ehs 218 occupational ergonomics anatomy. basic anatomic positions anatomic position
TRANSCRIPT
EHS 218 Occupational EHS 218 Occupational
ErgonomicsErgonomics
Anatomy
Basic Anatomic Positions
• Anatomic Position
Basic Anatomic Positions
• Anterior = front
• Posterior = back
Basic Anatomic Positions
• Medial = toward midline of body
• Lateral = away from midline of body
Basic Anatomic Positions
• Proximal = closer to attachment / trunk
• Distal = farther from attachment / trunk
Basic Anatomic Positions
• Palmar = palm side
• Dorsal = back side of hand
Basic Structures and Functions
Bones, Ligaments, Tendons, Nerves, Muscles, and Joints
Bones
• Support weight and protect organs
• Body movements– 1st, 2nd, 3rd class lever
systems
• Blood cell formation • Storage of minerals
Ligaments
• Strong, flexible, stress resistant, somewhat elastic fibrous tissue
• Connect bone to bone• Stabilize joints - resist
movement for which joint is not constructed
• Guide motion
Tendons
• Connect muscle to bone
• Transmit force from muscle to bone
• Continuations of muscle tissue
Nerves
• Transmit and receive signals for movement and sensation
• Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system
Muscles
• Composed of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and various connective tissues
• Only tissue that can shorten and produce tension at ends
• Generate force• Create motion• Muscle origins and insertions
– origin is usually proximal or stabilizer– insertion is usually distal or mover
Major Muscle Groups
Upper extremity
Lower extremity
Torso
Muscles of the Upper Extremity• Shoulder and back
– Deltoids– Trapezius– Latissimus dorsi
• Chest– Pectoralis major/minor
• Arm– Biceps– Triceps– Lower arm muscles
Deltoid
Trapezius
Pectoralis
Latissimus Dorsi
Biceps Brachii
Triceps Brachii
Lower Arm - Flexors
Lower Arm - Extensors
Muscles of the Lower Extremity
• Thigh– Quadriceps– Hamstrings– Abductors– Adductors– Gluteals
• Leg– Calf muscles
Quadriceps
Hamstrings and Gluteals
Calf Muscles
Muscles of the Torso
• Anterior torso– Abdominals
• Posterior torso– Erector spinae
Joints
Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist/Hand, Hip, Knee, and Spine
Joints
• When 2 or more bones meet• Functional junctions between
bones• Classified on basis of
structure and movement– Fibrous, cartilaginous,
synovial– Immovable, slightly
moveable, freely moveable
Basic Joint Movements
• Flexion – angle between segments decreases
• Extension – angle between segments increases
Basic Joint Movements
• Abduction – segment moves away from midline of body
• Adduction – segment moves toward midline of body
Basic Joint Movements
• Dorsiflexion – point foot up
• Plantar flexion – point foot down
Basic Joint Movements
• Inward rotation – rotation toward midline of body
• Outward rotation – rotation away from midline of body
Basic Joint Movements
• Supination – palm facing upward
• Pronation – palm facing downward
Basic Joint Movements
• Circumduction - complete rotation about segment midline
Upper Extremity - Shoulder
• Bones - clavicle, acromion, scapula, humerous• Muscles - rotator cuff (subscapularis, teres minor,
infraspinatus, supraspinatus), deltoids, latissmus dorsi, triceps, biceps, pectoralis
• Nerves - brachial plexus located deep within the shoulder
• Type of joint - ball-and-socket (synovial)
Movements ofthe Shoulder
• Flexion and extension• Horizontal flexion and
extension• Abduction and
adduction• Circumduction• Internal and external
rotation
Upper Extremity - Elbow
• Bones - humerous, radius, ulna• Muscles
– Flexors = biceps– Extensors = triceps
• Nerves - brachial plexus: musculotaneous, radial, ulnar, and median nerves pass through
• Joint type - hinge between humerous and ulna; sliding joint between humerous and radius (synovial)
Movements of the Elbow
Flexion and Extension, Pronation and Supination (at hand)
Upper Extremity – Hand/Wrist
• Bones - radius, ulna, 8 carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
• Muscles– all originate from distal end of humerous radius/ulna– flexors on anterior side– extensors on posterior side
• Nerves - brachial plexus: median nerve (lateral side of palm, palmar/dorsal aspects of thumb, index finger, middle finger, 1/2 ring finger); ulnar nerve (little finger and 1/2 ring finger)
Upper Extremity – Hand/Wrist
• Joint type - gliding joint (synovial)• Flexor retinaculum - creates the carpal
tunnel between the carpal bones and the retinaculum, through which the flexor tendons and median nerve pass
Movements of the Hand
Movements of the Thumb
Lower Extremity - Hip
• Bones - Femur and acetabulum of coxal bone• Muscles - anterior: flexors, adductors, abductors;
posterior: extensors (gluteals)• Nerves - Lumbosacral plexus• Movement - flexion/extension,
abduction/adduction, inward/outward rotation, circumduction
• Joint type - ball and socket (synovial)
Movements of the Hip
• Flexion and extension• Abduction and
adduction• Inward and outward
rotation• Circumduction
Lower Extremity - Knee
• Bones - femur, tibia, patella• Muscles
– Flexors = hamstrings (bicep femoris, semitendinosis, semimembrinosis), satrorious, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius
– Extensors = quadriceps femoris
• Nerves - Lumbosacral plexus• Join type – synovial (most complex)
Movements of the Knee
• Flexion and extension
• Internal and external rotation (in flexion only)
Movements of the Foot
• Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
• Eversion and inversion
Neck and Back
• Bones - vertebrae, C1-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, sacrum and coccyx
• Muscles - erector spinae, abdominals• Function of spine - supports head and
trunk, protects spinal cord, permits movement
• Movement – between adjacent segments is limited; but the whole vertebral column has great flexibility
Neck and Back
• Intervertebral disks– Bands of fibrocartilage with
gelatinous core– No blood supply– Nutrition via pressure changes,
thus movement is required
• Curves of spine – “S” shape– thoracic and pelvic concave
anteriorly– cervical and lumbar convex
anteriorly
Movements of the Neck
• Flexion and extension• Lateral flexion (right
and left)• Rotation (right and
left)
Movements of the Back
• Flexion and extension (hyperextension)
• Lateral flexion (right and left)
• Rotation (right and left)
Nerves
Brachial Plexuses
Brachial Plexuses
• Musculotaneous• Ulnar• Median• Radial