i n g "mos t t imely ," dec la res t h a t those who che r i sh peace c a n n o t re- m a i n ind i f f e ren t in face of i nc rea s ing ly t h r e a t e n i n g U.S . -Br i t i sh moves in the Midd le East. A " w a i t and see" policy and p r o c r a s t i n a t i o n will lead to disas ter .

As Renmin Ribao says: "The s i tua t ion is clear . The U.S . -Br i t i sh imper ia l i s t s , once t hey h a v e got a s t rong foothold in L e b a n o n a n d Jo rdan , a re a i m i n g to a t t a c k I r a q f r o m two flanks, s m o t h e r th is n e w repub l i c a n d t h e n t h r e a t e n the U n i t e d A r a b Republ ic . They hope thus to r e - e s t ab l i sh t h e i r ' p res t ige ' in the Mid- dle Eas t and t h r o u g h o u t the e n t i r e A s i a n - A f r i c a n region."

U.A.R.-Iraq Sol idarity

But t he Ch inese press also expresses conf idence t h a t the A r a b people wil l not give way before the U.S . -Br i t i sh impe - r ial is ts . They po in t to the f i rm stand t a k e n by the Un i t ed A r a b Repub l i c and the new Repub l i c of I r aq and p r o m i n e n t l y r e p o r t e d the m u t u a l de fence a g r e e m e n t s igned by the two countr ies .

In a n ed i to r ia l en t i t l ed " U n i t y Is S t r e n g t h , " R e n m i n Ribao u n d e r l i n e s the v i t a l s ign i f icance of this ag reemen t . Desc r ib ing it as the bes t a n s w e r of t he

i n d e p e n d e n t A r a b coun t r i e s to the mili- t a r y t h r e a t of t he imper ia l i s t s , the p a p e r p red ic t s t h a t the t r ea ty will g rea t ly s t r e n g t h e n t he A r a b people 's s t ruggle aga ins t impe r i a l i s t aggress ion and en- courage t he who le A r a b na t ion to u n i t e as one in t h e i r f ight for na t i ona l independence .

The a g r e e m e n t is pa r t i cu l a r l y impor - t an t , the p a p e r s tresses, because t he impe- r ia l i s t s h a v e i n v a r i a b l y invoked the m e t h o d of "d iv ide and ru le" in t he i r a t t e m p t to lord it ove r the A r a b people. Th i s t r i ck has lost i ts e f fec t iveness now. In face of impe r i a l i s t t h r e a t s and pro- voca t ions the A r a b people a re m o r e un i t ed t h a n ever . W i t h the excep t ion of a h a n d f u l of t ra i to rs , t he en t i r e A r a b people wil l s t a n d by the two countr ies .

Warning to Chiang Ka i - shek

Whi le the peoples of t he wor ld are mob i l i z ing to h a l t U .S . -Br i t i sh aggress ion in the Midd le East, t he " r u n n i n g dogs" of the U.S. impe r i a l i s t s a r e showing the i r tee th . A m o n g these is t he C h i a n g Kai - s h e k c l ique in Ta iwan . Whi le echoing s u p p o r t for U.S. aggress ion in Lebanon , t hey a re ye lp ing a b o u t p r e p a r a t i o n s for l a u n c h i n g an " a t t a c k on the m a i n l a n d . "

T h e C h i a n g K a i - s h e k c l ique l ives on the va in hope of a t h i r d wor ld war . N:,w it is g r a b b i n g a t t he p r e s e n t crisis as its l as t chance . Bu t R e n n i n Ribao w a r n s t h e m : Faced by t he reso lu te opposi t ion of t he A r a b people and the people of the whole wor ld , the U.S. imper i a l i s t s a re t h e m s e l v e s in a q u a n d a r y . As t he Ch inese s ay ing ha s it, "c lay idols c ross ing a r iver , shou ld look to t h e i r o w n fee t !" Any ad- venturist move on the p a r t of t he Ch iang K a i - s h e k c l ique will be s h a t t e r e d by the Ch inese people ."

Hussein: "But just how long do you think we can keep this up, Bull?" B y Jack Chen

20

Magic carpet? B y Kiang Yu-sheno

C H I N A AND THE

WORLD

C h i n a a n d C a m b o d i a t o E x c h a n g e A m b a s s a d o r s

China and Cambodia have decided to establish diplomatic relations and exchange ambassadors.

On July 18, the Cambodian Premier Prince Sihanouk wrote to Premier Chou En-lai, informing him of the decision of the Cambodian Government to extend de jure recognition to the People's Republic of China and proposing establishment of diplomatic relations.

Premier Chou En-lai, in his reply on July 19, welcomed the Cambodian Gov- ernment's decision. He wrote: "I am deeply convinced that this important step will further consolidate friendship between the peoples of our two countries, which has been steadily developing since the Asian-African Conference, and is thus in the interest of the common cause of promoting friendly co-operation among the Asian and African countries and defending world peace."

Friendly relations between the two countries have developed rapidly since the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung. Prince Sihanouk visited China in February 1956 and in November that year, Premier Chou paid a return visit to Cambodia. In June 1956, an agreement for Chinese economic assistance to Cambodia was signed in Peking and shortly after economic missions were set up in Peking and Ph~om Penh to imple- ment the agreement. There have been frequent exchanges of delegations during the past few years.

News of the establishment of diplomatic relations with Cambodia was frontpaged by all major Peking papers. They greeted this development in relations between the two countries as a noteworthy example of peaceful co-existence among countries with different social systems.

L o n g . t e r m T r a d e w i t h R m a n i a

A long-term trade agreement between China and Rumania covering the period 1959-1962 was signed in Peking on July 21.

China will provide Rumania with soya beans, rice, minerals, machines and instruments, consumer goods, etc. She will receive from Rumania in return instal]a-

tions for power stations and cement works, drilling machines, oil tank wagons, b las t furnace blowers, petroleum And other products.

The agreement is in line with the current stress on economic co-ordination among the socialist countries. It is the third such agreement China has signed this year, the others being with Poland and Hungary.

Shipments to Iraq: Shanghai has sent its first shipment of goods to the new Republic of Iraq. The cargo includes tiles, glass, plywood and other building materials, textiles, radios, batteries, etc. Tientsin is also preparing to fill an Iraqi order for radio batteries.

Sinkiang Melons: The Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region plans to export three milliorr kilogrammes of honey dew melons this year. These famed melons will go to Norway, Denmark, West Ger- many, and Italy for the first time.

Last year 90,000 kilogrammes of honey dew melons were exported from Sinkiang to Hongkong, Southeast-Asia and Japan.

I n d i a n l ~ i a g s h i p E n d s V i s i t

The Mysore, flagship of Rear-Admiral A. Chakraverti , Commander of the Indian Fleet, sailed from Shanghai on July 23 after a week's visit.

The Mysore got a great reception from the Chinese naval forces and Shanghai residents when it arrived on July 17. Thousands came down to the wharf to give it and its crew a gala welcome. Rear-Admiral Chakravert i and officers of the Mysore were guests of honour at banquets given by the Commander of the East China Sea Naval Force and city officials.

The Indian visitors had a full schedule of sight-seeing and social activities. Be- sides visiting city sights and beauty spots, they took in the Kiangnan shipyard, the Shanghai Steam Turbine Plant, textile mills, workers ' housing estates and co-op farms on the city's outskirts. They were entertained at a variety show. The Mysore's football team played a game with a local team. Friendly cheers and applause greeted them wherever they were noticed in public places.

A highlight of the visit was a display put on by Chinese naval units. Jet fighters, torpedo planes and torpedo boats of the young Chinese navy simulated an attack on an invading enemy task force.

Rear-Admiral Chakravert i paid a flying visit to Peking. He called on Mar- shal Peng Teh-huai, Chinese Minister of Defence, and -Admiral Hsiao Ching- kuang, Commander of the Chinese Navy.

In a farewell message the Indian naval commander thanked the Chinese people for their warm hospitality and promised them to "carry to the people of India

your message of peace and goodwill." He also expressed the hope that Chinese naval vessels will pay a return visit to India in the near future.

B R I E F S

The Governments of China and the Soviet Union have exchanged ratifications of the Sine-Soviet Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed in April 1958.

A Young Communist League Delegation from Tsitsihar, capital of China's northeast province of Heilungkiang bordering the Soviet Far East, is visiting the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The story of this Soviet city, built on virgin soil by members of the Soviet All-Union (Lenin) Young Communist League in the early thirties, has long been an inspiration to young people in China.

A group of Chinese Muslims led by Mohammed Ali Chang Chieh, General Secretary of the Chinese Islamic Associa- tion, recently completed the pilgrimage to Mecca. During their stay in Mecca and Jeddah, they were received by King Saud and the Prime Minister Crown Prince Faisal. On their way home, they also visited the United Arab Republic.

V I S I T O R S

M. Pierre Mendes-France, former French premier and National Assembly Deputy of the Radical Socialist Party, ac- companied by Deputy M. Roland Dumas. They arrived in Peking on July 24 and were received by Premier Chou En-lai on July 25.

Jesus Marcos Roces, Vice-Mayor of Manila and a party of six colleagues. They arrived in Peking on July 18 and a reception was given in their honour on July 20 by Chang Hsi-jo, President of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs, which is their host.

U . A . R . W e i g h t - l i f t e r s i n P e k i n g

A weight-lifting team from the United Arab Republic competed with Chinese weight-lifters at the Peking Gymnasium on July 22. China won in five of the seven classes, while the visitors carried away the honours for the featherweight and heavyweight classes.

Mostafa Ahmed led the featherweights with a total lift of 327.5 kg. Hassan Bairam in the heavyweight class lifted a total of 375 kg.

The Arab weight-lifters, who are now touring and competing in other Chinese cities, are getting a particularly warm welcome from Chinese sports fans at a time when the whole country is throw- ing itself into the movement to SUpl~rt the Arab people in their struggle against imperialist aggression.

21

MUSIC CINEMA

P i a n i s t L i u S h i h - k u a

China 's young pianis t Liu Shih-kun, who won second prize at the Tchaikovsky In te rna t iona l Violin and Piano Competi- t ion in Moscow ear l ier this year, gave two recitals recently in Peking. Both concerts were packed. He played works by Tchaikovsky, Bach, Liszt, Chopin, Kabalevsky, Shostakovich, and the Chi- nese composers Chu Wei and Ting Shan- teh, and received a great ovat ion on both occasions. His execution was mas ter ly ; his musical unders tand ing sure and deep.

It was a r emarkab le performance, all the more so because he is still only eighteen and is cont inuing his studies at the Centra l Conservatory of Music in Tientsin. Liu Sh ih-kun is a musical product of the new China. He was only ten when the country was l iberated. His ta lents were detected whi le he was studying in the e lementa ry classes of the Conservatory, and he was put under the care of the exper t Soviet p ianis ts who were teaching there.

Last April in Moscow, his playing of Tehaikovsky's Concerto No. 1 dur ing the competi t ions carr ied his audience away. They broke all conventions and burs t into applause as soon as the first movement ended.

The competi t ion is a stiff t r ia l for any pianist. Liu Shih-kun,. one of the youngest contestants, faced tough competi t ion from the world 's top young musicians, among whom were Van Cltburn (U.S.A.) who won the first prize, Roger Boutry (France), Lev Vlasenko (U.S.S.R.), Je rome Lowentha l (U.S.A.), Daniel Pollack (U.S.A.), Alexei Skavron-

Liu Shih-kun at the Moscow Competition

sky (U.S.S.R.), and Naum S h t a r k m a n (U.S.S.R.) all of whom have won prizes at various in te rna t iona l competitions.

P repa r ing for the competi t ion he pract ised up to four teen hours a day coached by some of the leading piano- for te teachers in Moscow. "Every bit of news about the grea t progress back home in China was an encouragement to me," said Liu to his fr iends in Moscow. "The example of the people hack home kept me at it, and hea r t ened me when I thought tha t I 'd have to compete with the world 's best young pianis ts ." Com- pe tent critics and popular acclaim a t tes t t ha t he well deserved the second prize which he won. Br i ta in ' s Si r Art t iur Bliss, who was one of the judges at the competit ion, discussing Liu Shih-kun, said: "No words of praise are too high to indicate the delicacy of his finger work, his beauty of tone and phrasing, and the poetical conception of the music he played. He capt ivated the audience, and no wonder!"

--P.C.

BHlJ~FS

Sitson Ma, famous v io l in i s t and composer, is now at work on a symphony dedicated to the heroes of the revolution. I t is p lanned as an epic of the heroic struggles of the Chinese people against the i r oppressors over the last hundred years. He is wr i t ing it in an uncon- vent ional symphonic form of eight movements.

The building of the Ming Tombs Reservoir nea r the capital has a l ready inspired m a n y stories, pictures, songs and musical compositions. Composer Ho Lu- t ing is now wri t ing a can ta ta in t r ibute to its builders. The words will he by th ree poets: Wang Ya-fan, Sha Ou and Chung Ling. It will describe the revolu- t ionary fe rvour of the men and women who worked day and night in any wea the r to complete the work before the summer floods came.

H s i e n Hsin-hai, who wrote the Yellow River Cantata, died in 1945. He did not l ive to see the l ibera t ion of his country and its happy life today. But Kuang Wei- jan who wrote the words for his canta ta , is now wri t ing verses for a New Yellow River Cantata , the music for which will be composed by Chu Hsi- hsien, a famous woman composer.

The new can ta ta describes how the people are harness ing the Yellow River and bui lding a great reservoir at Sanmen Gorge. The can ta ta is in six par ts : Bat t le Between the Dragon and the Tiger; Sunr ise ; Battlefield at S a n m e n Gorge; Song of the Heroes of the Yellow River ; The Evening Breeze Blows o v e r the Mounta in- top and In Pra ise of the New Yellow River.

C h i n e s e F i l m s a t K a r l o v y V a r y

China 's entr ies at the e leventh annua l in te rna t iona l film fest ival at Kar lovy Vary this mon th a re Flames on the Border, a colour fea ture film; At the Foot of Mt. Jolmo Longma and The Yangtse Bridge, two documentar ies ; and two films for ch i ld r enmA New Football, a puppet film, and Crossing Monkey Mountain, a cartoon.

The Kar lovy Vary festival, since it was ins t i tu ted in Czechoslovakia in 1946, has t aken its place as one of the world 's most impor t an t reviews of new films. But it is more t han that. Over the years it has great ly helped to foster fr iendship, co-operat ion and the exchange of experience be tween film producers all over the world. Forty countries part icipated in i t last year.

Since 1950, the year a f te r l iberation, Chinese film make r s have sent in thei r best films each year to the festival. Daughters of China, The White-Haired Girl, Liang Shan-po and Chu Ying-tai, and New Year's Sacrifice have all won awards there.

Flames on the Border, produced by the Changchun Fi lm Studio, is a story of the Chingpo people, a nat ional minori ty l iving in China 's southwest . In the old days they were ruthless ly oppressed by the Kuomin tang rulers, a n d ' w h e n af te r l ibera t ion uni ts of the People's Libera t ion Army s ta t ioned there offered to help t hem build a reservoir to i r r igate the i r fields, the offer seemed too good to be true. Thei r leader, a wel l -meaning old man, gets on well wi th the P.L.A. men, but owing to lack of real unders tanding of wha t changes have occurred among the Hans, he is easily influenced by a well- disguised Kuomin tang agent. Tolung, his heads t rong son, nurs ing a grudge against the Hans, simply discredits anyth ing tha t concerns them. Playing on this the Kuomin tang agent poisons his l i t t le son and puts the b lame on a woman doctor of the P.L.A. Tolung, bent on revenge, joins a gang of Kuomintang bandits , bu t when he re turns to his vil- lage to car ry out a mission for the Kuo- mintang, he learns tha t the woman doctor has saved his l i t t le son's life and tha t the m an who near ly killed his son is the Kuomin tang agent. Finally convinced tha t the P.L.A. men are his real friends, he helps them capture the Kuomin tang bandits .

Shot on location in China 's p ic turesque borderlands, this makes a colourful and

22

3 9

exciting film. The characterization is good; Tolung, in particular, is wel l portrayed.

At the Foot of Mr. Jolmo Longma is a colour documentary about another of China's national minori t ies-- the Tibetans who live at the foot of Mt. Jolmo Longma (also known as Mt. Everest). Freed from

imperialist and reactionary oppression and intrigues, they can follow their re- ligion today and lead a happy, new life. The Yangtse Bridge records the building of the great new-b r idge spanning the Yangtse River. It gives some revealing glimpses of the spirit of comradeship between the Chinese builders and the Soviet experts who came to help them

and of the new, revolutionary methods used to build this bridge in record time.

Wei Ming, director of the Peking Film Studio, led the Chinese delegation to the festival. The delegation also took with it The Kite, the film for children, jointly made by French and Chinese film producers.

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING

Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

P r o g r a m m e s a r e s u b j e c t to c h a n g e . W h e r e t i m e s a r e n o t l i s t e d c o n s u l t t h e a t r e o r d a l l y p r e s s .

P E K I N G O P E R A

• A F A M I L Y O F G E N E R A L S T h e exp lo i t s of Y a n g Ch i -yeh an d h is s e v e n sons who , t o g e t h e r w i t h the w o m e n of t h e f ami l y , a r e all f a m o u s g e n e r a l s of the S u n g d y n a s t y . S t a r r i n g T a n Fu -y ing .

J u l y 29 Chi H s t a n g T h e a t r e

• T H E R O M A N C E OF T H E C U P B O A R D Flee ing f r o m Chin forces , t he son of a S u n g g e n e r a l m e e t s the d a u g h t e r of t h e L i u f a m i l y who he lps h i m ou t b y h i d i n g h i m in a cup - boa rd , R o m a n c e ensued . S t a r r i n g Wu Su- chlu.

J u l y 29 K w a n g h o T h e a t r e

• P A N C H I N - L I E N An ep i sode t a k e n f r o m W a t e r M a r g i n a b o u t P a n Chin- l ien , the beau t i fu l b u t i l l - fa ted s e r v a n t gir l w h o w a s fo rced by c i r c u m s t a n c e s to go to h e r o w n ruin. S t a r r i n g Wu Su-ch iu .

J u l y 30 K w a n g h o T h e a t r e

• A S E C O N D A U D I E N C E W I T H T H E E M - P R E S S S o m e h i s to r ica l ep i sodes a b o u t p lo t s a n d coun te r -p lo t s f o r t h e u s u r p a t i o n of t he t h r o n e d u r i n g the Ming d y n a s t y . S t a r r i n g C h a n g Chun-ch iu , T a n F u - y i n g a n d Chiu Sheng-J ung.

J u l y 31 P e o p l e ' s T h e a t r e

• Y A N G N G O T h e s t o r y of a pa t r io t i c Mlng d y n a s t y w o m a n w h o led the peop le in res i s t - ing fo re ign i n v a d e r s . S t a r r i n g Wu Su-ch iu .

July 31 K w a n g h o T h e a t r e

H U C H U O P E R A

• Y A N G N A I - W U A N D H S I A O P A I - T S A I A w e l l - k n o w n m u r d e r case of the Ch ing d y n a s t y . P r o d u c e d by t h e S h a n g h a i H u c h u Ope ra C o m p a n y .

J u l y 2.9 & 31 P e k i n g T h e a t r e

C H U Y I

• T H E F I R S T N A T I O N A L C H U Y I F E S - T I V A L - S p o n s o r e d by the Min i s t ry of Culture.

A u g u s t 1-10 C h a n g a n T h e a t r e

S O N G A N D D A N C E

• T R A D I T I O N A L F O L K S O N G S A N D D A N C E S - - p r e s e n t e d b y the T i en t s in Song and Dance T r o u p e w h i c h will soon l e a v e fo r a t ou r a b r o a d .

J u l y 28 & 29 P e o p l e ' s T h e a t r e

• N E W S O N G S A N D DANCES p r o d u c e d b y the Cen t ra l Song a n d D a n c e T r o u p e d u r i n g the r ecen t " b i g l e a p . " Most of these n u m - ber~ re f l ec t n e w t r e n d s in China .

J u l y 30 H o u c h t n A u d i t o r i u m

(out~lde F u Hs in Mqrt Q~te)

T H E A T R E

• A D A U G H T E R O F T H E P A R T Y A h e a r t - s t i r r i n g s t o r y abou t a y o u n g p e a s a n t w o m a n , a C o m m u n i s t P a r t y m e m b e r , w h o sacr i f iced h e r l ife fo r t he r e v o l u t i o n in the 1930s. P r o - d u c e d b y t he Cen t r a l D r a m a School.

J u l y 29-31 E x p e r i m e n t a l T h e a t r e

• W H I T E H O U S E M A D M E N One of the shor t p l ays p r o d u c e d r e c e n t l y b y the P e k i n g E x p e r i m e n t a l Tl3eatre. I t dea l s w i th the A m e r i c a n - B r i t i s h a g g r e s s i o n in the Middle East.

J u l y 29-31 C h a n g a n T h e a t r e

• S E C R E T O F T H E M O O N V A L L E Y A play of s u s p e n s e and ac t ion of h o w the P.L.A. forces c a u g h t K MT sabo teu r s . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g E x p e r i m e n t a l T h e a t r e .

A u g u s t 1-4 M t n C h u T h e a t r e

• U N F O R G E T T A B L E T I M E S A n e w p lay p r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e on the h e r o i c ac t iv i t ies of u n d e r g r o u n d Com- m u n i s t P a r t y m e m b e r s in those u n f o r g e t t a b l e y e a r s b e f o r e the r e v o l u t i o n w o n final v i c to ry .

A u g u s t 2-4 Capi ta l T h e a t r e

• B A L L A D O F T H E M I N G T O M B S Tien H e n ' s l a t e s t - a p l a y on the past , p r e s e n t and f u t u r e of the g r e a t Ming T o m b s Reser - voir . P r o d u c e d b y the China Y ou th Ar t T h e a t r e .

July 3 0 - A u g u s t 3 T i e n e h t a o T h e a t r e

F I L M S

S E N T I N E L S O F T H E H I G H S K Y A f e a t u r e film on the g r o w t h and m a t u r i n g of the Chinese a i r f o r ce d u r i n g the K o r e a n w a r .

• T H E B A T T L E O F H E I S H A N F e a t u r e film d e s c r i b i n g h o w a d e t a c h m e n t of the P.L.A. d e s t r o y e d e n e m y fo rces f ive t imes its n u m b e r d u r i n g the l i b e r a t i o n of N o r t h e a s t China.

• H U N G H S I A Coloured f e a t u r e film abou t H u n g Hsia, a p e a s a n t girl , w h o g a v e u p h e r life in he lp ing the Red A r m y fo rces in K i angs i in i ts s t r a t eg i c r e t r ea t .

• T H E P . L . A . I N T H E B I G L E A P Six shor t d o c u m e n t a r i e s t e l l ing w h a t the P.L.A. is con- t r i b u t i n g to the n a t i o n a l " l e a p f o r w a r d " in p roduc t ion .

*The a b o v e f o u r fi lms a r e al l n e w produc t i ons of t he " A u g u s t 1" F i lm Studio m a d e to c e l e b r a t e the 31st a n n i v e r s a r y of the f o u n d i n g of the Chinese P e o p l e ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y . T h e y will be s h o w i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a t all the m a j o r c i n e m a s in t he c i ty f r o m A u g u s t 1 to 10.

• T H E C O U R T E S A N ' S J E W E L B O X Coloured fi lm of the S z e c h u a n ope ra . A b e a u t i f u l and t a l e n t e d c o u r t e s a n , s e e k i n g love a n d h a p - p iness , m a r r i e s a scho la r . On d i s cove r ing tha t he m a r r i e d h e r on ly to sell h e r for a h igh pr ice , she t h r o w s h e r i m m e n s e l y v a l u a b l e b o x of Jewels into the r i v e r and d r o w n s herse l f .

J u l y 29-31 P e k i n g T h e a t r e , H s t n C h u n g K u o , K w a n g h o T h e a t r g

E X H I B I T I O N S

• E X H I B I T I O N O F B I R D S A N D F L O W E R S P A I N T I N G S S p o n s o r e d b y the T r a d i t i o n a l Ch inese P a i n t i n g R e s e a r c h Soc ie ty of Pek ing . Open da i ly ( excep t Mon.) 9 a .m . to S p .m.

At P e t h a l P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N O F S O V I E T P H O T O G R A P H Y O v e r lOO w o r k s b y f a m o u s Sovie t pho to - g r a p h e r s . Open da i ly : 9 a .m.- -7 p .m. till A u g u s t 9.

A t the G a l l e r y o f t h e Ar t i s t s " U n i o n on Shua t F u Y uan , off W a n g f u c h i n g St.

• E X H I B I T I O N O F S O V I E T P A I N T I N G S , S C U L P T U R E S A N D W O O D C U T S O v e r 500 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e w o r k s b y Sov ie t a r t i s t s pro- d u c e d d u r i n g the pe r iod 1955-57. Dai ly (excep t Mon.) 9-12 a .m. , 2-8 p . m . till A u g u s t 8.

A t P a l a c e M u s e u m , ins ide T u n g H u a Men G a t e

M E M O R I A L H A L L S

• S U N Y A T - S E N M E M O R I A L H A L L - - Si tua t ed in the T e m p l e of A z u r e Clouds in t he beau t i f u l W e s t e r n Hills. M a n u s c r i p t s and e a r l y p h o t o g r a p h s of C h lna ' s g r e a t r evo- l u t i o n a r y l eade r .

• L U H S U N M U S E U M C o v e r i n g 13,000 s q u a r e m e t r e s , th is m u s e u m inc ludes a n exh ib i t ion ha l l d i s p l a y l n g pho tos a n d w o r k s b y the g r e a t w r i t e r ; LU H s u n ' s o w n l i b r a r y of 16,000 v o l u m e s ; a n d his h o m e in P e k i n g w h e r e he w r o t e m a n y of his g r e a t e s t w o r k s ,

C I R C U S

• P E K I N G ' S O W N C I R C U S n o w p e r f o r m i n g ins ide the T e m p l e of H e a v e n P a r k . The n e w l y set u p c i r cus t r o u p e of the China A c r o b a t i c s C o m p a n y .

S W I M M I N G

• O U T D O O R S W I M M I N G POOLS T h e T a o J a n T l n g S w i m m i n g P o o l s

Dai ly 12:39-2:30 3:30-5:30 p .m .

T h e S h l h C h a H a l S w i m m i n g P o o l s Mon.-Sat .

9-11 a .m. , 12:30-2:30 3:30-5:30 7-9 p.m.

Sun. 9-11 a .m. 12:00-2:30 3:39-6:09 p.m. (With m e d i c a l cer t i f icates)

P A R K S

- I n s i d e t h e S u m m e r P a l a c e -

* S W I M M I N G - in the K u n m l n g L a k e 9 a .m. to 6 p .m. * B O A T I N G - - r o w b o a t s and Chinese p l e a s u r e b o a t s * S I G H T S - - the m a g n i f i c e n t pa l ace s of f o r m e r e m p e r o r s and v a s t co l lec t ions of a n t i q u e s and cur ios in the exh ib i t ion ha l l s

• W A N S H O U S H A N H O T E L -- on the D r a g o n King T e m p l e I s l a n d (Lung W a n g Mlao) In the m i d d l e of t he K u n m l n g Lake ,

23

BLACK TEAS Keemun Black Tea

Ningchow Black Tea

Yunnan Black Tea

Ichang Black Tea

Hunan Black Tea

Foochow Black Tea

Chingwo Congou

Paklum Congou

Panyong Congou

Szechuan Black Tea

Pingsuey Black Tea

Ching Black Tea

1011

1012

1013

Leaf Tea (O.P.)

Broken Teas

B.O.P.

F.B.O.P.

F.P.

Fannings

GREEN TEAS SpecJa! Chunmee Young Hyson

Chunmee Lung Ching or "Dragon Well"

Special Hyson Chi Chiang

I-lyson Pi Lo Chun

Sowmee Mao Fo~g

Gunpowder Kua Pien

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produced in China

V 41~ -A is always associated with

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Excellent quality black and green teas grown in China, and famous far their delicate flavaur and purity. China tea to delight the fastidious

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