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Towards a Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate

Framework Document

November 2018

Giza, Egypt

Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate

Framework Document ii

List of Contributors to the Preparation of the Strategy

Framework

This document has been developed under the supervision of General/ Mohamed

kamal Al-Daly, the former governor of Giza Governorate, and Dr. Manal Awad, the

former deputy governor of Giza Governorate and the current governor of Damietta

Governorate. The document was then handed over to General/ Ahmed Rashed, the

current governor of Giza Governorate, and Dr. Lamia Abdel Kader, the current

deputy governor.

Steering Team from Giza Governorate:

Eng. Zizi Asaad Urban Upgrading Unit, Giza Governorate

Eng. Osama Abdelaziz Ibrahim Road and Transport Directorate, Giza Governorate

Ms. Iman Nabil Abdelghany Urban Upgrading Unit, Giza Governorate

Dr. Samah Mohamed Afifi Crisis and Disaster Unit, Giza Governorate

Mohamed Refaat Mahmoud Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate

Dr. Mohamed Nabil Gamal Tourism Department, Giza Governorate

Ms. Marwa Adel Hatata Environmental Affairs Department, Giza Governorate

Eng. Mariam Shenouda Electricity and Energy Department, Giza Governorate

Dr. Mona Samir Health Directorate, Giza Governorate

Mr. Nasser Seddiq Abdelhay Crisis and Disaster Unit, Giza Governorate

Eng. Nagat Fathy Sayed Ahmed Agriculture Directorate, Giza Governorate

Eng. Hisham Abdeltawab

Agriculture Directorate, Giza Governorate

Contributors from other Parties:

Mr. Ahmed Badawy Waste Management Regulatory Authority

Mr. Ahmed Gamal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Dr. Ahmed Awny Central Lab for Agricultural Climate

Dr. Ashraf Saber Zaki Egyptian Meteorological Authority

Ms. Amal Abdelhafiz Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate

Dr. Omaima Ezz Eldin Department of Environmental Health, Health Directorate, Giza Governorate

Dr. Badawy Ismail General Authority for Antiquities


Framework Document iii

Dr. Tamer Abdelfattah Field Crops Research Institute

Eng. Gamal Abdelfattah General Authority for Roads and Bridges

Dr. Hanan Hassenin Preventive Medicine Department, Health Directorate, Giza Governorate

Ms. Rania Seef Alnasr National Solid Waste Management Programme

Dr. Safinaz Ibrahim National Population Council

Eng. Tarek Sweilam Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate

Dr. Othman El Sheikh

Project Manager of one of the projects funded by the World Food Programme in Egypt

Dr. Afaf Abd El Mone’m Health Culture Department, Health Directorate, Giza Governorate

Dr. Ghareib Sonboul General Authority for Antiquities

Dr. Fadl Hashem Climate Change Information Centre and Renewable Energy

Eng. Mohamed Anwar General Authority for Roads and bridges

Eng. Mohamed Abdelfatah

Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate

Mr. Mohamed Omar Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate

Dr. Marwa Ahmed Informal Settlement Development Fund

Eng. Neveen Alout


Eng. Hani Mahmoud


Eng. Hesham Sayed Gohar Informal Settlement Development Fund

Dr. Wael Mohamed Ibrahim Egyptian Meteorological Authority

Dr. Wafaa Abdel Galil National Population Council

Contributors from GIZ

Ms. Farida Farag

Eng. Yara Eissa

Contributors from EEAA

Eng. Sherif AbdelRahim

Eng. Tarek Shalaby

Eng. Saber Othman

Ms. Omneya Mahmoud


Framework Document iv

Eng. Mohamed Abdelaal Ahmed

Consulting Team (Integral Consult)

Dr. Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz

Dr. Ahmad Wafiq

Dr. Neveen Soliman

Mr. Ehab El-Hemady

Eng. Fatma Adel Issued: November 2018, Giza Governorate

This content has been published with the financial support of the European Union and the German Government. The views

expressed do not reflect the official views of the European Union and the German Government.


Framework Document v

List of Contents

List of Contributors to the Preparation of the Strategy Framework .............................. ii

List of Contents .......................................................................................................... v

List of Tables .............................................................................................................. ix

List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xii

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1

Egypt's International Position on Climate Change .......................................... 1 1.1

Egypt's Efforts in Combating Climate Change at the Strategic Level ............. 1 1.2

The Position of Giza Governorate on Climate Change ................................... 2 1.3

Developing the Climate Change Strategy Framework in Giza Governorate ... 2 1.4

2. Climate Change Impacts on all Sectors ............................................................ 4

Identification of the Different Impacts of Climate Change Phenomenon ........ 4 2.1

Expected Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources Sector, 2.2

Irrigation, Water and Sewage services .................................................................... 5

Reduction of Groundwater Availability .................................................... 5 2.2.1

Losses due to Extreme Rainfall .............................................................. 5 2.2.2

Increasing Water Stress ......................................................................... 6 2.2.3

Decrease in Egypt's Share of Nile Water ................................................ 6 2.2.4

Impact on Sewerage Systems ................................................................ 7 2.2.5

Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Sector ............................................. 7 2.3

Crop Production and Water Consumption .............................................. 7 2.3.1

Animal Production .................................................................................. 8 2.3.2

Fish Production ....................................................................................... 8 2.3.3

Agricultural Land Resources ................................................................... 9 2.3.4

Food Security ......................................................................................... 9 2.3.5

Climate Change Impacts on Industrial Sector ................................................ 9 2.4


Framework Document vi

Climate Change Impacts on the Health Sector ............................................. 10 2.5

Lymphatic Filariasis, Dengue Fever and Rift Valley Fever ................... 10 2.5.1

Schistosomiasis .................................................................................... 10 2.5.2

Respiratory Diseases............................................................................ 10 2.5.3

Birds Flu (H5N1) ................................................................................... 11 2.5.4

Other Diseases ..................................................................................... 11 2.5.5

Climate Change Impacts on the Urban Sector and Infrastructure ................ 11 2.6

Impacts of Climate Change on the Urban Sector ................................. 11 2.6.1

Climate Change Impacts on the Transport Sector ................................ 12 2.6.2

Climate Change Impacts on Solid Waste Management ....................... 12 2.6.3

Climate Change Impacts on Energy Infrastructure ............................... 13 2.6.4

Climate Change Impacts on Tourism Sector ................................................ 13 2.7

Historic Monuments Area ..................................................................... 13 2.7.1

Natural Preservation Areas ................................................................... 14 2.7.2

Museums .............................................................................................. 14 2.7.3

3. Hot spot Assessment in Giza Governorate ..................................................... 15

Hot Spot Evaluation Methodology ................................................................ 15 3.1

Methodology Scope .............................................................................. 16 3.1.1

Results of Applying the Methodology ................................................... 19 3.1.2

Identification of Hot Spots on Sectoral Level ................................................ 20 3.2

Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services Sector ........ 20 3.2.1

Agricultural Sector ................................................................................ 23 3.2.2

Industrial Sector .................................................................................... 25 3.2.3

Health Sector ........................................................................................ 27 3.2.4

Urban Sector and Infrastructure ........................................................... 29 3.2.5

Tourism Sector ..................................................................................... 32 3.2.6


Framework Document vii

4. Basic Policies and Pillars ................................................................................ 34

Policies Proposed to be Adopted by the Governorate for Combating Climate 4.1

Change Impacts .................................................................................................... 34

Barriers Facing the Adoption and Implementation of Policies ...................... 35 4.2

Recommended Policy Tools for Overcoming Barriers .................................. 41 4.3

5. Proposed Programmes to Implement Strategic Policies ................................. 45

Programmes Selection Criteria ..................................................................... 45 5.1

Types of Programmes / Recommendations ................................................. 48 5.2

Programmes to be Implemented/Supervised by the Governorate ................ 48 5.3

Agricultural Sector ................................................................................ 49 5.3.1

Industrial Sector .................................................................................... 55 5.3.2

Health Sector ........................................................................................ 56 5.3.3


Water Resources, Irrigation, and Water and Sewage Services ............ 65 5.3.5

Tourism sector ...................................................................................... 69 5.3.6

Summary of programmes to be implemented / supervised by the 5.3.7

governorate ........................................................................................................ 72

Existing National / Local efforts to be Pursued / Strengthened by Giza 5.4

Governorate .......................................................................................................... 82

Multi-Sectoral ........................................................................................ 82 5.4.1

Health Sector ........................................................................................ 83 5.4.2


Water Resources Sector, Irrigation and Water and Sanitation Services5.4.4

.......................................................................................................................... 86

Recommendations from the Local Level to the National Level ..................... 91 5.5

Recommendations on the Local Level ......................................................... 93 5.6

6. Barriers Expected to be Encountered in Implementing the Strategy Framework

and Recommended Solutions .................................................................................. 96


Framework Document viii

Barriers Expected to be Encountered in the Implementation of the Strategy 6.1

Framework ............................................................................................................ 96

Recommended Solutions ............................................................................. 97 6.2

7. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (MRV) for the Implementation of

the Strategy Framework ........................................................................................... 99

Linking the MRV System of the Strategy to the National MRV System ........ 99 7.1

Key Features of the MRV System for the Climate Change Strategy in the 7.2

Governorate ........................................................................................................ 101

Performance Indicators .............................................................................. 103 7.3

Sector Performance Indicators ........................................................... 103 7.3.1

Performance Indicators at the Programme Level ............................... 103 7.3.2

8. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 105

9. References .................................................................................................... 106

10. Annexes ........................................................................................................ 109


Framework Document ix

List of Tables

Table 1 - Climate Change impacts on the production of some crops in Giza

Governorate (2) .......................................................................................................... 7

Table 2 - Relative weights for different categories in the hot spots evaluation

methodology ............................................................................................................. 16

Table 3 - Classification of Giza Governorate into five Domains ............................... 16

Table 4 - Results of hot spot assessment methodology ........................................... 19

Table 5 - Analysis details for Hot Spots .................................................................... 20

Table 6 - Classification of degree of hotness in the agricultural sector .................... 23

Table 7- Hot Spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate .............. 29

Table 8 - Policy Tools to be applied to overcome the barriers for implementing the

governorate’s strategic policies ................................................................................ 42

Table 9 - Criteria for selecting programmes to implement the strategic policies of the

governorate .............................................................................................................. 45

Table 10 - Results of the selection of programmes to be implemented to achieve the

strategic policies of the governorate ......................................................................... 46

Table 11 - Details of the “Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable

elements in the agricultural sector” programme ....................................................... 49

Table 12 - Details of the ”Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases

associated with climate change” programme ........................................................... 50

Table 13 - Details of the “Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture

sector” programme ................................................................................................... 51

Table 14 - Details of the “Training farmers to use mobile phone applications”

programme ............................................................................................................... 53

Table 15 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in

agricultural fields” programme .................................................................................. 54

Table 16 - Details of the “Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for

water and energy conservation” programme ............................................................ 55

Table 17 - Details of the “Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the

cases caused by climate change” programme ......................................................... 56


Framework Document x

Table 18 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate

change” programme ................................................................................................. 58

Table 19 - Details of the “Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways” programme . 59

Table 20 - Details of “A Unified road maintenance plan” programme ....................... 60

Table 21 - Details of the “Painting of buildings’ facades” programme ...................... 61

Table 22 - Details of the “Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting” programme

................................................................................................................................. 62

Table 23 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in street lighting” programme ............ 63

Table 24 - Details of the “Improve drainage systems of main tunnels” programme . 64

Table 25 - Details of “Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and

pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots” programme ....... 66

Table 26 - Details of the “Improving the water distribution network to improve service

delivery and reduce leakage losses” programme ..................................................... 67

Table 27 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption

conservation” programme ........................................................................................ 68

Table 28 - Details of the “Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the

damage of the monuments” programme .................................................................. 70

Table 29 - Details of the “Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and

disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs” programme ................. 71

Table 30 - Executive summary of programmes ........................................................ 72

Table 31 - Summary of programme cost classification ............................................. 80

Table 32 - Projects currently being implemented by the Construction Authority for

Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW) for deprived areas in Giza governorate ....... 87

Table 33 - Projects being implemented by the Construction Authority for Potable

Water & Wastewater (CAPW)to improve drinking water services for the hot spots in

Giza governorate ...................................................................................................... 90

Table 34 - Giza governorate recommendations for concerned ministries ................ 91

Table 35 - General recommendations that should be sponsored by Giza governorate

................................................................................................................................. 94

Table 36 - Proposed Solutions to address the barriers that may face efficient

implementation of the strategy framework ................................................................ 97


Framework Document xi

Table 37 - Examples for sectoral performance indicators ...................................... 103

Table 38 - Examples of performance indicators at programme level ..................... 104


Framework Document xii

List of Figures

Figure 1- Impact of temperature on per capita consumption of municipal water in

Bahrain (monthly consumption data used for 2005-2011) (10) .................................. 6

Figure 2 – Giza Governorate classification into five domains to evaluate hot spots . 18

Figure 3 – Hot Spots for Water Resources, irrigation, water and sewage services

sector ....................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 4 – Hot Spots for agricultural sector in Giza Governorate ............................. 24

Figure 5 – Hot Spots for industrial sector in Giza governorate ................................. 26

Figure 6 – Hot Spots in health sector in Giza governorate ....................................... 28

Figure 7 – Hot spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate ........... 31

Figure 8 – Hot spots in tourism sector in Giza governorate ...................................... 33

Figure 9 – Strategic Policies for Giza Governorate .................................................. 35

Figure 10- Institutional setup for Giza governorate (31) ........................................... 37

Figure 11 - Institutional setup for the Agriculture directorate in Giza governorate (32) 38

Figure 12 – Institutional setup for roads and transport directorate in Giza governorate

(33) ........................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 13 – Obstacles to Implementation of Strategic Policies in Giza Governorate 41

Figure 14 – Summary of programme implementation classification ......................... 79

Figure 15 - Summary of programme expansion classification .................................. 79

Figure 16 – Summary of programme cost classification ........................................... 82

Figure 17 - National Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System for Climate

Change Information in Egypt .................................................................................. 100

Figure 18 - MRV System for Climate Change Programmes in Giza Governorate .. 102


Framework Document 1

1. Introduction

Egypt's International Position on Climate Change 1.1

Egypt has always shown its commitment and seriousness in combating climate

change at the political level through the adoption of various climate change

initiatives and agreements such as ratification of the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change in 1994. Egypt also signed the Paris Convention

in 2015, which was ratified by the Egyptian Parliament In June 2017.

At the institutional level, the Climate Change Unit was established in Egypt's

Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) in 1996, and in 1997 a Climate Change

Panel was established. After that, the scope of the Climate Change Unit was

expanded and the Climate Change Central Department (CCCD) was established

in 2009. In 2007, the role of the Climate Change Panel was developed to be a

National Climate Change Committee pursuant to Ministerial Decree No. 272. The

National Committee members include representatives of the Ministry of

Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation,

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Petroleum, Ministry of Electricity and

Energy, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Economic Development

and Ministry of Defense, as well as experts from relevant national agencies.

Responsibilities of this committee includes: formulating adaptation and mitigation

strategies to address climate change, which require the integration of the national

climate change strategy into Egypt's national development plans (1). This

committee was restructured and the National Council for Climate Change was

established after a decision by the Prime Minister in 2015.

At the level of international reporting, Egypt has delivered three national

communications to date and is in the process of initiating the preparation of the

fourth national communication. Egypt also delivered the Intended Nationally

Determined Contributions document (INDC) in November 2015. In addition,

Egypt is expected to submit the first Egyptian Biennial Report (BUR) before the

end of 2018.

Egypt's Efforts in Combating Climate Change at the 1.2

Strategic Level

At the national level, Egypt prepared its National Strategy for Adaptation to

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction in 2011, which was an important

step towards adaptation to climate change. This strategy was prepared by a

panel of experts in collaboration with the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) and the Information and Decision Support Center of the

Egyptian Cabinet (IDSC). The main objective of the strategy is to increase the

resilience of the Egyptian society to resist the risks and disasters posed by the



impacts of climate change on different sectors and activities. The strategy

assessed the current situation in all sectors including agriculture, health, roads,

tourism, housing, urban areas and water resources. The strategy also focused on

the coastal regions of Egypt due to its vulnerability to climate change. In addition,

the Strategy mentioned the expected impacts of climate change on all these

sectors and recommended some adaptation measures. The recommendations of

this strategy are based on an expected scenario that of a maximum temperature

increase of 2 °C till year 2100 compared to the average global temperature since

the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and two scenarios for the sea level rise

of 0.5 m and 1 m. In addition, the strategy discussed the role of civil society

organizations, community participation, regional and international cooperation, as

well as a monitoring, evaluation and follow-up plan for the implementation of the

strategy (2). Egypt has submitted a request for international support from the

Green Climate Fund (GCF) through the United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP), and is expected to obtain such support soon (3).

The State issued the Sustainable Development Strategy (Egypt Vision 2030) in

2016, which included economic, social and environmental dimensions of

development, and included indicators to reduce energy consumption, which is a

state-driven approach to reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate change.

In addition, the framework of the low-emission development strategy (LEDS) at

the national level, which will be an important tool for decision-makers to define

Egypt's voluntary commitments in light of the Paris Convention 2015 (a part of the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), is currently being

finalized.

The Position of Giza Governorate on Climate Change 1.3

At the governorate level, The Ministry of Environment in cooperation with Giza

governorate has prepared a preliminary outline for its climate change strategy in

November 2016. This outline was aimed at establishing initial steps to formulate

policies and plans for integrating mitigation and adaptation actions into future

project implementation in the governorate, achieving low-emission development

and a resilient society to deal with the negative impacts of climate change (4).

Giza had the lead in this direction compared to other Egyptian governorates.

Developing the Climate Change Strategy Framework in 1.4

Giza Governorate

In order to match the country’s pace in taking serious steps towards adapting to

and mitigating the impacts of climate change, the Governorate, in cooperation

with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

and the Ministry of Environment, has developed this document (Climate Change

Strategy Framework in Giza Governorate), which is an important step to

mainstream the issue of climate change in project planning at the governorate



level. It is planned that this document will present the basis towards a more

comprehensive climate change strategy for the governorate to be developed in

the upcoming years. In addition, this document will help the governorate attract

the private sector investments in some vital climate change mitigation/adaptation

projects.



2. Climate Change Impacts on all Sectors

In this section, the various impacts of climate change in general are clarified and

defined, with a focus on the impacts which match the nature of Giza Governorate.

This is followed by presenting the expected impacts of climate change on

different sectors in Giza Governorate such as water resources, irrigation, water

and sanitation services, agriculture, industry, health, urban and tourism sectors.

Identification of the Different Impacts of Climate Change 2.1

Phenomenon

The increase in greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere, as a result

of human activities, leads to a rise in the average Earth temperature, or In other

words the amount of energy within the Earth's system increases. This is the main

catalyst for other climate change related phenomena such as: sea and ocean

level rise resulting from melting ice as a result of weather-related disturbance

associated to climate. In addition, the impacts of climate change also appear in

the form of some phenomena known as extreme weather events. The following is

a scientific description of the most important events that can take place in Giza

Governorate:

Extreme heat waves: They are defined as periods that are hotter than

average temperatures. As a result of climate change, extreme heat waves

are expected to become more severe and repetitive. Extreme heat events

negatively affect human health, social stability, water and energy supply.

As these waves increase, the cost of water treatment will increase due to

the increase in water demand. Also, energy demand for cooling will

increase and this might result in pressure on electricity network causing

blackouts. It should be noted that the most vulnerable populations of these

events are the elderly, children and people with health problems. In

addition, poor people living in urban areas are particularly at risk from

these events due to their low adaptive capacity1 (5) .

Drought and desertification: Drought is defined as a phenomenon where

rainfall is much lower than normal levels, leading to hydrological

imbalances that negatively affect land resources and production systems

(5) . Droughts occur mainly due to high temperatures associated with heat

waves.

Heavy Rainfall and floods: refers to "the percentage of days in which

rainfall exceeds some fixed local or regional values compared to the

1 As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), adaptive capacity can

be defined as the ability of the system to adapt with climate change stimuli and impacts (33)



average reference period for precipitation over a 30-year period or what is

so-called (climate normals). Such rainfall events have increased for one or

several days in most regions around the world during the twentieth century

and are expected to continue in the same direction during the twenty-first

century (6) . This may create a burden on drainage networks especially in

countries with arid and semi-arid climate, including Egypt, where the

drainage networks are often weak or non-existent due to the lack of

rainfall, except in some coastal areas as happened in Alexandria in 2015.

Also some areas may suffer from floods, especially in the case of heavy

rainfall on high levels areas, as happened in the governorates of Sinai and

the Red Sea during the years 2015, 2016, 2017.

Dust and sand Storms: Dust and sand storms are considered one of the

famous extreme weather events in arid and semi-arid regions.

Precipitation, wind speed, land moisture and vegetation cover are

considered the most important factors affecting the severity of these

storms (7).

Expected Climate Change Impacts on the Water 2.2

Resources Sector, Irrigation, Water and Sewage services

This section presents the expected impacts of climate change on water

resources, irrigation, water and Sewage services in Giza Governorate as

mentioned in the Egyptian National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change,

Disaster Risk Reduction and other reputable references.

Reduction of Groundwater Availability 2.2.1

Groundwater in the Nile Delta depends on water leaks from the Nile and its

branches, as well as irrigation network and agricultural land. As climate change

will raise the level of the Mediterranean Sea, saltwater is expected to seep into

the fresh water of the Nile and costal lakes, thereby increasing the salinity of

groundwater (2) , which is an important source of potable water in Giza

Governorate. Groundwater is the only source of industrial water in the Abo

Rawash industrial area, which already suffers from water scarcity, which is one of

the main reasons for the decline in the actual productivity of factories compared

to their productive capacity.

Losses due to Extreme Rainfall 2.2.2

Extreme rainfall can be risky for infrastructure, human health, agriculture and

livestock. While seasonal fluctuations in rainfall are necessary for some sectors

(e.g. tourism, agriculture, etc.), floods or droughts can have significant negative

impacts. For example, the extreme rainfall that hit Egypt in January 2010, which

exceeded 80 mm / day, was one of the worst floods in Egypt since 1994,

according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In this flood, the

Sinai Peninsula, the Red Sea coast and Aswan Governorate in southern Egypt



were affected and this led to 15 deaths and hundreds of homes affected. Some

3,500 people were evacuated and losses were quantified at US 25.3 million

dollars (8).

Sewage systems are also likely to be affected by floods as the sewerage network

and wastewater treatment plants are not designed to collect sewage and

rainwater. Extreme rainfall will negatively affect the efficiency of wastewater

treatment (9), especially in the light of the crisis in Giza governorate as a result of

the heavy pressure on the Abo Rawash and Zinin stations.

Increasing Water Stress 2.2.3

High temperatures (especially if it coincides with high relative humidity) cause an

increase in water use for household purposes as it increases the demand for

drinking, showering and irrigating green areas. This has been proven scientifically

in various studies, including one in Arab countries using seasonal data for the

years 2005-2011. As shown in Figure 1, the equation indicated that if the

temperature increases by 1 °C, an additional increase of 1.38 m3 per capita per

year (3.78 liters / day) in water demand for household uses (10). Considering the

presence of many hot spots in Giza Governorate, which suffer from frequent

water cuts, the expected impacts of climate change will be an additional problem

for the leaders and citizens of the governorate.

Figure 1 - Impact of temperature on per capita consumption of municipal water in Bahrain (monthly

consumption data used for 2005-2011) (10)

Decrease in Egypt's Share of Nile Water 2.2.4

According to the 1959 Nile Water Agreement between Egypt and Sudan, the

natural flow in Aswan is about 84 billion cubic meters (average 1900-1959). The

loss of water from evaporation in Lake Nasser is about 10 billion cubic meters. It

was agreed that the remaining 74 billion cubic meters will be divided by 3:1

between the two countries. As a result, Egypt's share is 55.5 billion cubic meters.

Because of the high average temperature, climate change will affect the

management and operation of Nile water (2).



In 2004, a model prepared by the Climate Change Forecasting Center of the

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation showed two scenarios for the impacts

of climate change on the Nile. The most optimistic scenario was to increase

Egypt's share by 32%. The most pessimistic scenario predicts 14% deficit in the

Nile water, meaning Egypt's share will fall to 48 billion cubic meters (2). As a

result of the dependence of Giza governorate mainly on the Nile, the possibility of

the reduction of Egypt's share of Nile water and the increase of the population is

a serious threat to the population of Giza.

Impact on Sewerage Systems 2.2.5

The impact on urban sewerage systems can be in the form of increases in

wastewater amounts due to increased water stress or extreme rainfall. The effect

can also be in the form of increased need for reuse of treated wastewater when

droughts become more common (11). On the other hand, increased temperature

will also increase the likelihood of erosion in sewerage networks as well as

increased odor problems from the public sewerage system (9).

Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Sector 2.3

Every living creature has an ideal environment for living and productivity. Once

these conditions change, these creatures (including crops and livestock) may not

be able to adapt to the new conditions, thereby reducing their productivity or

disappearing. Thus, the agricultural sector is one of the sectors most affected by

climate change, especially since it is not limited to plant production but also

includes livestock and fish production. Therefore, all impacts cannot be easily

predicted, because each element of the ecosystem interacts differently (12) .

The following sub-sections discuss the impacts of climate change on the

agricultural sector according to various national and international references,

including Egypt's National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and

Disaster Risk Reduction.

Crop Production and Water Consumption 2.3.1

As a result of increased temperature due to climate change, the productivity of

many crops will decline. Based on data collection, field trials and simulations over

a period of 25-40 years, the change in temperature was expected to affect both

plant production and water consumption as shown in Table 1 (2) .

Table 1 - Climate Change impacts on the production of some crops in Giza Governorate (2)

Crops in Giza Governorate

Change in Temperature

Impact on Productivity

Impact on Water Consumption

Wheat +2 ºC -9% +6.2%

Corn +3.5 ºC -19% +8%

Cotton +2 ºC +4 ºC

+17% +31%

+4.1% – 5.2% +10%



Crops in Giza Governorate

Change in Temperature

Impact on Productivity

Impact on Water Consumption

Rice NA* -11% +16%

Tomatoes +2 ºC

+3.5 ºC -14% -51%

+4.2% - 5.7% NA

*

Sugar Cane (Impact on sugar production from sugar cane)

NA* -24.5% +2.3%

*NA: Not Available in Reference

As shown, climate change will result in lower productivity of all the above-

mentioned plants except cotton, as well as increased water consumption for all.

Also, it is clear that the rate of change depends on the type of plant and the rate

of rise in temperature. Moreover, high temperature leads to the spread of fungal

plant diseases, and infection of insects, which leads to the destruction of crop

productivity during heat waves, as is happening in Egypt in the recent period. The

expected increase in temperature may lead to changes in agricultural areas and

the transfer of some crops from their natural location to another (e.g., transfer of

winter grain production to the north where the environment and temperature are

more suitable for their needs). This will pose additional burdens to farmers due to

several factors, including differences in length of day, thus affecting plant

productivity (2).

Animal Production 2.3.2

As a result of high temperature, animal health and its ability to produce milk and

meat will be affected negatively. However, the animal type and breeding

equipment determine the extent of impact. Moreover, livestock and poultry growth

rates will decline.

In addition, various types of diseases related to the type and quality of animal

feed and water will be widespread due to increased temperature. The most

common diseases are Blue Tongue Disease and Rift Valley Fever. In addition,

the distribution map of animal diseases will change at the national and regional

levels, and common human and animal diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth

disease, swine flu and Birds flu will increase. Also, animal feed production will

decline as the priority of land use and water resources will go to plant production

for human consumption (2) .

Fish Production 2.3.3

The General Authority for Fish Resources Development is considered one of the

most active entities in fishing in the governorate and its production exceeds 7,000

tons annually (13) . It is known that high water temperature will result in lower

oxygen dissolved in water bodies, threatening the balance of aquatic life. In

addition to that, the productivity of some fish species can be directly affected by



the high water temperature. Moreover, and according to the national adaptation

strategy, the high water temperature will result in fish migration to the north and

at higher depths. As previously mentioned, climate change will result in sea level

rise, and as a result, there is a possibility that the water salinity in northern delta

may increase including some areas in Giza governorate, and this will negatively

affect the production of freshwater fish and increase the production of saltwater

fish. This will affect citizens who rely heavily on fish as a major source of animal

protein (2) as well as workers in the fishing sector and associated sectors.

Agricultural Land Resources 2.3.4

Sea-level rise will lead to the disappearance of many fisheries and the increased

salinity of fresh groundwater. Land below sea level will be flooded, while the

salinity of other lands will increase because of the high level of saline

groundwater. Desertification and erosion are also expected in some other

agricultural lands (2). Inundation of agricultural land in extreme rainfall also has a

role in crop damage. Consequently, agricultural land resources in Giza

governorate could be adversely affected by the impacts of climate change.

Food Security 2.3.5

According to the abovementioned negative impacts of climate change on water

resources and agricultural land in Egypt, food security in Egypt in general and

Giza governorate in particular will be directly affected by the following points:

Damage to fertile agricultural land and potential decrease in the animals

and plants production.

Decrease in fish production, which is an important food source and a

major source of animal protein.

It is expected that some of the farmers, working in agriculture and

occupying the affected areas (due to low fertility and lack of other sources

of income) might migrate to other areas.

Since Egypt (and therefore Giza Governorate) relies mostly on imports (about

50% of its wheat consumption and about 90% of its oil consumption), it will suffer

greatly from the food security crisis if it does not invest in technological solutions

and scientific research so that it can adapt to climate change (2).

Climate Change Impacts on Industrial Sector 2.4

For the industrial sector, its impact on increasing climate change phenomenon

(through the increase in GHG emissions as part of the production process) is

generally greater than its vulnerability to the impacts of the same phenomenon.

According to the national adaptation strategy, the only negative impact on the

industrial sector is the reduction of the efficiency of industrial refrigeration due to

increased cooling water temperature (1). On the other hand, according to the

World Bank, extreme weather events may negatively affect transmission and



distribution lines, which could lead to damage to electrical equipment and the

negative impact on the size of industrial production. Heat waves will also increase

the demand for air conditioning systems, increasing pressure on the public

electricity network, which could lead to service disruptions in some industrial

areas. Therefore, factories that are primarily dependent on public electricity

supply may suffer from negative impacts on its production (15) .

Climate Change Impacts on the Health Sector 2.5

Climate change poses a major threat to public health at the international level

(16). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has declared that

climate change "leads to an increase in global disease and premature death".

Climate change affects health in both direct and indirect ways. Direct impacts of

climate change include morbidity and mortality from devastating weather events

such as floods, heat waves, droughts and hurricanes. In 2015, for example, the

Egyptian Ministry of Health recorded 100 deaths due to extreme heat waves,

including cases from Giza Governorate. On the other hand, the indirect effects of

climate change include an increase in the rate and range of insect-borne

diseases and an increase in the incidence of water-borne diseases (17).

The following sections provide further details on some of the major diseases that

climate change may increase their rates.

Lymphatic Filariasis, Dengue Fever and Rift Valley Fever 2.5.1

These diseases are spread by mosquitoes, and the rates of these diseases are

increased by increasing temperature and increased precipitation resulting from

climate change (13) . Lymphatic filariasis, for example, is highly prevalent in the

Nile Delta (16) .

Schistosomiasis 2.5.2

Schistosomiasis is a disease transmitted to humans by freshwater snails. Climate

change and related environmental changes will affect the distribution of

bilharsean snails, which will affect the spread of the disease (1). In fact,

schistosomiasis has already been reported as a result of hot weather in Egypt

and some Arab countries (16) .

Respiratory Diseases 2.5.3

Climate change may also lead to respiratory infection, especially pneumonia, a

disease caused by bacterial or viral infection and thus exacerbated by climate

change. In one of the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) surveys

conducted in 2008 during a period of extreme heat waves, the mothers reported

that 13% of their children under 5 were coughing during the two weeks preceding

the survey. Several mothers reported that 9% of children suffer from coughing

and suffer from rapid or difficulty breathing. Similarly, patterns of climate change



and migration may lead to the re-emergence of old diseases such as tuberculosis

due to changes in epidemiology in areas and populations (1) .

Climate change also contributes to increased respiratory allergies, as warmer

conditions present better conditions for the production and release of airborne

allergens (e.g., fungi, reduced plant germs, pollen dust and pollen grains) (1)

Birds Flu (H5N1) 2.5.4

In the period between 2003 and 2013, World Health Organization (WHO)

announced the deaths of 375 human cases in 15 countries. In Egypt, 27 people

died from 2006 to 2009 as a result of the disease. Research has shown that

rising temperatures as a result of climate change is a potential factor for

increasing the prevalence of H5N1 (1).

Other Diseases 2.5.5

Climate change may exacerbate chronic non-communicable diseases such as

cardiovascular disease, by increasing heat stress and extreme weather events.

However, Egypt lacks research linking the weather to cardiovascular disease (1) .

In one of the international programmes in Egypt under the auspices of the

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the

WHO, one of the most important results was that extreme heat contributes to the

increase of chronic diseases and can lead to unexpected death. The effects of

climate change vary depending on the person’s vulnerability (19) .

The indirect effects of climate change were also observed, with cases of malaria

reported in Egypt and other Arab countries, although they were not originally

spread in these countries (16) .

Climate Change Impacts on the Urban Sector and 2.6

Infrastructure

Impacts of Climate Change on the Urban Sector 2.6.1

The buildings in some slums and rural areas in Egypt generally, and in Giza

governorate specifically, are constructed from materials that do not conform to

local or international standards. Also, building methods in most of the cases were

not based on correct engineering basics. These buildings can be classified as

follows:

Buildings constructed before the issuance of the construction regulations

by the Ministry of Housing. These buildings can be classified today as

likely to collapse.

Buildings constructed with government licenses. However, these buildings

were not properly supervised, where the construction process was left to

be supervised by the buildings’ owners.



Given these two types of buildings, it is clear that the residents will be

vulnerable in case of extreme weather events and may lose their lives.

The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

(GIZ) has examined the impacts of climate change on slums in the Greater Cairo

Region, including Giza. The study concluded that the narrow, twisted, unplanned

streets do not allow for sufficient ventilation in the streets, and the absence of

open green spaces (as in informal areas) leads to the absence of proper cooling

effects such as is the case in the desert and agricultural areas; hence, these

areas will be more affected by the climate change phenomenon (20) . The study

also found that the presence of multiple buildings in an area can provide a means

of adapting to high temperatures due to the shading effect. On the other hand, tall

individual buildings and buildings on the edge will be more exposed to the sun

and therefore less able to adapt to climate change impacts.

In addition, the high density of buildings, presence of asphalt roads and the

spread of air conditioners and other sources of heat (such as furnaces and

foundries) lead to the phenomenon of urban heat islands. The phenomenon of

urban heat islands is characterized by an increase in temperature of urban areas

more than in the surrounding rural areas. This is attributed to various reasons,

the most important of which is the sunlight absorption of surfaces (such as

pavements and high buildings) in addition to the hot emissions from cars,

factories and various activities which depend on fuel burning (21).

Climate Change Impacts on the Transport Sector 2.6.2

Extreme heat waves and long dry periods negatively affect the performance of

paved roads, which can lead to accidents and therefore require ongoing repairs,

which is a burden on the budget (the government’s budget in case of main and

sub roads, and the governorate’s budget in case of local roads).. Excessive use

of groundwater resources during hot periods may cause land degradation and

significant damage to pipelines and building foundations (5). Severe storm events

can disrupt the functionality of transport infrastructure and thus reduce essential

resources, such as food or medicine. Extreme rainfall can also damage parts of

the transport infrastructure (15) .

Climate Change Impacts on Solid Waste Management 2.6.3

Giza Governorate, as many cities in developing countries, suffers from

inefficiency in solid waste disposal systems. Accordingly, solid waste is often

accumulated in canals, waterways and spillways (which is currently happening in

Giza governorate). As a result, these cities are at risk from floods as well as

water pollution. It is to be noted that uncontrolled solid waste dumpsites can be a

fertile ground for water-borne and insect-borne diseases. In addition, informal

settlements near the dumping area can face landslides due to flooding and can

catch fire as a result of high temperatures (15) .



Climate Change Impacts on Energy Infrastructure 2.6.4

Extreme weather events can affect electricity transmission and distribution lines,

disrupting or losing electricity supplies, which could have serious consequences

for other sectors such as health and police facilities, land and air transport,

sewage treatment, financial institutions and telecommunications. High

temperatures can also increase the demand for cooling in all occupied buildings,

increasing the pressure on local electricity supply, which may also pose serious

health risks for elderly and disabled patients in hospitals (15) .

Climate Change Impacts on Tourism Sector 2.7

Tourism accounts for about 13% of the Egyptian economy as well as a large part

of employment (23). Giza governorate is one of the most famous touristic

governorates in Egypt, because it contains the pyramids and other historical

monuments in addition to various landmarks such as the Kubba Al-Hassana

preservation area and some museums (24). Each of these parameters will be

affected in a different way as described below.

Historic Monuments Area 2.7.1

Giza governorate includes many historic landmarks such as Abu Rawash, Giza,

Zawiyat al-Arian, and Abu Sair, the historical area ofSaqqara, Dahshur, Atfih, Mit

Rahina, Al-Mesaha, and North Oases area (13).

Climate change has negative climatic impacts such as: the increase in

temperature and relative humidity. These climatic changes affect historical

monuments and, as a result, affect tourism. For instance, the high humidity has

an enormous impact on the pharaonic tombs such as erasing the inscriptions of

the tomb walls. The external moisture also causes the appearance of insects and

bacteria inside the archaeological site. In addition, severe weather events such

as sandstorms result in the erosion of inscriptions on the exterior walls of the

monuments (2), and some parts of the statues like the erosion of the Sphinx’s

neck.

The high temperature caused by climate change increases the surface

temperature of the monuments. As a result, there is a difference in temperature

between the surface and the inner layers due to the low thermal conductivity of

stones. This difference in temperature also results in a difference in the

expansion and contraction between the surface and the inner layers, leading to

the fall of the surface layers (25). High temperatures also lead to severe drying of

the archaeological stones, resulting in a change in their chemical composition,

such as the conversion of gypsum into anhydrite, as in the following equation.

This chemical process leads to the loss of water molecules from the monuments

leading to the appearance of cracks (26).



Relative humidity has a tremendous impact on monuments. For example,

feldspar metal is converted to kaolin metal, which is rapidly affected and

dissolved in water. The stone monuments absorb the humidity leading to

dissolution of the salt existing in the monuments (1).

Natural Preservation Areas 2.7.2

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a natural

preservation area is defined as “A clearly defined geographical space,

recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to

achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem

services and cultural values” (27) . Giza Governorate contains the Kubba al-

Hassana preservation area which represents a distinctive era of the history with

its topographical features and unique geological composition. It is the only area

near Cairo that reveals visible strata from the era of the Late Cretaceous (which

dates back to about 100 million years ago) among rocks from the Middle Eocene

Epoch, which formed 60 million years ago, and the Oligocene Epoch, which is

about 35 million years old (28).

Climate change will affect the relationship between plant and animal species and

the fixed boundaries of protected areas (29). Moreover, some species may move

out of parks and protected areas, resulting in a change in the distribution of

species. It is also important to note that species that are not directly affected by

climate change may be indirectly affected by some other species, such as

predators, whose populations are subject to changes due to climate change (30).

Museums 2.7.3

Giza Governorate contains lot of different museums such as: Museum of

Mahmoud Khalil and his wife, Ahmed Shawky Museum, Museum of Dr. Taha

Hussein, Nabil Darwish Museum, Al-Nadim for Wood works, Glass Art, Sculpture,

and Egyptian Paste Museum, Nagy Museum, Omar Al-Nagdy Museum, and the

gallery of Mohy Eldin Hussein. As mentioned above for historical monuments, the

increase in temperature and relative humidity can have a significant impact on

the contents of the historical museums (31).



3. Hot spot Assessment in Giza Governorate

In order to address the negative impacts of climate change mentioned above in

Chapter 2, the governorate should sponsor programmes and projects in all

affected sectors. However, in order to achieve optimal guidance for programmes

and projects, the hot spots in all sectors of the governorate should be identified.

This chapter presents the methodology used to identify hot spots in the

governorate as well as the most important findings.

Hot Spot Evaluation Methodology 3.1

Hot Spots is a term used to describe areas that are particularly vulnerable to

current or future climate impacts, in which human security may be at risk. Climate

change impacts and adaptive capacity vary depending on location. In general,

points are hotter when they occur in a region that is poor and has weak

infrastructure.

The World Bank methodology (32) and some features of the UNEP methodology

(33) have been used to identify hot spots in Giza Governorate. The methodology

of the World Bank is based on answering the following categories of questions in

a systematic manner. The higher the “high” and “medium” scores in different

questions, the greater the classification of the region as a hot spot:

City location

City size characteristics

Governance structure for disaster risk management

Built environment

Political implications of disasters

Economic impact of disasters

Threat from natural hazards

Disaster response system

The impact of climate change

Assessment and planning of climate change

Since both the World Bank and UNEP methodologies do not include quantitative

thresholds for identifying whether the city is a hot spot or not, some additions

were made to the methodology by defining partial weights to different “categories”

to suit the nature of Giza Governorate. Some of the categories of questions were

considered more important than the others as shown in Table 2. These additions

were identified based on the discussions between the governorate’s steering

team, and this matches with the UNEP methodology that mentions the necessity

of identifying thresholds agreed-upon among the different stakeholders (33).



Table 2 - Relative weights for different categories in the hot spots evaluation methodology

Questions Category Very

Significant Significant

Percentage of each Category based on

its Significance

City location

7

City Size Characteristics

12

Governance structure for disaster risk management

12

Built Environment

12

The Political Implications of disasters

12

Economic impacts of disasters

12

Threat from Natural Hazards

7

Disaster Response System

12

Impact of Climate Change

7

Assessment and planning of Climate Change

7

Total 100

Each category included several "yes or no" questions, and some other questions

were answered "low, medium, or high". To evaluate the points of each category

based on the answers to the questions, the methodology used is to calculate the

number of questions answered with "yes", "high or medium" and multiply it by the

percentage of this category (mentioned in the table above).

After answering all questions in different categories, the area is hot if the total

score is higher than 50%, medium if between 25-50%, and resilient if less than

25%.

Methodology Scope 3.1.1

As a result of the level of detail required in the questions, the governorate was

divided into five domains where each domain combines common characteristics

as shown in Table 3 and Figure 2. The hot spot assessment methodology was

then applied for each domain to assess the degree of hotness.

Table 3 - Classification of Giza Governorate into five Domains

Domain Cities / Districts / “Ahyaa” included

Rural

Manshaet Al-Qanater district Kafr Ghatati and Mansha’et El-Bakari

district Ousim district except for Warraq Al Arab

city Kerdasa district except Kerdasa city Abu Al-Nomros district, except for Abu

Al-Nomros City Al-Badrashin district except Al-

Badrasheen city Al-Saf district except for Al-Saf city Al-Ayyat district except Tahma city Atfih district except Atfih city



Urban areas with Rural character (called hereinafter as “Urban Rural”)

Omrania “Hay” Bulaq El Dakrour “Hay” North “Hay” South Giza “Hay” Al-Warraq “Hay” Al-Haram “Hay” Warraq El-Arab city Abu Al-Nomros city Al-Badrasheen city Al-Saf city Atfih city Kerdasa city Ayyat city Hawamdiyah district

Urban (Dokki and Agouza)

Dokki “Hay” Al-Agouza “Hay”

Urban (6th of October and Sheikh Zayed)

Sixth of October City Sheikh Zayed City

Oases Oases district



Figure 2 – Giza Governorate classification into five domains to evaluate hot spots



Results of Applying the Methodology 3.1.2

Following the application of the methodology, as shown in Table 4, the results

revealed that the hottest domain is the “Urban Rural”. The results also revealed

that all ranges were "hot" with varying degrees (for example, the rural domain is

hotter than the 6th of October and Sheikh Zayed domain).

Table 4 - Results of hot spot assessment methodology

Domain Score (out of 100)

Rural Urban 72.3

Rural 58.6

Urban (Dokki and Agouza) 57.4

Oases 52.3

Urban (6th

of October and Zayed Area)

51.1

Table 5 provides detailed results for all categories of questions for the

different domains. The following points provide analysis for these results:

The “Rural Urban” domain has the highest scores in the "city size

characteristics" category since it has high population, high population

density, hosts a large number of non-permanent residents on a daily basis

and a high population growth rate. Having such high score increases the

chances of being a hot spot since the size of the population that could be

affected in the event of climate change disasters will be very high, and

accordingly, the impact on economy will be very high as well.

There are no disaster risk management units in the oases and rural

domains at the local level; therefore, they are hotter from that perspective

as they will be more vulnerable to climate change crises.

Questions related to the built environment (associated with urban

planning, the percentage of people in informal settlements, and the

vulnerability of homes to disasters) highlight the higher degree of

vulnerability of rural and “Rural Urban” domains because they contain

unsafe areas and informal settlements areas.

“Rural Urban” domain has the highest scores in the "Economic Impact of

Disasters" category because it includes agricultural, industrial, tourism and

service activities. This domain, therefore, is the hottest in this perspective

because if it gets exposed to climate change crises, it will adversely affect

the economy.

The results can be analyzed from the perspective that if there is limited

funding for an adaptation project (e.g. sewage projects) and the needs of

the different domains for the project are nearly the same, it is

recommended that the project be implemented within the “Rural Urban”

domain as it is most affected by the impacts of climate change.



However, it is also important to record that all domains were found to be

"hot spots". Adaptation projects should therefore be implemented in all

other domains with focus on the vulnerable sectors in each domain. The

latter will be presented in the following sections.

Table 5 - Analysis details for Hot Spots

Category of Questions Rural

Urban Rural

Urban

(Dokki and

Agouza)

Oases

Urban (6th

of

October and

Zayed Area)

City location 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

City Size Characteristics 12.0 9.0 6.0 0.0 3.0

Governance structure for

disaster risk management 5.1 10.3 3.4 10.3 3.4

Built Environment 5.3 6.7 1.3 4.0 0.0

The Political Implications of

disasters 12.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 12.0

Economic impacts of

disasters 12.0 8.0 10.0 8.0 8.0

The Threat of Natural

Hazards 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

Disaster Response System 6.0 6.0 6.0 12.0 6.0

Impact of Climate Change 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.3 7.0

Assessment and planning

of Climate Change 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

Total 72.3 58.6 57.4 52.3 51.1

Identification of Hot Spots on Sectoral Level 3.2

This section will provide an assessment of the hotspots in each sector within Giza

Governorate. Hotspots have been identified at the sector level based on the

experience of a specialized team from the governorate in each sector. The

results of this assessment can be considered as a useful tool for the

governorate’s decision makers to choose the location of adaptation projects for

each sector.

Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services 3.2.1

Sector

According to updated data from Giza Water and Wastewater Company, hot spot

areas were identified on the governorate map. It is to be noted here that the

definition of the word "Hot Spot" at Giza Water and Wastewater refers only to the

areas served (networks and treatment plant) which witness problems with the

service provided. While those that do not have services fall under the term

"deprived". For wastewater, the area is hot if there is a problem with the networks

or the quality of treated wastewater from wastewater treatment plants is

inadequate due to operating the plants in excess of its production capacity or due

to maintenance problems. As for drinking water, the area is hot if it suffers from



low water pressure. In the governorate of Giza, the absence of any areas

deprived of water service can be considered, but there are many areas deprived

of drainage services. Figure 3 shows the map of Giza governorate explaining the

hot spots for water and wastewater in addition to the areas deprived of sewage

services.



Figure 3 – Hot Spots for Water Resources, irrigation, water and sewage services sector



Agricultural Sector 3.2.2

All the agricultural areas in Giza governorate are vulnerable to the negative

effects of high temperature and the increase in the extreme weather events, and

therefore all agricultural areas are hot spots. However, as shown in Table 6, the

degree of hotness has been classified based on the importance of agricultural

areas and the extent to which they are affected by floods and high temperatures.

Figure 4 shows the distribution of hot spots for the agricultural sector in Giza

governorate.

Table 6 - Classification of degree of hotness in the agricultural sector

Area Degree of

hotness Justification

Al-Saf district Very high Cultivation of vital crops such as wheat and maize

Exposure to floods that cause crop damage

Atfih district Very high Cultivation of vital crops such as wheat and maize

Exposure to floods that cause crop damage

Manshaet Al-Qanater district

High Cultivation of vital crops such as wheat and maize

Al-Ayaat district High Cultivation of a large section of the governorate's

vegetables

Oases district High Cultivation of dates on a large scale

Remaining

agricultural

areas

Medium The nature and size of cultivated crops are less

vital than those mentioned above



Figure 4 – Hot Spots for agricultural sector in Giza Governorate



Industrial Sector 3.2.3

The 6th of October and Abu-Rawash regions are the two largest industrial zones

in Giza Governorate, and are therefore vulnerable to the negative impacts of

climate change, especially the inefficient cooling process and the potential for

power outages. In addition, Al-Saf city contains many brick factories, and Ousim

district contains many foundries, so they can be considered hot spots also as

shown in Figure 5.



Figure 5 – Hot Spots for industrial sector in Giza governorate



Health Sector 3.2.4

For the health sector, Rural and “Rural Urban” domains are more exposed to

health problems compared to urban (Dokki, Agouza, October, Sheikh Zayed) and

oases domains, due to lack of awareness as well as their high population density.

In addition, the two domains suffer from a shortage of doctors and nurses. Unlike

other sectors, it is difficult to identify specific districts / cities / villages as hot spots

within each domain because the risk of exposure is significantly equal within each

domain. Figure 6 illustrates the hot spots of the health sector in the governorate.

The hot spots are highlighted in different colors according to their classification as

a Rural domain or “Rural Urban” as indicated by the map’s key.



Figure 6 – Hot Spots in health sector in Giza governorate



Urban Sector and Infrastructure 3.2.5

In the urban sector, unsafe areas are considered to be the hottest and most

vulnerable areas to climate change impacts. In addition to unsafe areas, some

other areas are hot spots in the transport sector as they are severely affected by

floods or temperature as shown in the following table. Figure 7 shows urban hot

spots in the governorate.

Table 7- Hot Spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate

Domain Justification

Al-Saf district:

Villages of Askor, Aqwaz,

Ghamaza Al-Kubra, Al-Dasmi

Roads in these areas are negatively affected by floods to

the extent that they move from their places

Al-Saf district:

Al-wadye village Cracks occur in local roads due to high temperature

Atfih district:

Villages of Bani Saleh and the

Kuraymat



Atfih district:

Masjid Moussa village Cracks occur in local roads due to high temperature

Al Ayat district:

Villages of Girza and El-Matanyah



Oases district:

Villages of Bani Ubaid, Guevara,

and El-Farafra



Oases district Cracks occur in local roads due to high temperature

Kerdasa district:

Village of Mu'tamdiyah

Mu'tamdiyah tunnel is heavily affected by the floods

leading to a traffic paralysis

Kerdasa district:

Village of Saft Al-Laban

Saft-Al Laban tunnel is significantly affected by the floods

leading to a traffic paralysis

Kerdasa district:

Village of Nahia

Nahia tunnel is highly affected by floods leading to traffic

paralysis

Al-Warraq district:

Kafr El Hanadwa Village

Kafr Al-Hanadwa tunnel is heavily affected by floods

leading to traffic paralysis



Domain Justification

Al- Haram “Hay” Al-haram tunnel is highly affected by the floods which

causes a traffic paralysis



Figure 7 – Hot spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate



Tourism Sector 3.2.6

All the archaeological sites in Giza Governorate can be considered as hot spots.

Figure 8 shows hot spots for the tourism sector in the governorate.



Figure 8 – Hot spots in tourism sector in Giza governorate



4. Basic Policies and Pillars

The climate change strategy framework of Giza Governorate should be designed

to conform to the nature of the governorate. Strategic policies and programmes

should also focus on solving the problems of the identified hot spots. The

following sections of this chapter present some of the policies proposed to be

adopted by Giza Governorate, the expected obstacles to implementation of these

policies, and the recommended policy tools to overcome them. These policies are

the core components of the strategy that ensure its sustainability, and from which

programmes and projects will emerge throughout the implementation period of

the strategy.

Policies Proposed to be Adopted by the Governorate for 4.1

Combating Climate Change Impacts

It is suggested that Giza governorate adopts the following policies (see Figure 9)

over the coming years as they reflect the strategic objectives of the governorate:

Preserve the resources and assets of the governorate from the

climate change impacts: The governorate is committed to assessing the

risks expected in different sectors, identifying the most vulnerable

elements, the development of early warning systems, in addition to the

application of the appropriate technological solutions to combat the climate

change impacts.

Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change: The

governorate is committed to improving the infrastructure and services to

the citizens in general and of the most vulnerable groups in particular. This

includes improving drinking and sewage services, roads and waste

management services.

Conserve resources: The governorate is committed to rationalizing the

consumption of resources by sponsoring awareness campaigns on a wide

scale to rationalize water and energy consumption in general, as well as

applying appropriate technological solutions in different sectors.

Protect the citizens from the health impacts of climate change: The

governorate is committed to work on protecting the health of citizens from

the impacts of climate change, by raising the efficiency of medical teams

to deal with such risks in addition to sponsoring awareness campaigns for

citizens about the potential risks and how to act in such cases.

Achieve low-emission development: The governorate is committed to

achieving low-emission development by replacing non-renewable sources

of energy with other, less polluting sources or renewable sources such as

solar energy, as well as improving energy efficiency in different sectors.

The governorate is also committed to adopting programmes that emerge



from the National Low Emissions Development Strategy that is currently

being prepared, and to help implement it in the governorate’s domain.

Barriers Facing the Adoption and Implementation of 4.2

Policies

Figure 10 presents the institutional setup for Giza governorate. Figure 11 and

Figure 12respectively presents the institutional setup for the agriculture

directorate and roads and transport directorate as examples for directorates

relevant to the adaptation and mitigation projects. It can be observed from the

governorate’s institutional setup that there are no sub-departments working below

the Environmental affairs office and accordingly the low number of employees

working in it. In addition, the employees in the Environmental affairs office lack

the technical climate change expertise, in addition to the technological skills,

which is also the case in the technical departments in the agriculture directorate

and the projects management department in the roads and transport directorate.

Giza Climate Change Strategy

Conserve resources

Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate

from the impacts of climate change

Improve infrastructure

and services to adapt to climate

change

Achieve low-emission

development

Protect the citizens from the health impacts

of climate change

Figure 9 – Strategic Policies for Giza Governorate



Moreover, and due to the lack of hiring new employees in the governorate, the

human resources is considered one of the main factors that can hinder the

implementation of the aforementioned policies with the required efficiency. In

Figure 10, the following abbreviations and acronyms were used: General

Department (G.D.); Central Department (C.D.); Department (Dep.).



Figure 10 - Institutional setup for Giza governorate (31)



Figure 11 - Institutional setup for the Agriculture directorate in Giza governorate (32)



Figure 12 – Institutional setup for roads and transport directorate in Giza governorate (33)



In addition to that, and as shown in Figure 13, there are several obstacles that

could hinder implementation of the strategic policies of Giza governorate. The

following points summarize these barriers:

Human resources: Lack of human resources (in terms of number and

capacity) at the technical and administrative levels in the governorate is

considered one of the reasons for the potential failure of the

implementation of policies with the required efficiency.

Financial constraints: Lack of financial resources to implement relevant

policies and projects/programmes is one of the main reasons that can

impede the implementation of the required policies.

Knowledge barriers: The availability of human and financial resources is

insufficient to implement policies if the scientific knowledge required to

solve problems is absent.

Administrative obstacles: The lack of project management is one of the

main reasons that may cause the failure of the implementation of policies

with the required efficiency.

Technical barriers: Lack of technical expertise and skills in using

technology is one of the main reasons that can hinder the implementation

of the required policies.

Regulatory barriers: In case of not having an official decree from the

governorate obligating the implementation of the strategic policies, this will

present a big barrier towards their implementation

Institutional barriers: Since the projects related to climate change

adaptation and mitigation are new to the governorate, especially with the

absence of a specific department responsible for that in the current

governorate’s institutional setup, the unclear determination of roles and

responsibilities from the beginning will present a major barrier. In addition

to that, and since a lot of the programmes that need to be implemented to

achieve the strategic policies include the cooperation with other national

entities, the unclear determination of roles and responsibilities of the

different parties will also present a barrier towards the implementation of

the policies with the required efficiency.



Recommended Policy Tools for Overcoming Barriers 4.3

Policy tools must be carefully selected to overcome key barriers and gaps that

impede the implementation of strategic policies of the governorate, including

access to finance, institutional setup, knowledge barriers and the provision of

human resources. The combination of different policy tools should be preserved

to benefit from the strengths of each tool. The following table shows the policy

tools that will be applied to overcome all the above mentioned obstacles.

Obstacles to the Adoption and

Implementation of Policies

Human resources

Funding constraints

Knowledge barriers

Administrative obstacles

Technical barriers

Regulatory constraints

Institutional constraints

Figure 13 – Obstacles to Implementation of Strategic Policies in Giza Governorate



Table 8 - Policy Tools to be applied to overcome the barriers for implementing the governorate’s

strategic policies

Barrier Recommended Policy Tools

Financing barriers Involving the private sector

Attracting foreign funding

Knowledge barriers Utilizing the expertise of national bodies

Developing the role of scientific research

Maximizing the role of technology in problem solving

Involving the private sector

Engaging stakeholders in problem solving

Administrative barriers Building capacities of governorate staff

Developing cooperation at the national-local level

Activating some of the disabled responsibilities

Technical barriers Building capacities and raising awareness


Human Resources Building capacities and raising awareness

Maximizing the use of information technology

Using all communication methods

Regulatory barriers Issuing an official decree from the governor

(mentioning that the governorate will implement the strategy framework and officially assigning the steering team)

Institutional barriers Issuing an official decree from the governor (mentioning that the governorate will implement the strategy framework and officially assigning the steering team showing the roles and responsibilities)

As shown in the above table, some policy tools work to overcome more than one

barrier. The following points describe some of the characteristics of the policy

tools that will be applied:

Involving the private sector: means participating and sharing their

practical expertise in different fields and proposing solutions to some

problems related to adaptation to climate change. It can also be a source

of funding for some projects as part of their corporate social responsibility.

Attracting foreign funding: an important tool for providing source of

funding other than the governorate’s funding, which cannot cover the costs

of the proposed projects, due to the huge financial obligations of the

governorate. There are many international bodies interested in financing

projects related to climate change (e.g. Green Climate Fund (GCF), United

Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), FAO, African Development

Bank (AFDB), etc.).

Developing the role of scientific research: To overcome the knowledge

barrier, especially in the impacts of climate change which vary from one

place to another and increase steadily, the role of scientific research



should be nurtured and activated to determine the expected impacts on

different sectors and find appropriate solutions. The large gap between

scientific research bodies and governmental agencies is one of the main

problems in Egypt in general. Therefore, Giza governorate seeks to

strengthen cooperation between itself and the Egyptian universities and

research centers. It is noteworthy here that Giza governorate has

reputable research institutions (such as National Research Center and

Housing and Building National Research Center) and universities such as

Cairo University.

Maximizing the role of technology in problem solving: Given the lack

of knowledge expertise and human resources and the rapid changes in

climate, maximizing the use of modern technology, including information

technology, is an essential tool in different sectors to save effort and solve

problems faster.

Involving stakeholders in problem solving: The governorate believes

that enhancing communication with various stakeholders (citizens, civil

society organizations, farmers, workers, businessmen, etc.) and benefiting

from their practical experience in various fields is essential for the success

of strategic policies and the reduction of knowledge and technical barriers.

Building capacities and training governorate staff: The governorate

believes that despite the increasing role of technology, the highly qualified

human being remains one of the most important assets. Therefore, the

governorate believes in the importance of continuous training and raising

the efficiency of its employees and the districts’ employees on matters

related to the implementation of the strategic policies of the governorate.

Research institutions and universities in Giza governorate can have a role

in such capacity building activities.

Developing cooperation at the national and local level and benefit

from the expertise of national bodies: The governorate believes in the

importance of cooperating with other bodies, whether at the national or

local level, to benefit from their expertise to reduce technical, technological

and administrative barriers. Such cooperation would replicate the success

stories of national bodies in implementing similar programmes in other

governorates. The governorate also believes that the implementation of

strategic programmes requires concerted efforts and exchange of

experiences at the local and national levels.

Activating some of the disabled responsibilities: Due to the daily

pressure on the governorate, and the absence of an urgent situation to

carry out some of the functions and responsibilities in the various

directorates, these tasks are inadvertently disabled. In some cases, the

activation of some of these functions and responsibilities is a solution that

does not entail financial costs but has a vital role in implementing the

proposed policies and programmes. One example is the on-the-job doctor

training, which is supposed to take place on a regular basis.



Building capacities and raising awareness: The Governorate believes

that all citizens have an important role in helping the governorate succeed

in implementing its strategic policies. To achieve this, awareness of the

impacts of climate change must be increased through campaigns and

seminars as well as modern information technology.

Using all communication methods: The governorate believes in the

need to maximize the use of modern means of communication to

overcome the human barrier represented in the small number of staff. The

governorate also believes in the need to use all means of communication

to raise the awareness required for all categories and ages.

The following chapter shows how to link each policy tool to the proposed

programmes in Giza Governorate.



5. Proposed Programmes to Implement Strategic Policies

This section shows the programmes selected by the governorate to initiate

strategic policy implementation, with details such as implementing entities and

expected costs. The programmes are designed so that they can be started

immediately, but most of these programmes can be renewed and expanded over

time. To ensure continuity of the strategy after the end of these programmes, this

section also clarifies some recommendations for sustainability.

Programmes Selection Criteria 5.1

In order to select the programmes to be implemented to achieve the strategic

policies of the governorate, many programmes in each sector were studied and

evaluated according to the criteria shown in the following table taking in

consideration that the extent of each criterion decreases from left to right, so that

the programme becomes more important if it meets all criteria.

Table 9 - Criteria for selecting programmes to implement the strategic policies of the governorate

Availability of common

solutions for more than one sector

Compatibil-ity with the country’s

plans

Complian-ce with

governor-ate

priorities

Low invest-ment costs

Ease of access to internatio-nal finance

Availability of governme-

nt funding

The concept of weighted average was used to assess the importance of

each programme and to take into account the level of importance of each

criterion. This concept is referred to in the following equation:

Weighted average = w1x1 + w2x2 + w3x3 + ⋯

Whereas:

w = the relative weight of each criterion. This depends on the importance of the

criterion which decreases from left to right in the above table. Number 8 was

selected for the highest criterion, "Availability of common solutions for more than

one sector", and the number is gradually reduced such that number "7" is used

for "compliance with the priorities of the governorate" until it becomes "3" for the

lowest criterion of "availability of government funding".

x = the degree to which the programme meets the criterion. A number from 0 to

10.

The programmes that received the highest values in each sector were selected

when applying the previous equation. The following table shows the weighted

average scores of the selected programmes. The following sections will provide

further details on those programmes.



Table 10 - Results of the selection of programmes to be implemented to achieve the strategic

policies of the governorate

Programme

Programme Selection Criteria

Total Score

Final Percent

-age

Availability of common solutions for more than one sector

Compat-ibility

with the country’s

plans

Complian-ce with

governor-ate

priorities

Low invest-ment costs

Ease of access to internatio-

nal finance

Availability of

government funding

Highest Score 80 70 60 50 40 30 330 100%

1) Agricultural Sector

Risk assessment & identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector

72 49 42 40 28 15 246 74.5%

Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change

72 49 42 40 24 15 242 73.3%

Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector

72 56 42 30 24 15 239 72.4%

Training farmers to use mobile phone applications

64 35 30 45 32 6 212 64.2%

Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields

64 63 42 15 28 6 218 66.1%

2) Industrial Sector

Technical support to Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water & energy conservation

64 56 48 40 28 3 239 72.4%

3) Health Sector

Raising the capacity of medical teams in treating cases caused by climate change

72 70 60 45 4 6 257 77.9%

Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change

72 63 48 30 8 6 227 68.8%



4) Urban Sector and Infrastructure

Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways

64 56 54 15 20 15 224 67.9%

A unified road maintenance plan

56 49 48 35 12 21 221 67%

Painting of buildings’ facades

64 42 42 25 28 6 207 62.7%

Use of LED lamps in the governorate lighting

56 63 42 30 24 21 236 71.5%

Use of solar energy in street lighting

64 49 36 15 28 6 198 60%

Improve drainage systems of main tunnels

64 56 48 25 4 12 209 63.3%

5) Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services Sector

Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots

72 63 54 10 20 24 243 73.6%

Improving the water distribution network

72 56 48 20 20 15 231 70%

Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption conservation

72 63 54 35 4 15 243 73.6%

6) Tourism sector

Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the monuments

56 56 48 30 28 12 230 69.7%

Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs

56 49 48 30 28 12 223 67.6%



Types of Programmes / Recommendations 5.2

While examining the nominated programmes with some details, four

levels of recommendations were identified:

1. Programmes that can be implemented or supervised by the

governorate: These programmes are characterized by the absence of any

legal barriers or higher interventions required by the ministries concerned,

and therefore can be implemented immediately

2. Existing national/local efforts to be followed up/strengthened by the

governorate. During studying the nominated programmes, some of these

programmes were found to be currently being implemented or studied at

the national level. Hence, it is not possible in the time being to provide any

different suggestions. Accordingly, the governorate is committed to follow

up on the development of those programmes/studies, and to integrate

them into the annual update of the strategy. There are also efforts at the

local level that the governorate will actively promote as it is consistent with

its strategic policies.

3. Recommendations from the local to the national level: During the

study of the nominated programmes, it was found out that it is important to

convey some recommendations to the ministries concerned in order to

overcome obstacles to the implementation/success of these programmes.

4. Recommendations at the local level: During the study of nominated

programmes, it was found out that the governorate should sponsor some

general recommendations to assist in the achievement of strategic

policies.

Programmes to be Implemented/Supervised by the 5.3

Governorate

Based on the above selection criteria, the following programmes have been

placed on a shortlist for implementation. These programmes can be widely

implemented within the governorate, but the details outlined in this document

focus on the first stage (the scope of implementation and approximate cost) and

targeting hot spots. For each programme, and to ensure its expansion in Egypt, it

has been determined whether it can be applied vertically at the country level

(from the local level to the national level) or horizontally in other governorates. On

the other hand, there are some projects inspired by the country’s plans/studies

(from the national level to the local level) and have also been referred to.



Agricultural Sector 5.3.1

Programme 1 - Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable

elements in the agricultural sector:

The first phase of the programme involves organizing field visits in 3-4 areas

of the governorate to conduct a survey of 2-3 major crops throughout the crop

cycle.

At the beginning, a team of experts in various aspects of the agricultural

sector (plants, land, animals, etc.) from the Agricultural Research Institute

(ARI) will join the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers to gain the

confidence of the farmers. The experts will collect data that will help them

assess the current situation, identify problems and risks and build their

research based on the data collected. After that, samples will be taken once

every week or two during the agricultural cycle.

Data analysis and research will be carried out on the impact of temperature

on growth and disease rate, and the proposed treatments. The accuracy of

the research results will be measured by applying the proposed solutions in

some agricultural lands in the following year.

This will also be an important step in establishing a database for conservation

of agricultural data.

The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the

approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the

possibility of expanding it:

Table 11 - Details of the “Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the

agricultural sector” programme

Governing strategic policy

Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change

Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase

The new desert lands such as Al-Saf, Atfih, Al Ayat, Mansha’et Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Boulak, Badrashin and Oases, are easier to implement because of the consolidation of land tenure and the possibility of unifying cultivated crops. (In addition to the absence of basic problems not related to climate change like drainage problems for example)

1-3 million EGP for the first stage according to the scope of the research and the number of crops (cost includes laboratory chemicals, mobility and participants' salaries)

Policy Tools

Developing the role of scientific research in solving existing problems


Involving stakeholders (farmers) in problem solving

Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the different country levels

100% local?

100% national?

Local-national efforts

Local Level

National Level

Can be re-applied in other governorates

National Level

Local Level



Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability

After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other regions in the following phases and benefit from the success stories and experience gained from the first phase.

After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other crops in the following stages.

Programme 2 - Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases

associated with climate change:

Based on the results of the previous programme, the Agricultural Research

Institute (ARI) can provide data on plant and animal diseases and symptoms,

including the impact of different climatic conditions on disease severity.

The Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA) will determine the

environmental conditions such as temperature, wind speed, direction and

humidity that enable pests and diseases to thrive. All data obtained can be

combined to create a map showing all of these data in the areas studied in the

governorate.

This map will serve as the core of an early warning system at the agricultural

level in the governorate. This map will also be used to train the governorate’s

agricultural guidance officers on the use and conveyance of basic information

to farmers.




Table 12 - Details of the “Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with

climate change” programme




The new desert lands such as the lands of Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Ayyat, Mansha’et Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Bulaq, Badrashin and Oases.

100 - 200 thousand EGP for the first phase (cost includes computer servers required, participants' salaries and capacity development courses)

Policy Tools



Training and raising the capacity of the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers



Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level

100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level

Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability:

It is recommended to sign a long-term cooperation protocol between Giza, ARI and EMA to cooperate and exchange information and renew this protocol continuously

After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other regions in the following phases and benefit from the success stories and experience gained from the first phase

After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other crops in the following stages

Programme 3 - Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture

sector:

It is proposed to sign a protocol between the Egyptian Meteorological

Authority (EMA) and the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC) to

link their respective meteorological stations to the joint use of data to increase

the accuracy of predictions.

EMA will use the data to operate a model capable of predicting future weather

conditions in Giza. A computer server with high arithmetic capabilities will be

required to obtain governorate-level forecasts.

Develop a mobile application or send SMS messages to farmers or the

governorate’s Agricultural extension officers to provide them with the results

obtained from these models to take their precautions accordingly.

The results will be in the form of recommendations for specific actions such as

irrigation procedures and preventive work for pests and diseases if necessary.




Table 13 - Details of the “Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector”

programme




The new desert lands such as the lands of Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Ayyat, Manshaat Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Bulaq, Badrashin and Oases.

2.5 – 3 million EGP for the first phase (80% cost of high-resolution computer server, cost also includes participants' salaries and capacity development courses)



Policy Tools



Training and raising the capacity of farmers and the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers

Maximizing the role of technology in solving existing problems


100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


It is recommended that a long-term cooperation protocol between CLAC and EMA be signed for cooperation and exchange of information and the continuous renewal of this protocol

After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other regions in the following phases and benefit from the success stories and experience gained from the first phase

After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other crops in the following stages

Regular maintenance and refurbishment of used equipment if necessary

Develop and update mobile applications on a regular basis and ensure that citizens can interact with them in case of any queries

Programme 4 - Training farmers to use mobile phone applications:

There are currently some mobile applications that help farmers to identify

plant diseases and how to deal with them, and some applications allow

farmers to communicate with experts by sending their questions.

The programme aims to provide training courses for farmers on the use of

technology and mobile phone applications related to agriculture for their

benefit. Developers of these applications are responsible for the delivery of

such exercises as a marketing tool for free or reduced fees.

These applications help farmers identify the type of plant diseases and

solutions that can be implemented.

It is possible that these trainings are conducted at the level of each district

where the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers can gather farmers at

the headquarters of the guidance centers, or agricultural associations, or the

agricultural administration in the district.

The deputy of the Agriculture Directorate in Giza governorate should be

informed about the purpose of the trainings and should be requested to

approve the exploitation of the training locations referred to above. The

approved request should then be directed to the Agricultural extension

administration in the governorate.






Table 14 - Details of the “Training farmers to use mobile phone applications” programme




All districts, but it is proposed to start with Al-Qanater, Al-Saf, and Badrashin.

50 thousand EGP for the first stage(by training 300 farmers in each of the 10 districts)

Policy Tools



Training and raising the capacity of farmers and the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers



100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


After the completion of the first phase, the programme enhancement should be studies to alleviate the barriers faced

After the completion of the first phase, the programme’s scope should be expanded to include more farmers and other locations

Programme 5 - Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in

agricultural fields:

Replacing traditional pumps working with fossil-fuel sources, such as the

widely-used diesel pumps, especially in remote areas, and the less-used

electricity pumps, with solar water pumps (SWP). The target pumps are those

used in the fields, not the large pumps used for irrigation and drainage.

The implementation of this programme is already under study at the national

level. However, the governorate can sponsor the implementation of a

programme at the local level in coordination with the Ministry of Water

Resources and Irrigation.

A small pilot programme can be initiated by providing funding and facilitating

procedures for investors to install SWP in 3-4 regions. The success of the

pilot programme will be measured and the relevant problems will be identified.



The success of the small pilot programme will encourage other investors to do

likewise, which will encourage international donors to conduct further studies

on the possibility of financing the installation in other agricultural lands under

the supervision of the governorate, which may be responsible for the follow-up

of this programme.




Table 15 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields”

programme




Pilot-programme: It is preferable to start in 3 regions with a large area and where there is no property fragmentation (examples: Atfih, Mansha’et al-Qanater, Badrashin)

Assuming 500 acres for small pilot programme: 12-20 million EGP + 300 thousand EGP to study the design of the programme at the governorate level

Policy Tools


Utilizing national level expertise

Raising awareness of new technologies

Involving stakeholders (investors) in consultations about the potential incentives


100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


After completing the pilot-programme, it is necessary to study the development of the programme and how to overcome the barriers encountered

After the pilot-programme is completed, the programme should be extended to other agricultural lands and areas

Exploiting the success stories and benefits of the programme and promoting it to encourage citizens, especially investors, to do the same

Training engineers and technicians on the maintenance of solar systems and committing to the required periodic maintenance



Industrial Sector 5.3.2

Programme (6) - Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for

water and energy conservation:

Abu Rawash industrial facilities are currently operating at almost half of its

production capacity for several reasons, most notably the insufficient

availability of artesian water (current capacity: 10,000 m3 / day).

The proposed programme will employ consultants to conduct industrial audits

in these industrial facilities to identify water and energy conservation

measures that will enable them to increase productivity while preserving the

environment and adapting to the impacts of climate change that will cause

water shortages, in addition to GHG emissions mitigation.

It is suggested that this be done through an initiative from Giza Governorate in

cooperation with the Central Administration of Abu Rawash Industrial Area

and the National Cleaner Production Center (ENCPC Center) affiliated to the

Ministry of Trade and Industry.

In the beginning, a small programme at 3-4 industrial facilities (the most water

consuming) can be initiated as a pilot programme. This pilot programme will

encourage other plants to request these services, which will encourage the

expansion of the programme across the entire industrial region.




Table 16 - Details of the “Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy

conservation” programme


Conserve resources

Achieve low-emission development


Abu Rawash Industrial zone (can start with a pilot programme to include the following industrial facilities: Evergrow Fertilizers, Mobica, Cemex Ready Mix Concrete, Kia Motors)

150-200 thousand EGP for the pilot programme + 100 thousand EGP for a study to design the programme at the industrial zone level

Policy Tools


Raising the capacity of workers in the industrial facilities to rationalize water and energy consumption

Raising awareness among industrial facilities regarding water and energy conservation



Classification of the programme

Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level

100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


After completing the pilot-programme, it is necessary to study the development of the programme and how to overcome the barriers encountered

Exploiting the success stories and benefits of the pilot programme to encourage other industrial facilities in the Abu Rawash area to do the same

Exploiting the success stories and benefits of the pilot programme to expand the programme to include other industrial facilities outside the Abu Rawash area (for example: 6

th of October industrial zone)

Health Sector 5.3.3

Programme 7 - Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the

cases caused by climate change:

Conduct training courses for doctors and nurses in hospitals and health units

on the health risks posed by climate change impacts such as heat strokes or

any other diseases (Such as; Filariasis, Dengue Fever, Pneumonia, H5N1,

Bilharziasis, and Rift Valley Fever) and how to deal with such cases.

Both the Governor and the Deputy Governor have the authority to enforce the

Directorate of Health in the governorate to activate these trainings

It is suggested that these exercises be activated before the summer.




Table 17 - Details of the “Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the cases caused by

climate change” programme


Protect citizens from the health impacts of climate change


All the hospitals and health units in the governorate, especially the public hospitals (in the first stage): Umm Al Masrien, Bulaq El-Dakrur, Tahrir, Embaba, Um Al-Atbaa, Al Burjil, Embaba hospital for fevers, Embaba hospital for respiratory diseases, Al Warraq Island, Sheikh Zayed, , Abu Al-Nomros, Al-Hawamdiyah, Al-Ayyat, Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Wahat, Ousim, Badrashin, Meniyat Al-Ayyat, Meniyat Al-Saff, Werdan, Mensha’et-Al Qanater, Central Hospital in 6

th of October city)

Zero-cost

Policy Tools

Training and building capacities of medical teams

Activating some of the disabled responsibilities





100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


Utilizing the first phase in enhancing the programme and determining how to overcome the barriers encountered

After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be expanded to include other hospitals and larger numbers of medical teams

Update training content and introduce any other health risks resulting from climate change impacts

Programme 8 - Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate

change:

Providing simplified handbooks for patients and visitors of the hospitals and

health units on the health risks posed by climate change impacts:

o There are some publications on sunstrokes from the “Preventive

Medicine Department” that can be used as the contents of these

manuals.

o In addition, it is possible for the “Health Culture Department” at the

Giza Health Directorate to request from the Ministry’s “Central Health

Culture Department” in a formal letter to prepare the scientific content

of these brochures for any other diseases that may spread due to

climate change such as malaria and others. If there are any barriers,

the governor or his deputy can intervene to speed up the process.

o This campaign can be launched on a pilot scale first in large

governmental hospitals such as Um El Masrien, Boulaq El Dakrour,

Tahrir, Embaba, Badrashin and the Central Hospital in 6th of October

city to assess the success of the programme before it is expanded

elsewhere.

It is also proposed to produce simplified animation videos on health risks

posed by climate change impacts and broadcast them on the display screens

in hospitals and health units:

o The content of the videos can be obtained from the user-approved

content in the brochures, and this video may also be uploaded to the

social networking pages of the governorate or health directorate.

Activating the role of the female “rural leaders” in raising awareness among

housewives, especially the illiterate and uneducated populations in the

countryside and slums, about the health risks posed by the impacts of climate

change such as acute brain strokes and sunstrokes:



o A letter should be sent from the Directorate of Health in Giza to the

Undersecretary of the Ministry to request the involvement of female

leaders in the awareness campaign. The type of awareness (water,

environment, health, etc.) should be clarified in this letter as well as an

attachment to the content of awareness messages.

o The supervisor of the female leaders sends a request to the Ministry of

Public Health for their consent, which is usually obtained if the content

contains nothing wrong or controversial.

o This can be done on a pilot scale first, and can then be extended to

other regions. Pilot courses can be held at the district management

building. This training can be directed to supervisors in each

department, and their knowledge can then be transferred to the female

leaders. It is proposed to provide women with allowances or financial

incentives.

o It is also recommended that the Directorate of Education be involved in

promoting awareness in schools.




Table 18 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change”

programme


Protect the citizens from the health impacts of climate change


Booklets and video presentations: Large governmental hospitals such as Um El Masrien, Boulaq El Dakrour, Tahrir, Embaba, Badrashin, Central Hospital in October + Health units in Badrashin, Oases and Dokki Female Rural leaders: villages and informal settlements in Ard Al-Lewaa, Embaba, Hawamdiyah, the church in Omraniyah, Osim, al-Warraq, Abu al-Nomros, Al- Saff, Mansheyat Al-Qanater, Sixth District in 6th of October

Booklets: 800 thousand – 1 million EGP to print 500 thousand pamphlets Video: 10 - 20 thousand EGP + 400 thousand EGP for screens Female Rural leaders: 35-50 thousand EGP at the governorate level

Policy Tools

Raising awareness among citizens in direct ways


Using all communication methods


100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level




Making use of the results of the initial campaign to enhance the programme and determine how to overcome the obstacles encountered

Expanding the programme to include other hospitals and larger numbers of citizens

To renew these campaigns every two years to ensure that they reach the largest number and ensure their effectiveness and access to any new comers to these areas

Update content and introduce any other health risks resulting from climate change impacts


Programme 9 - Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways:

At present, there are some types of human activities such as agriculture on

the tracks of the natural flood spillways in Al-Saff, Atfih and Al-Ayyat. Thus, in

the event of heavy rain, the flood does not follow the natural path of the

spillways, and accordingly the roads which are not supplied with the

necessary protection measures move from their places thus causing disasters

and injuries.

This programme aims to rehabilitate these roads through the installation of

wall supports on both sides of the road and increase the height of the road in

addition to increasing the amount of drainage and floods pipes.

IT is proposed to include an item in the governorate’s tenders for road

projects in these areas that requires contractors to attach a report from the

Egyptian Meteorological Authority on the trends of heavy rains and storms so

that the contractors determine how to deal with these conditions.




Table 19 - Details of the “Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways” programme


Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change

Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase

Approximate cost for first phase

Al-Saff: Askor, Al-Aqwaz, Ghamaza Alkobrah, Al-Dasmi Atfih: Bani Saleh and Kuraymat Al Ayat: Jerza and Al-Matanyah Oases: Bani Obaid, Guevara, El-Farafra

Al-Saff, Atfih, and Al-Ayyat: 12 million EGP

Oases: 3 million EGP

Policy Tools

Involving the private sector in financing vital projects




100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


Expand the programme to include other roads that are subject to the same problems

Routine maintenance of roads and spillways to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span

Programme 10 - A unified road maintenance plan:

Some local roads in the governorate suffer from cracks resulting from high

average temperatures and increased heat waves. The Directorate is currently

carrying out maintenance work for these roads every two to three months

using a primitive method. This is due to the lack of the required materials to

implement advanced methods and the absence of trained workers on these

advanced methods in addition to their old age, which make it difficult for them

to adapt to the new methods. The use of these primitive roads causes

recurring cracks in a short time.

It is recommended that the Governor issues a decree to apply a unified plan

for the maintenance of roads at the level of the governorate, through private

companies and under the supervision of the Directorate of Roads and

transport, so that these companies maintain roads using scientific methods

and modern technology to reduce the appearance of cracks in areas most

exposed to solar radiation. The required liquidity can be provided to these

companies from the damaged pavement resources in the governorate (funds

being paid by companies wishing to dig part of the roads for the installation of

some facilities such as communication cables).




Table 20 - Details of “A Unified road maintenance plan” programme




Local oases roads, Awlad Mosah road in Atfih, and Wadye road in Al-Saff district

NA

Policy Tools


Utilizing national level expertise (private companies)




100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


Set conditions for the required specifications and quality

Continuous assessment of the effectiveness of private companies in road maintenance

Considering the possibility of including a guarantee on the quality of the pavement in the contract terms according to what is typically done in the procurement procedures in the governorate

Programme (11) - Painting of buildings’ facades:

The programme aims to paint the facades of buildings lacking this service,

and accordingly reduces the impact of high temperatures by increasing the

reflection of solar radiation.

The programme also includes roof insulation using waterproofing by adding a

bitumen layer first, using thermal insulation sheets of foam, sand, and finally

tiles (mostly light gray).

The main objective of this programme is to reach the most vulnerable groups,

especially those that spend a lot of time at home such as the elderly, infants,

patients and young children (in schools).

The programme must be implemented in urban areas suffering from thermal

stress and low cooling effects.




Table 21 - Details of the “Painting of buildings’ facades” programme




Mainly in Urban areas with rural nature (e.g. Bulaq Dakrour, Kerdasa and Al Warraq), with the most sensitive areas being studied and focused.

440 - 500 EGP / square meter not including the cost of scaffolding

Policy Tools





100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level

Can be re-applied in other

governorates

National Level

Local Level


Utilize the pilot-programme to gain experience and overcome barriers encountered

Expanding the programme to include other areas and buildings

Programme (12) - Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting:

There are two main Governorate buildings: “Al-Diwan Al Aam”, and the

“Marasem” building.

The purpose of the programme is to transform “Al-Diwan Al Aam” building for

the use of LED lamps. This building needs 600 ceiling lights, each one

contains 2 bulbs each 120 cm, in addition to 350 ceiling lights containing 150

cm bulbs and 80 spots.

As for the “Marasem” building, it is an old building so it is not preferred to

make any changes, and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) are already used

there.




Table 22 - Details of the “Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting” programme


Conserve resources



‘Al-Diwan Al Aam” Building

About 200-300 thousand EGP for 600 ceiling lights with 2 bulbs each 120 cm

About 95 - 120 thousand EGP for 350 ceiling lights with 150 cm bulbs

About 4000 - 5500 EGP for the number of 80 spots.

Total: about 300-400 thousand EGP

Policy Tools




100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level

Can be re-applied in other

governorates

National Level

Local Level




Utilize the programme and use it to spread awareness to encourage citizens to use LED lamps

Expanding the programme to the headquarters of local administration buildings in districts, villages, and “Ahyaa”

Replace bulbs at the end of their life span and allocate budget for that

Programme 13 - Use of solar energy in street lighting:

It is proposed to use solar energy in the lighting of 230 lamp posts in the road

of Al-Libeeny, 230 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Omraniya district,

57 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Haram district, 150 lamp posts in

khatem Al-Morseleen street, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs, 223

lamp posts of Faisal Street lit up also by LED bulbs, and 15 lamp posts in

Sakyet Mekky.




Table 23 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in street lighting” programme


Conserve resources



1- 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny,

2- 230 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Omraniya district,

3- 57 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Haram district,

4- 150 lamp posts in khatem Al-Morseleen street, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs,

5- 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street lit up also by LED bulbs,

6- 15 lamp posts in Sakyet Mekky.

1- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny

2- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts of Al-Haram street, Al-Omraniya district

3- Total 500 - 650 thousand EGP for 57 lamp posts of the Al-Haram street, Al-Haram district

4- Total 1 -1.5 million EGP for 150 lamp posts in the road of Khatem Al-Morsaleen, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs

5- Total 1.5 - 2 million EGP for 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street, also illuminated by LED bulbs

6- Total 100 - 200 thousand EGP 15 lamp posts for Sakyet Mekky

Total: 7-9.5 million EGP

Policy Tools


Attracting foreign Investment





100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


After the completion of the first phase, the development of the programme and how to overcome the barriers encountered should be studied

Benefiting from the pilot-programme and its use in spreading awareness to encourage citizens to use solar panels in homes

Expand the programme to other streets

Training engineers and technicians on the maintenance of solar systems and commitment to the required periodic maintenance

Replace bulbs at the end of their life span and provide budget for that

Programme (14) - Improve drainage systems of main tunnels:

There are some local efforts to rehabilitate the tunnels to resist floods and

rainwater drainage, which are implemented in the following tunnels in Giza

Governorate: Murad Tunnel, Haram Tunnel and the 26th of July Tunnel. The

programme aims to rehabilitate the other vital tunnels in the governorate such

as: Al-Aetamedyah Tunnel, Nahia Tunnel, Kafr El Hanouda Tunnel, Saft El

Laban Tunnel, and Orabi Tunnel in the airport direction.




Table 24 - Details of the “Improve drainage systems of main tunnels” programme





Al-Aetamedyah Tunnel, Nahia Tunnel, Kafr El Hanouda Tunnel, Saft El Laban Tunnel, and Orabi Tunnel in the airport direction.

Approximate Cost per Tunnel:

Lift room: 5 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 10 thousand EGP

Lift water pump: 40 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 80 thousand EGP

Pipes: 100 EGP per meter * 150-300 meters long = 15 - 30 thousand EGP

Total cost of the tunnel: 105-120 thousand EGP

Total cost of 5 tunnels: 500 - 600 thousand EGP

Policy Tools





100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


Extending the programme to include other tunnels that are subject to the same problems

Periodic maintenance of the tunnels to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span

Water Resources, Irrigation, and Water and Sewage Services 5.3.5

Programme (15) - Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and

pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots:

There are two types of plans in the wastewater projects namely: 1) investment

plans, and 2) plans for rehabilitation and renewal.

In general, the Giza Water and Wastewater Company is engaged in

maintenance, rehabilitation and renewal projects. These projects are often

included in the budget of Giza Water and Wastewater Company. However,

the Holding Company can contribute to financing them if the financial

resources are insufficient. With insufficient current resources to implement the

required projects, the programme proposes that the governorate should help

finance some projects through the grants it acquires.

As for the investment plans which include the new projects, they will be

funded and implemented by the “Construction Authority for Potable Water and

Wastewater”, and the governorate can also contribute to the financing of

some investment plan projects if the financial resources are insufficient due to

the limited resources of the authority.

Coordination with Giza Water and Wastewater Company is currently

underway so that they prioritize specific rehabilitation and renewal wastewater

projects in the hot spots (see Section 3).






Table 25 - Details of “Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the

wastewater treatment plants in hot spots” programme





Hot spots in wastewater Sector (see Section 3) Has not been identified yet2

Policy Tools


Involving the private sector

Attracting foreign funding



100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


Periodic maintenance required for new networks and pumping stations and follow-up maintenance work

Coordination between the governorate and Giza Water and Wastewater Company so that the steering team representative of the Giza Water and Wastewater Company informs the governorate at the beginning of the fiscal year about the projects that need to be implemented and does not have funding

Programme 16 - Improving the water distribution network to improve

service delivery and reduce leakage losses:

As mentioned in the previous programme, there is an investment plan and a

rehabilitation and renewal plan for both the drinking water and wastewater

sectors.

The programme suggests that the governorate assist in the financing of some

projects related to drinking water through the grants it acquires. The following

projects have been selected as a first stage as they have not yet been

included in the financial 2018/2019 implementation plan of the “Construction

Authority for Potable Water and Wastewater”.

1. Faisal Street: Replacement of 400 mm diameter line parallel to Al-

Bakari drain from King Faisal Street to the 300 mm line at Ali Al-Haddad

Street with a diameter of 1200 mm and length of 3371 m.

2 The cost of rehabilitation and renewal projects in hot spots in the wastewater sector has not yet

been determined until the time this framework was issued



2. Boulak El Dakrour / Saft El Laban: Replacement of a 1000 mm

diameter line in Saft Al Laban Street between the two 1000 mm lines

with a line of 1200 mm / length 207 m.

3. Al Ayyat / Nasiriyah Village: Implementation of Line 4 with a 1-

kilometer length to connect the Ezbet Arab Ghonaim Al-Sharqwa

network to the main line in Al-Nasiriyah village.

4. Al-Ayyat/Kafr Hamid: Implementation of pumping station in the Kafr

Hamid treatment station so that the output of the second phase reaches

30 thousand m3/day.

5. Al-Ayyat/Mait Al-Qaed: Implementing a pumping station at station of

Mait Al-Qaed treatment station with a capacity of 919 m3/day.

6. Al-Ayyat/Kafr Girza: Implementing a pumping station in Kafr Girza

station with a capacity of 2000 m3/day.




Table 26 - Details of the “Improving the water distribution network to improve service delivery and

reduce leakage losses” programme





1- Faisal Street 2. Bulaq El Dakrour district / Saft El Laban 3. Al Ayyat / Nasiriyah village 4. Ayyat / Kafr Hamid 5. Al Ayyat / Mait Al Qaed 6. Al Ayyat / Kafr Girza

1- About 13 million EGP 2. About 800 thousand EGP 3. About 600 thousand EGP 4. About 11 million EGP 5. About 900 thousand EGP 6. About 2 million EGP

Policy Tools


Involving the private sector in funding vital projects


100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


Periodic maintenance required for new networks and pumping stations and following-up maintenance work

Coordination between the governorate and Giza Water and Wastewater Company so that the steering team representative of the Giza Water and Wastewater Company informs the governorate at the beginning of the fiscal year about the



projects that need to be implemented and does not have funding

Coordination between the governorate and the “Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW)” at the beginning of the fiscal year to inform the governorate of the projects to be implemented and does not have funding

Programme (17) – Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption

conservation:

An awareness campaign for water conservation between Giza Governorate

and the Water and Wastewater Water Company is currently being renewed.

However, this time it can be implemented more widely to target more

consumers. It is proposed to print brochures to accompany monthly water bills

to reach all the 700,000 official subscribers in Giza.

Printing more coloring books and stories in addition to school books that are

designed to raise awareness of water conservation. This is to be distributed

for free in schools or even sold at nominal prices in libraries.




Table 27 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption conservation”

programme


Conserve resources



Throughout the governorate with a focus on the following areas where the existing awareness campaign has not been reached: Mansoureya, Ezbet Abdul Samad, Munira Sharqiya, Abdulla Khalifa, Faisal, Kafr Tahmas, Qusabji, Moneeb, Tersa, Manial Shiha, Shubramant, Bani Yusuf, , Zawiya, Dahshur, Mazgouna, Najwa Arabs, Arabs of Siege, Arab Obeida, Kafr Turki, Kafr Tarkhan, Zawiya Abu Sweilem, Barghouthi, Qaturi, Kafr Jarza, Qababat, Kafr Al-Waselin, Alreka Al-kebliah, Mensha’et Soilman

Approximately 2 million EGP for the number of 500.000 pamphlets

About 150 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 coloring books

About 550 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 picture stories

About EGP 1.25 million for 700,000 handbooks

Policy Tools


Appropriate awareness of all age groups


100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level




Expanding the programme to other regions

Renew these campaigns every two years to ensure that they reach the largest number and ensure their effectiveness and access to any new comers to these areas

Tourism sector 5.3.6

Programme (18) - Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the

damage of the monuments:

In order to preserve the archaeological areas from damage due to high

temperature and humidity, continuous measurements and follow-ups within

the archaeological tombs, especially that are open for visitors, should be done

to measure the relative humidity and temperature using digital equipment that

can store readings.

It is also proposed to follow up on the fluctuation of water content through the

distribution of a network of Piezometers with electronic devices to measure

the fluctuation of ground water and devices to measure water content within

the rock layers.

In addition, it is proposed to purchase “cracks monitoring devices” in the

Saqqara area specifically because it is characterized by high clay content

(which is easily affected by shrinkage) in addition to its high groundwater

level.

Wind monitoring equipment are also required to determine the wind direction

and speed and thus determine the location and design of windbreaks to

protect the monuments.

It is also required to purchase measuring equipment with beeper inside

archaeological facilities (especially the closed ones) to measure the harmful

gases in the archaeological tombs, such as carbon dioxide or sulfur oxides

The maintenance team in each area belonging to the General Authority for

Antiquities should be responsible for maintaining these devices, and there

shall be a maintenance programme for all devices on a seasonal basis.






Table 28 - Details of the “Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the

monuments” programme





Al Ahram and Saqqara area (first stage)

- One million EGP for 80 devices to monitor the temperature and humidity inside the tombs - 100 thousand EGP for 8 devices for cracks - 200 thousand EGP for 2 wind measuring device - 40 thousand EGP for 40 devices to monitor the gases inside the tombs

Policy Tools


Involving national bodies in project design within the governorate


100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


After the completion of the first phase, the effectiveness of the programme and how to overcome the problems encountered are assessed

Extending the programme to any other archaeological areas

Periodical maintenance of devices to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span

Programme 19 - Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and

disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs:

To maintain a safe level of temperature and humidity inside the tombs, a

ventilation system and moisture absorption system should be employed.

Fixed ventilation projects can be used for important places that have frequent

tourist visits such as the pyramids of Giza and Saqqara and some tombs in

both regions

The fixed ventilation system depends on the installation of two fans with

capacities suitable for the number of visitors with the extension of pipes with

openings at a distance proportional to the length of the line. This system

operates automatically when the humidity or temperature reaches the unsafe

limits.

A portable ventilation unit can be used when needed, through which the air

intake can be controlled with a humidity sensor.

The dehumidification devices inside the archaeological sites are either using

traditional devices of moisture absorption or non-conventional devices that

use modern technologies.



Finally, to eliminate biological damage, it is proposed to use portable devices

which use ozone gas.




Table 29 - Details of the “Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological

damage within archaeological tombs” programme


Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the effects of climate change



Al Ahram and Saqqara area (first stage)

EGP 2.5 million for 5 fixed ventilation units

200 thousand EGP for 10 mobile ventilation units

600 thousand EGP for 40 moisture absorption devices, a device for each tomb (or can reach up to 8 million EGP for some modern technologies)

500 thousand EGP for the two ozone units

Policy Tools


Involving national bodies in project design within the governorate


100% local?

100% national?


Local Level

National Level


National Level

Local Level


After the completion of the first phase, the effectiveness of the programme and how to overcome the problems encountered are assessed

Extending the programme to any other archaeological areas

Periodical maintenance of installed devices to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span



Summary of programmes to be implemented / supervised by the governorate 5.3.7

Executive Summary of Programmes 5.3.7.1

The following table shows the executive summary of all programmes proposed to be implemented. The Table thus

presents the proposed programmes in each sector, the implementing bodies, in addition to the approximate cost, and

the nominated areas for the first phase of each programme:

Table 30 - Executive summary of programmes

Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme

Approximate cost of the first phase

Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector

The new desert lands such as Al-Saf, Atfih, Al Ayat, Manshat Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Boulak, Badrashin and Al-Bahr, are easier to implement because of the consolidation of land tenure and the possibility of unifying cultivated crops. (In addition to the absence of basic problems not related to climate change like drainage problems for example)

1-3 million EGP for the first stage according to the scope of the research and the number of crops

Directorate of Agriculture, Giza Governorate

Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)

Agricultural Guidance Staff

1. Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector

Agriculture


100 – 200 thousand EGP Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA)



2. Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change


2.5 – 3 million LE for the first phase

Meteorological Authority (EMA)



3. Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector






All districts, but it is proposed to start with Al-Qanater, Al-Saf, and Badrashin.

50 thousand EGP for the first stage (by training 300 farmers in each of the 10 districts)


Agricultural Guidance authority

Mobile application developers

NGOs sponsoring mobile phone applications

4. Training farmers to use mobile phone applications

Pilot programme: It is preferable to start in 3 regions with a large area and where there is fragmentation of the property (examples: Atfih, Manshaat al-Qanater, Badrashin)

Assuming 500 acres for -pilot programme: 12-20 million EGP + 300 thousand EGP for a study to design the programme at the county level

Giza Governorate

Investors in the agriculture sector

Coordination with the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

5. Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields

Abu Rawash Industrial zone (a pilot programme including Evergrow Fertilizers, Mobica, Cemex Ready Mix Concrete, Kia Motors companies)

150-200 thousand EGP for the pilot programme

+ 100 thousand EGP for a study to design the programme at the industrial zone level

An initiative from Giza Governorate in cooperation with the Central Administration of Abu Rawash Industrial Zone and ENCPC affiliated to the Ministry of Trade and Industry

6. Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy conservation

Industry

All the hospitals and health units in the governorate, especially the public hospitals (in the first stage): Umm Al Masrien, Bulaq Dakrur, Tahrir, Embaba, Um Al-Atbaa, Al Burjil, Embaba hospital for fevers, Embaba hospital for respiratory diseases, Al Warraq Island, Badrasheen, Sheikh Zayed, , Abu Al-Nomros, Al-

No cost It is activated by the Governor or the Deputy Governor

7. Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the cases caused by climate change

Health






Hawamdiyah, Al-Ayyat, Al-Saff, Atfah, Al-Wahat, Osim, Badrashin, Ayat, Al-Saff, Meniyat Al-Ayyat, Meniyat Al-Saff, Werdan, Menshat-Al Qanater, Central October Hospital)

Booklets and video presentations: Large government hospitals such as Um El Masrien, Boulaq El Dakrour, Tahrir, Embaba, Badrashin, Central Hospital in October + Health units in Badrashin, Oases and Dokki Female Rural leaders: villages and informal settlements in Ard Al-Lewaa, Embaba, Hawamdiyah, the church in Omraniyah, Osim, al-Warraq, Abu al-Nomros, Al- Saff, Mansheyat Al-Qanater, Sixth District in 6th of October

Booklets: 800 thousand – 1 million EGP to print 500 thousand pamphlets

Video: 10 - 20 thousand EGP + 400 thousand EGP for screens

Female Rural leaders: 35-50 thousand EGP at the governorate level

Directorate of Health, Giza Governorate

The Health Culture Department at the Directorate of Health in Giza

Rural women leaders in rural areas and informal settlements

Companies specializing in advertising

8. Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change

Al-Saff: Askar, Al-Fawaz, Ghamazi Alkobrah, Al-Dasmi Atfih: Bani Saleh and Kraymant Al Ayat: Jerza and Al-Mutaniyah Oases: Bani Obaid, Guevara, Farafra

Al-Saff, Atfih, and Al-Ayyat: 12 million EGP

Oases: 3 million EGP

Roads and Transport Directorate, Giza Governorate

Specialized contracting companies

9. Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways

Urban Sector and Infrastructure

Local oases roads, Awlad Mosah road in Atfih, and Wadye road in Al-Saff district

No cost Governor: Issuing the decision

Roads and Transport Directorate, Giza Governorate: Supervision

Private companies: Execution

10. A unified road maintenance plan






Mainly in Urban areas with rural nature (e.g. Bulaq Dakrour, Kerdasa and Al Warraq), with the most sensitive areas being studied and focused.

440 - 500 EGP / square meter not including the cost of scaffolding

Informal Settlement Development Unit in Giza Governorate


11. Painting of buildings’ facades

‘Al-Diwan Al Aam” governorate building About 200-300 thousand EGP for 600 ceiling lights with 2 bulbs each 120 cm

About 95 - 120 thousand EGP for 350 ceiling lights with 150 cm bulbs

About 4000 - 5500 EGP for the number of 80 spot.

Total: about 300-400 thousand EGP

Electricity and Energy department in the governorate

12. Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting

1- 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny,

2- 230 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street, in Al-Amraniya district,

3- 57 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street, in Al-Haram district,

4- 150 lamp posts in khatem Al-Morseleen street, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs,

5- 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street lit up also by LED bulbs,

6- 15 lamp posts in Sakayt Mekky.

1- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny

2- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts of Al-Haram street, Al-Omraniya district

3- Total 500 - 650 thousand EGP for 57 lamp posts of the Al-Haram street, Al-Haram district

4- Total 1 -1.5 million EGP for 150 lamp posts in the road of Khatem Al-Morsaleen, which is mainly illuminated by LED

Electricity and Energy department in the governorate


13- Use of solar energy in street lighting






bulbs 5- Total 1.5 - 2 million

EGP for 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street, also illuminated by LED bulbs

6- Total 100 - 200 thousand EGP 15 lamp posts for Sakyet Mekky

Total: 7-9.5 million EGP

Al-Aetamedyah Tunnel, Nahia Tunnel, Kafr El Hanouda Tunnel, Saft El Laban Tunnel, and Orabi Tunnel in the airport direction

Approximate Cost per Tunnel

Lift room: 5 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 10 thousand EGP

Lifting water pump: 40 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 80 thousand EGP

Pipes: 100 EGP per meter * 150-300 meters long = 15 - 30 thousand EGP

Total cost of the tunnel: 105-120 thousand EGP

Total cost of 5 tunnels: 500 - 600 thousand EGP

Roads and Transport Directorate in Giza

14- Improve drainage systems of main tunnels

Hot spots in Sewage Sector Has not been identified yet Construction Authority For Potable Water and Wastewater (CAPW)

15- Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks

Water Resources, Irrigation,






Water and Wastewater Water Company in Giza

and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots

Water and Sewage Services

1- Faisal Street 2. Bulaq El Dakrour district / Saft El Laban 3. Al Ayyat / Nasiriyah village 4. Ayyat / Kafr Hamid 5. Al Ayyat / Mait Al Qaed6. Al Ayyat / Kafr Girza

1- About 13 million EGP 2. About 800 thousand EGP 3. About 600 thousand EGP 4. About 11 million EGP 5. About 900 thousand EGP 6. About 2 million EGP

Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW)


16- Improving the water distribution network to improve service delivery and reduce leakage losses

Throughout the governorate with a focus on the following areas where the existing awareness campaign has not been reached: Mansuriya, Ezbet Abdul Samad, Munira Sharqiya, Abdulla Khalifa, Faisal, Kafr Tahmas, Qusabji, Moneeb, Tersa, Manial Shiha, Shubramant, Bani Yusuf, , Zawiya, Dahshur, Mazgouna, Najwa Arabs, Arabs of Siege, Arab Obeida, Kafr Turki, Kafr Tarkhan, Zawiya Abu Sweilem, Barghouthi, Qaturi, Kafr Jarza, Qababat, Kafr Al-Waselin, Alreka Al-kebliah, Menshat Soilman

Approximately 2 million EGP for the number of 500.000 pamphlets

About 150 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 coloring books

About 550 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 picture stories

About LE 1.25 million for 700,000 handbooks


17- Raising citizens' awareness about the water consumption conservation

Al-Ahram and Saqqara area One million EGP for 80 devices to monitor the temperature and humidity inside the tombs

100 thousand EGP for 8 devices for cracks

200 thousand EGP for 2 wind measuring device

General Authority for Antiquities

18- Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the monuments

Tourism






40 thousand EGP for 40 devices to monitor the gases inside the tombs

Al-Ahram and Saqqara area 5 million LE for 5 fixed ventilation units

200 thousand EGP for 10 mobile ventilation units

600 thousand EGP for 40 moisture absorption devices, so as to install a device for each cemetery (can reach up to 8 million EGP for some modern technologies)

500 thousand EGP for the two ozone units

General Authority for Monuments

19- Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs

Additional details are displayed in the annexes. Annex 1 presents three examples of monitoring, reporting, verification for three

programmes from three different sectors: agriculture, health and industry. Examples of the preparation of an action plan for the

programmes included in the strategy are also presented in Annex 2 so that the Steering Team of the Governorate can identify the

specific steps required to achieve the objective of each programme. The same programmes considered in Annex 1 were selected

to ensure that they are integrated examples to be used as a guide for other programmes. As for Annex 3, it contains maps of the

districts and “Ahyaa”, indicating the programmes proposed for each city, “Hay” or village. It also contains a combined map of all the

districts together, as well as a map of the governorate as a whole.



Programme Classification Summary 5.3.7.2

The following diagram shows the summary of the classification of programme

implementation (local efforts, national efforts, local-national efforts):

Figure 14 – Summary of programme implementation classification

The following is a summary of the classification of the possibility of expanding the

scope of the programme and the percentage of each type (from local to national

level, re-application in other governorates, or from national to local level):

Figure 15 - Summary of programme expansion classification

0%

50% 50% 100% national

100% local

local-national efforts

43%

49%

8%

Programme scope can beexpanded from local level tonational level

Programme scope can beexpandend to othergovernorates

Proposed programme ispart of a nationalprogramme that can beimplemented on a locallevel



The following table shows the summary of the programme cost classification. In

addition, the following figure shows the percentage of each cost category:

Table 31 - Summary of programme cost classification

Programme No

Cost

Low cost (less than 1 million EGP)

Medium cost (1-5 million

EGP)

High cost (more than 5 million EGP)

Agriculture Sector

1. Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector

2. Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change

3. Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector

4. Training farmers to use mobile phone applications

5. Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields

Industry Sector

6. Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy conservation

Health Sector

7. Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the cases caused by climate change

8. Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change

Female Rural Leaders:

Videos & Brochures:


9. Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways

10. A unified road maintenance plan

11. Painting of buildings’ facades

12. Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting

13. Use of solar energy in street lighting: 1- 230 lamp posts in Lebiny road 2. 230 lamp posts in Al-Haram street Al-Omraniya district 3. 57 lamp posts of Al-Haram Street, Haram district 4. 150 lamp posts in Khatem Al-Morsaleen Road which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs 5. 223 lamp posts for Faisal Street also lit by LED bulbs 6. 15 lamp posts for the Saqyet

3 . 6 .

1. 2 . 4 . 5 .



Programme No

Cost

Low cost (less than 1 million EGP)

Medium cost (1-5 million

EGP)

High cost (more than 5 million EGP)

Mekki

14. Improve drainage systems of main tunnels

Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services Sector

15. Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots

3

16. Improving the water distribution network to improve service delivery and reduce leakage losses: 1. Replacement of a line parallel to Al-Bakari drain from King Faisal Street to Al Haddad Street 2. Hish Boulak El Dakrour / Saft El Laban 3. Connecting the network of Ezbet Arab Ghneim Al-Sharqwa in the main line of the village of Nasiriyah 4. Pumping station Kafr Hamid 5. Pumping station of the dead commander 6. Pumping station Kafr Girza

2. 3. 5.

6. 1. 4.

17. Raising citizens' awareness about the water consumption conservation

Tourism Sector

18. Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the monuments

19. Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs

3 The cost of rehabilitation and renewal projects in hot spots in the wastewater sector has not yet

been determined until the time this framework was issued



Figure 16 – Summary of programme cost classification

The above figure shows that most programmes will be of low to medium cost,

while there will only be two programmes at no cost, and high-cost programmes

will account for 15% of the total number of programmes.

Existing National / Local efforts to be Pursued / 5.4

Strengthened by Giza Governorate

As indicated in section 5.2, the study of the nominated programmes shows that

some of these programmes are currently being implemented or studied at the

national level. Therefore, in the current situation, no alternative proposals can be

made. The governorate is committed to monitoring the development of these

programmes/studies, and integrating them into the annual update of the strategy.

At the local level, there are ongoing efforts that the governorate will actively

enhance as it is consistent with its strategic policies. The following sections

provide some details on the existing national and local efforts and the strategic

policy that matches with each.

Multi-Sectoral 5.4.1

1- A National Interactive Map showing the Impacts of Climate Change

on Different Sectors:

Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level

A project is under implementation at the national level (including Giza

governorate) in cooperation with the Military Survey Authority, the Egyptian

Meteorological Authority (EMA) and the Institute of Climate Change of the

7%

39%

39%

15%

No Cost

Low

Medium

High



Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation to develop an interactive map

predicting the impacts of climate change (including rise of sea level, heat

waves, floods, storms, wind, and other impacts) on all sectors until 2100.

The main objective of this map is to help decision-makers take the right

decisions, including selecting lands for projects before implementing any new

project.

The duration of the project is 3 years. It is recommended that Giza

Governorate follows up on this project and request that it is included among

the governorates for which a detailed model will be developed.

This project is in line with the strategic policy: Preserve the sources and

assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change

Health Sector 5.4.2

2- Establishing a Computerized Database in the Health Sector:


This programme is currently active in the health sector to record the personal

data and health status of each patient who needs to enter the hospital and

spend time there in a computerized database.

This project is being circulated in all governorates including Giza, and the next

step is to integrate outpatients of the external clinics into this database.

This programme will contribute to the monitoring of climate change related

diseases and thus assess the effectiveness of programme 7 and programme

8 mentioned above.

These efforts are in line with the strategic policy: Protect the citizens from the

health impacts of climate change


3- Initiative of the Informal Settlement Development Fund (ISDF) to

improve Living Standards in Unplanned Areas:


ISDF is currently collaborating with the United Nations Human Settlements

Programme (UN-Habitat) to classify unplanned areas in Egypt into 6-7 groups

(that have not yet been specified) to identify appropriate intervention

measures in these areas.

Preliminary consultations, however, indicate the inclusion of the legal aspect,

the state of the physical environment, the structural, the proportion of spaces,

the existence of services (water, health systems, etc.) and the

appropriateness of living in such the settlements.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) will then be used to map these areas

and provide initial indicators of their requirements. Accordingly, the ISDF will



decide on the required intervention mechanisms, whether this area needs to

be developed or facilities need to be improved, etc.

Giza governorate can benefit from the ISDF's financing if it chooses to work in

an unplanned area listed in the ISDF's list after the classification is completed.

Projects that can be financed by the ISDF in these areas include paving,

façade coatings, improving of water and sewerage systems, and others.

This project is in line with strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure and Services

to adapt to Climate Change

4- Initiative of ISDF to eliminate Unsafe Areas:


The ISDF classifies unsafe areas to four degrees in terms of intervention

priority as follows:

1. Areas whose residents are exposed to life-threatening conditions such

as floods, mountain glides, rail accidents as well as encroachment on

state property or private property (this category does not exist in Giza

governorate)

2. Areas consisting of dwellings constructed using waste of building

materials or bricks or on land with unsuitable soil for construction, or

dilapidated or damaged dwellings

3. Areas that threaten public health due to lack of water or sanitation

services, located in high industrial pollution areas, or arose under high

pressure cables

4. Areas that threaten stability due to the lack of stable tenure of

residents, which means that the inhabitant does not have a title to the

property, where Initiative of ISDF interferes to legitimize their status with

the governorate

ISDF works to eliminate unsafe urban areas in 2018 and relocate its residents

to new housing according to the government plan.

For the second classification of the unsafe areas mentioned above (which

includes most insecure areas in Giza governorate), ISDF has contracted with

consultants to develop a detailed outline of these areas including the state of

water, sewerage, electricity and natural gas networks to increase the

efficiency of these networks if necessary. This conservative scheme must be

approved by the governor to ensure that it fits the nature of the governorate.

The ISDF then provides technical and financial support to eliminate unsafe

buildings. The ISDF facilitates the necessary procedures for obtaining

demolition permits in agreement with the governorate. The ISDF also pays

license fees, demolition and disposal costs.



ISDF transfers all funds to the governorate, and the governorate distributes

these funds to areas where citizens need support. The outline should also

include the status of water, sewerage, electricity and natural gas networks to

increase the efficiency of these networks if necessary.

Residents of insecure areas are among the most vulnerable to the adverse

effects of climate change as previously mentioned, and therefore this initiative

is in line with strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure and Services to adapt to

Climate Change.

5- Rainwater Drainage in some Main Tunnels:

Scope of efforts: Efforts at the local level

There are some local efforts to rehabilitate tunnels to resist floods and

rainwater drainage, and are currently being implemented in the following

tunnels in Giza Governorate: Murad Tunnel, Haram Tunnel and the 26th of

July Tunnel. These tunnels were initially set up in vital areas and many

complaints were received.

It is recommended to expand the scope of those efforts (e.g.: programme 14

above) and to maintain continuous maintenance.

These efforts are consistent with the strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure

and Services to adapt to Climate Change.

6- Detailed Plan for Solid Waste Management in the Governorate:


In accordance with the Prime Minister's decree in 2015, the Waste

Management Regulatory Authority (WMRA), in cooperation with the National

Solid Waste Management Programme (NSWMP), is developing a detailed

outline for waste management in all governorates.

The outline includes three main phases:

o Assessment of the current situation (number of collection equipment

and landfill status) and current problems

o Alternatives and suggestions for improvement and conservation

requirements including equipment, number of landfills, capacities and

others.

o Financial budget based on the outline

A plan of urgent action to solve problems in all governorates will be

developed.

For Giza governorate, the first phase of the outline has been completed, while

the second phase will be completed in November 2018.

It is recommended to monitor the developments of this outline. In addition, it is

recommended to request allocating a piece of land from the "National Agency

for the Uses of State Land" to be a landfill and a waste recycling plant in the

governorate.





Water Resources Sector, Irrigation and Water and Sanitation 5.4.4

Services

7- Awareness Initiative for Water Conservation:


The largest awareness initiative for rationalizing water consumption was

implemented through an agreement between Giza Governorate and the

Water and Wastewater Company in Giza. It was launched in March 2018 for 3

months under the supervision of the Governor. Prior to this campaign, the

Giza Water and Wastewater Company was coordinating with each

governorate directorate separately.

During the initiative, rural female leaders have raised awareness about water

conservation among housewives. For elementary and middle school students,

competitions were organized during the morning queue in schools, and the

winners were given picture stories and coloring books with messages to

encourage water conservation. In addition, school books with water

conservation covers were printed and distributed. The campaign was

mentored on a daily basis by reporting, sending pictures and videos to ensure

that these campaigns took place.

This initiative reached about 2.5 million beneficiaries out of a total of about 8

million citizens in the governorate. It has also contributed to the broadening of

the audience compared to the separate coordination with each Directorate,

which was done before the initiative. For example, the initiative included both

public and private schools and primary and middle school students, rather

than government schools and primary school students only before the

initiative.

In this regard, it is recommended that this initiative be continuously renewed.

This initiative is consistent with strategic policy: Conserve resources.

8- Providing Sewerage services to deprived and Informal Areas:


The following wastewater treatment plants are currently being implemented in

the governorate:

o A sewage treatment plant is finalized at Atfih with a capacity of 34,000

m3/day. The plant has been completed and the network works are

under construction.

o Sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 46,000 m3 / day in Al-Saff.

o A sewage treatment plant in Al-Ayat with a capacity of 28,000 m3/day.



o An expansion of the Abu Rawash plant with a capacity of 400,000

m3/day was agreed upon, with a total capacity of 1,600,000 m3/ day.

In addition, the Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater

(CAPW) is currently doing some efforts to provide sewerage services to the

deprived and informal areas. The following table shows the projects currently

under way.

As a result of the shortage of sewerage facilities in Giza governorate, due to

the inability of the Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater

(CAPW) to provide financial resources to implement all required projects, it is

recommended that the governorate also contribute to the financing of some

investment plan projects if funding is available. As was recommended in

Programme 15 regarding coordination with the Water and Wastewater

Company in Giza, it is recommended here to have coordination with the

Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW) at the

beginning of the fiscal year, to identify projects that do not have funding in

their budget.



Table 32 - Projects currently being implemented by the Construction Authority for Potable Water &

Wastewater (CAPW) for deprived areas in Giza governorate

No. Project Name Expected End date

Total Completion Percentage

Expected Cost (million EGP)

1 Sewage in Wardan, Berkash and Abu Ghaleb (additional works on the order of support of the villages of Bartos, Sikil and Caratine at a cost of 60 million for the original support order)

30-6-2019 Berkash 50% Wardan 10% Ghaleb 8%

100

2 Sewage Nqla, Al-Akksas and Kafr Hegazi (Manshat Al-Qanater and its neighborhood)

30-6-2018 Kafr Hegazi 99% Al-Akksas 85%

90

3 Sewage of deprived areas in Nqla

For available networks 10%, 1.5 Km were implemented from total of 4 km with 37% completion percentage

52

4 Sewage of city of Al- Ayat 30-6-2018 86% 150

5 Sewage of villages of Tahma and Mait Al Qaed with high groundwater level

30-6-2019 40% 50

6 Sewage of Atfih 30-6-2018 100% 435

7 Tree forests in Atfih 30-6-2019 98% of original order, remaining works were offered and choosing implementing companies is done and currently

100






finalizing contracts

Complete the work of the tree forest in Atfih

Currently signing contract

8 Sewage of Nazlat al-Ashtar and Zawiya Abu Muslim (Nazlat al-Ashtar 15 million + Zawiya Abu Muslim 18 million according to the order of attribution)

30-6-2019 85% of the available value of the support order

41.4

Completing the sewage works of Nazlat al-Ashtar and Zawiya Abu Muslim

120

9 Sewage of Manial Shiha and Tamwah

30-6-2019 65% construction 90% supplying electrical

82

10 Sewage of Bani Yusuf 30-6-2019 60% 15

11 Investment Zone Facilities 30-6-2018 30% 220

12 Improving Sewage in Andalusia Tarsa

30-12-2018 69% of the contract 17

13 Sewage in Arab Tal Village 30-6-2018 65% 24

14 Sewage in disadvantaged areas in Giza (3) contract

30-6-2018 80% 24.8

15 Sewage in deprived areas in Kerdasa, Giza (4)

30-12-2018 95% 5

16 Sewage in deprived areas of Abu Rawash in Giza (5)

30-12-2018 80% 6.2

17 Sewage Giza (8) in Faisal district

14-12-2018 1% 9.1

18 Sewage Giza (9) in Al-Haram district

30-6-2019 1% 11.4

19 Sewage in deprived areas in Bulaq district of Giza (Giza 01)

30-6-2019 Saft Al-Laban area: 100% of available Al-Ngoom area 12% of available Teraah zanin % Hamfras 10% Embaba Airport area: 100% of available

9.3

20 Sewage in deprived areas of Bulaq district of Giza (Giza 11)

30-6-2019 Embaba Airport area: 100% of available Ashrafieh Basin area: 65% Abdullah Al Nubi area: 95% available

7.8

21 Sewage Nahya village 30-6-2019 90% 110

22 Sewage project City of Al-Saff

31-3-2019 96.2% implemented percentage of the direct order

693

23 Trees forest project in Al-Saff

30-6-2018 50% according to suitable area for cultivation (1000 acres)

30

24 Drainage project in Minya 30-6-2018 98% 200






and Al Sharafa villages

25 Integrated Sewage of Arab Abu Sa'ed village

30-6-2018 98% 22.9

26 Sewage of Al-Hay village 30-6-2018 75%

27 Sewage of Al-kadabh, Kababat and Al-Salhyah

30-6-2019 Total completion rate 10%

300

28 Sewage of Shubak West, Mazgouna, Abu Rajwan and Dahshur Treatment Plant (civil works)

30-6-2018 partial for

waste treatment plant and

Mazgouna, remaining

works by 30-6-2019

Treatment 92% Mazgouna 99% Shubak (main) 85% (side) 25% Abu Rajwan 25%

237

Electromechanical works of Dahshour treatment plant

90% 50

29 Dakhshour sewage - Saqqara – Meit Rahina

90% 131.6

30 Integrated sewerage project for streets and new areas in Bashtil village

25-5-2019 5% 91.5

31 Sewage Umm Henan - and Sheikh Othman

30-6-2019 65% 43.7

32 Sewage of the Sagerah area of Osim

19-2-2019 2% 95.4

33 Sewage of the village of Masjid Musa

15-5-2018 The work drawings are underway and permits are issued for work

100

34 Al-Ayaat Treatment Station with a capacity of 30/60 thousands m

3/day (Al

Rahawi) (Loan)

23-8-2019 8% 385

9- Improve Drinking Water Services for Hot Spots:


Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW) is currently

making some efforts to improve drinking water services for hot spots. The

following table shows the projects currently under way

As recommended in Programme 16, it is also recommended for the

governorate to coordinate with the Construction Authority for Potable Water &

Wastewater (CAPW) at the beginning of the fiscal year to identify projects that

do not have funding in their budget





Table 33 - Projects being implemented by the Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater

(CAPW)to improve drinking water services for the hot spots in Giza governorate



1 Expansion of Gezirat Al-Arab station and its networks with capacity 160 thousand m

3/day

30-6-2018 2%

2 The completion of 8 iron and manganese removal units

No information Available

70%

3 Ground tank and crane in the district of Bulaq Dakrour


80%

4 Al Qanater Water Station 30-6-2018 1% - turbid water lines with a length of 600 meters, 0% water treatment station, 95% civil work, 52% mechanical

5 Launching of the Kiratine water treatment Plant

30-6-2018 80%

6 Launching of the Kiratine water treatment Plant (Ousim district)

30-6-2018 Network and storage number 1: 100%, Storage number 2: 100%. Additional post: 20%

7 Quick completion of networks of Berak el Khyam and Al-Esaili 40 thousand m

3/day

wells of Abar Banhaya

30-6-2018 95% (Connection works remaining)

8 Nahia networks, ground reservoir and 200 m

3/day crane. 40 thousand m

3/day

Abar Banhaya

30-6-2018 87%

9 Quick completion of the Hawamdiyah station

30-6-2018 61%

10 Expansion of Atfih Station 30-6-2018 60%

11 The quick completion of the implementation of the cranes in the Ghamaza Al-Kobra and Nego Al-Arab



10- Use Water-Saving Parts in Sanitary Ware:


The Water and Wastewater Company in Giza presented a complete proposal

to the governorate regarding the installation of water-saving parts in sanitary

ware, starting with governmental departments and mosques in one of the

districts. The experiment will be then evaluated and the idea of expanding the

project to reach houses will be assessed.

In this regard, it is recommended that this proposal be implemented.

These efforts are consistent with strategic policy: Conserve resources



Recommendations from the Local Level to the National 5.5

Level

As indicated in Section 5.2, during the assessment of the nominated

programmes, it was noted that some recommendations need to be delivered to

the ministries concerned in order to overcome obstacles to the

implementation/success of those programmes. These recommendations also

contribute to raising the adaptive capacity of citizens at the country level. The

following table illustrates these recommendations.

Table 34 - Giza governorate recommendations for concerned ministries

No. Recommendation Authority

implementing recommendation

Advantages of Implementing the recommendation

Strategic policy in line with the

recommendation

1) Agriculture Sector

1 Unify cultivated crops, especially in the new desert lands, and provide incentives to farmers to encourage them to do so.

Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation

Facilitate combating plant pests and diseases

Facilitate the use of solar energy in agricultural land


Achieve low-emission development

2) Health Sector

2 Add health risks from climate change impacts to the health database currently being prepared

Ministry of Health and Population

Monitor cases of diseases related to climate change and thus evaluate the effectiveness of programmes designed to prevent the spread of these diseases.

Protect citizens' from the health effects of climate change

3 Add the health risks posed by climate change impacts to the list of diseases recorded in the records of the registry


Record the number of cases and personal data of patients diagnosed with diseases related to climate change through regular visits by the surveillance officer to hospitals and health units. This will enrich the databases currently being prepared by the Ministry


4 Coordination between the Ministry of Health and Population with


Raise awareness of citizens about the expected








recommendation

the Department of Information at the national level in spreading health awareness about the health risks resulting from the impacts of climate change and how to deal with them in the news on television.

health risks and how to deal with them.

Reduce mortality rates and reduce pressure on hospitals and health units

3) Urban Sector and Infrastructure

5 Monitoring the quality of asphalt produced by refineries and complying with national standards.

Ministry of Petroleum

Reduce the rate of road cracking resulting from high temperature

Reduce resulting traffic accidents

Reduce the cost of continuous maintenance of these roads


Protect citizens' health from the effects of climate change

6 Study the division of Egypt into regions, and identify and change the specifications of asphalt used according to the temperature in each region.

General Authority for Roads, Bridges and Land Transport

Reduce the rate of road cracking resulting from high temperature

Reduce resulting traffic accidents

Reduce the cost of continuous maintenance of these roads



7 A law to be issued to obligate each apartment to install a water meter

Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities

Increase citizens' awareness to rationalize water consumption.

Conserve resources

8 Complying with white and light colors that reflect sunlight for building paints by incorporating them into the building code.


Maintaining the health of citizens most affected by climate change, especially those who spend a lot of time indoors, such as the elderly, infants, patients and young children (in schools).


9 Activation of the Green Building Code


Rationalize water and energy consumption and expand the use of renewable energy in the country

Conserve resources

10 The quick implementation of

Ministry of Housing, Utilities

Solve the problems of water shortage in

Improve infrastructure and services to adapt







recommendation

the second phase of the water line of 6

th of October (100

thousand cubic meters / day)

and Urban Communities

the center of the governorate.

to climate change

11 Coordination with the Ministry of Housing to overcome the barriers to the construction of a sewage treatment plant in “Tersa El Balad”, which is scheduled to reach 600,000 m

3/day in

two phases (should be preceded by a decision by the governor to allocate land to the station)


Reduce the proportion of areas deprived of sewerage services


12 Coordinate with the governorate and conduct environmental impact assessment studies and involve the citizens in public consultation sessions before starting the implementation of new sewage treatment plants projects in deprived areas.

Construction Authority for Potable Water and Wastewater

Raise awareness of citizens about the benefits of the new sewage treatment plant projects and the means of mitigation (so as not to repeat the experience of the tertiary sewage treatment plant at the Qanater facility which was approved financially but stopped due to residents’ refusal), in order to reduce the proportion of areas deprived of sanitation services .


Recommendations on the Local Level 5.6

During studying the nominated programmes, it was found out that the

governorate should sponsor some recommendations to assist in the achievement

of strategic policies. Those recommendations are characterized by their cross-

sectoral benefits. The following table illustrates these recommendations.



Table 35 - General recommendations that should be sponsored by Giza governorate

No. Recommendation Advantages of Implementing the Recommendation

Strategic Policy Matching with the

Recommendation

1 Designing and implementing a greening programme in the governorate. Prior to that, one of the departments of the governorate should be assigned to follow up on that vital issue. The programme should work on determining the type of trees that will be cultivated in each region according to the specific climatic characteristics. It is recommended to coordinate that with the Egyptian Meteorological Authority.

Protecting citizens from the direct negative impacts of climate change such as extreme heat waves (and the associated increase in the urban heat island effect in urban areas). For example, use of shade trees such as “Poinciana” help ensure street shading during the summer and reduce direct exposure to solar radiation. In addition, wood trees such as camphor, pine and others can act as wind breakers on the governorate’s borders (in the exact areas recommended by climate studies) and can accordingly limit the exposure of the governorate to the impacts of dust and sand storms.

Protect citizens' health against the impacts of climate change

2 Coordination with the Egyptian Meteorological Authority concerning the increase in the number of meteorological stations in urban areas and other areas

To increase the accuracy of meteorological forecasts at the governorate level and thereby ensure greater efficiency in plans to address extreme weather fluctuations in all sectors


Protect citizens' health from the health effects of climate change

3 Cooperation between the governorate, research institutions and universities to enhance the role of scientific research in finding the causes of problems (such as the emergence of snakes in some villages or how to reduce the effects of urban heat islands in densely populated areas) and finding appropriate solutions. This includes identifying some of the priority research points and directing the students of the Masters and Ph.D.

Finding appropriate solutions to the problems facing the governorate related to climate change





No. Recommendation Advantages of Implementing the Recommendation

Strategic Policy Matching with the

Recommendation

degrees in universities within the governorate to carry out their research

4 Construction of a solar power station with sufficient capacity to illuminate the streets of the governorate instead of adding a solar panel to each lamp post separately

Expand the use of renewable energy in the governorate and reduce the load on the national network

Conserve resources

5 Review contracts related to infrastructure projects to ensure that they take into account resources conservation and waste reuse

To rationalize the consumption of the governorate’s resources and reduce the amount of waste generated from the infrastructure projects

Conserve resources



6. Barriers Expected to be Encountered in Implementing

the Strategy Framework and Recommended Solutions

Section 4.2 explained the barriers that may face the adoption of the proposed

strategic policies by the Governorate. Accordingly, different policy tools have

been proposed to address those barriers and different programmes have been

designed as discussed in Section 5. In this section, the barriers that may face the

efficient implementation of the strategy framework are presented. Accordingly,

some solutions will be proposed to overcome those barriers.

Barriers Expected to be Encountered in the 6.1

Implementation of the Strategy Framework

The Strategy Implementation Manager is not defined: Programmes

included in the strategy framework contain many stakeholders, and most

programmes focus on a particular sector. Therefore, the absence of a specific

director responsible for implementing the overall strategy framework in

accordance with the timeframe and the connection between all sectors may

lead to the disruption of programme implementation with the required

efficiency.

Additional burdens for governorate staff: The listed programmes may be a

burden on the governorate staff as additional work.

Several non-affiliated stakeholders: Some programmes include different

entities (e.g. Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Agricultural Research

Institute, General Authority for Antiquities, etc.). Therefore, there may be

some inconsistencies in the responsibilities between these agencies and the

governorate in implementing the programmes.

Problems of effective monitoring and follow-up of programmes: The

overall strategy framework contains a variety of interdisciplinary programmes.

Without a strict system of monitoring and follow-up of various programmes

and implementing entities, it is difficult to ensure effective communication

between the governorate and the different parties, which will inevitably lead to

poor implementation efficiency.

Ensuring sustainability: In the case of transfer of some governorate

employees who have experience and knowledge about the strategy from their

positions, or in the case of their pre-occupation with other burdens, this may

cause a loss of a large part of the knowledge and experience. This threatens

the continuity of the implementation of the strategy with the required

efficiency. In addition, since most of the proposed programmes are short-term

programmes, there may be some barriers to proposing an integrated image of

the new programmes on an ongoing and sustainable basis.



Recommended Solutions 6.2

The following table shows the proposed solutions for the barriers discussed

above:

Table 36 - Proposed Solutions to address the barriers that may face efficient implementation of the

strategy framework

Barrier Recommended Solutions

The strategy Implementation Manager is not specified

Identify a member of the governorate’s senior management to oversee the implementation of the Strategy Framework (e.g. Deputy Governor)

Appointing an executive director of the strategy to oversee the daily tasks involved

Additional burdens for governorate staff

Raise the capacity of the staff of the governorate in the field of time management and project management

Provide financial and moral incentives and facilities to the team to encourage them to perform their strategy-related tasks in addition to their daily tasks

Several non-affiliated stakeholders

Prior to the start of the implementation of each programme, a coordination meeting should be held involving all the implementing agencies, in which it is agreed to determine who is responsible for the leadership of the programme

Prior to the commencement of each programme, and at the coordination meeting, clear roles and responsibilities must be defined for all participants

Effective monitoring and follow-up of programmes

Prior to the start of the programme, monitoring and reporting reports should be designed by which stakeholders will be kept informed of the implementation of the programme

Other short forms should be designed for presentation to senior management of the governorate

Raise the capacity of governorate staff in the field of time management and project management Annex I provides examples for these forms

Ensure sustainability

Issuing a decree by the governor mentioning that the governorate will implement the Strategy Framework and officially assigning the steering team

Strengthening the current steering team in the governorate with an additional staff from each relevant directorate / department / unit and involving them in all details of programme implementation.

Raise the capacity of governorate staff in the field of time management and project management

Encourage the steering team in particular and the governorate staff in general to propose new programme ideas and give them the opportunity to lead the implementation of these programmes when they are approved.

In the annual report of the steering team members on the results of existing projects/programmes, ideas for new programmes should be proposed

Conduct periodic meetings between the directorates to exchange experiences and discuss the obstacles encountered and discuss the possibility of joint cooperation between them if necessary



In addition to previous solutions, and to ensure that bureaucratic barriers are

overcome, it is recommended to expand the use of e-mail in the daily activities of

the team and to adopt it as a formal method of communication. It is also

recommended to make electronic copies of all reports on the implementation of

the strategy as an essential step in enhancing the institutional memory of the

governorate.



7. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (MRV)

for the Implementation of the Strategy Framework

As noted in the previous section, the existence of a monitoring, reporting and

verification system (MRV) is a key element of the strategy's success. This section

outlines the main features of the proposed system, including the different levels

of monitoring and performance indicators at the sector and programme levels.

This section also clarifies the national monitoring, reporting and verification

system that the governorate is committed to follow.

Linking the MRV System of the Strategy to the National 7.1

MRV System

Figure 17 shows the framework for the national MRV system for climate change

relevant-data in Egypt. As shown, the system relies on four tracks: greenhouse

gas inventory, mitigation actions, adaptation actions, in addition to required

support and external support received by the country. The national MRV system

aims to integrate climate change data collection into the periodic work of relevant

ministries and agencies, making it easier for the country to gather efforts and limit

the support measures required to address climate change and document it in

official international reports.

Giza governorate will ensure that the MRV system for its strategy framework is in

line with the national system in Egypt. This will be more evident in the mitigation

and adaptation processes, where they will maintain the documentation of their

mitigation and adaptation programmes and send reports annually to the Climate

Change Central Department at the Ministry of the Environment. The following

sections describe more details about this.



Figure 17 - National Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System for Climate Change Information in Egypt



Key Features of the MRV System for the Climate Change 7.2

Strategy in the Governorate

Figure 18 shows the proposed MRV framework for climate change programmes

in Giza Governorate. The framework is divided into multiple levels: the first level

is the senior management level of Giza governorate, the second level is the level

of the executive director of the strategy, the third level is the sectoral level, and

the fourth level is the level of the programme. The Climate Change Central

Department (CCCD) under the Ministry of the Environment also plays a

consultative role for the governorate.

As illustrated in Figure 18, and to ensure effective monitoring of the strategy

implementation at all levels, the district staff will receive quarterly reports from

programme implementers within each sector. In each sector, the team will then

submit a semi-annual report to the Executive Director of the strategy. In these

two steps, reports should be reviewed; comments and questions should be sent

to programme implementers for a clearer picture of the exact status. An annual

progress report is then prepared for all programmes in all sectors to be presented

to the senior management of the governorate. As explained in Section 6.2, it is

proposed that the annual report include ideas for new programmes as well as an

assessment of the progress of existing programmes, which will be discussed

annually within the senior management of the governorate. This is followed by an

annual coordination meeting with the CCCD, where the annual report is

presented, the programmes are discussed and ways of overcoming the barriers

are agreed upon. The most important outcomes of this meeting will be reported to

the steering team within each sector, especially regarding improving the

performance of the programmes.



Sector 1 (6 months) Sector 2 ( 6 months)

Entity

representing Programme

1 (3 months)

Entity


2 (3 months)

Entity


3 (3 months)

Entity


4 (3 months)

Entity


1 (3 months)

Entity


2 (3 months)

Entity


3 (3 months)

Entity


4 (3 months)

Figure 18 - MRV System for Climate Change Programmes in Giza Governorate

Governorate’s Senior Management (1 year)

Strategy Executive Director (6 months)

Climate

Change

Central

Department

(CCCD)

Legend

Coordination

Reporting

Monitoring and Evaluation



Performance Indicators 7.3

The implementation of the various programmes can be measured by

performance indicators, which should be well chosen to have the following

characteristics (31):

Valid: Valid for expressing the progress of the programme

Reliable: The same measurement results can be obtained from different

people

Precise: practically defined in clear terms

Measurable: Measurable using available tools and methods

There are two main types of indicators that can be used to assess the progress of

the strategy, sector indicators and programme indicators, as described in the

following sections. These sectoral indicators will be used in the reports referred to

in Section 7.2.

Sector Performance Indicators 7.3.1

Sectoral indicators are derived from the direct impacts of climate change such as

extreme weather events (e.g. drought and heavy rainfall), sea level rise and high

average temperature. Table 37 shows some examples of sectoral performance

indicators that can be used to monitor the overall implementation effectiveness of

the strategy without going into the details of programmes.

Table 37 - Examples for sectoral performance indicators

Sector Example for Indicators

Health Number of the following cases: sunstrokes, lymphatic filariasis, dengue fever, rift valley fever, schistosomiasis (schistosomiasis) and respiratory diseases

Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services

Number of villages suffering from water supply problems


Number of tunnels subjected to traffic paralysis due to heavy rainfall

Agriculture Quantity of damaged crops

Tourism Temperature and humidity levels within tombs compared to optimum values

Performance Indicators at the Programme Level 7.3.2

To accurately assess the progress of work in programmes, performance

indicators for each programme should be defined separately and agreed upon

with all operational parties. The following table shows some examples of

performance indicators at the programme level.



Table 38 - Examples of performance indicators at programme level

Sector Programme Name Example of Indicators

Agriculture Training farmers to use mobile phone applications

Number of farmers trained on mobile phone applications in the governorate

Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields

Number of active solar powered pumps in Governorate

Industry Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy conservation

Number of industrial facilities participating in the programme

Health Raising the capacity of medical teams in treating the cases caused by climate change

Number of trained physicians

Raise citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change

Number of brochures distributed in hospitals

Urban Sector Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways

Number of roads that have been rehabilitated

Water Resources, Irrigation, water and Sewage Services

Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots

Number of households provided with sanitation services

Tourism

Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs

Number of tombs supplied with moisture absorbing devices



8. Conclusion

The framework of the climate change strategy of Giza Governorate has been

designed to conform to the nature of the governorate. The first step was the

identification of the hot spots in the governorate according to a scientific

methodology, and accordingly the appropriate strategic policies and programmes

have been selected to solve the problems of these hot spots. The programmes to

be implemented are divided into four levels: programmes that can be

implemented or supervised by the governorate, existing national/local efforts to

be pursued / strengthened by the governorate, recommendations from local to

national level, and recommendations on the local level. The barriers to the

adoption and implementation of the proposed strategic policies and the barriers

to the effective implementation of the strategy framework in general have been

studied, and accordingly, some solutions have been proposed to overcome these

barriers.

Giza is the first governorate in the Arab Republic of Egypt to develop a strategy

for climate change and is also one of the pioneers in the Middle East. This

document (the framework of the climate change strategy in the governorate) is an

important stage in integrating the issue of climate change into project planning at

Giza governorate level. The document is intended to form the basis for a more

comprehensive climate change strategy for the governorate to be developed in

the upcoming years.



9. References

1. EEAA, UNDP, GEF. Egypt Third National Communication. Cairo : EEAA,

2016.

2. UNDP. Egypt's national strategy for adaptation to climate change and disaster

risk reduction. 2011.

3. The National Adaptation Plan Process in Egypt: Stocktaking report and

recommendations to advance the NAP process in Egypt : UNDP, 2017.

4. Ministry of Environment, GIZ and Giza Governorate. Outline-Giza Climate

Change Strategy. Giza : 2016.

5. UN-Habitat. THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: UN-Habitat, 2012.

6. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (Un-Habitat). Global report

on human settlementS 2011: Cities and climate change : Earthscan, 2011.

7. N. Nicholls, D. Easterling, C.M. Goodess, S. Kanae, J. Kossin, Y. Luo, J.

Marengo, K. McInnes, M. Rahimi, M. Reichstein, A. Sorteberg, C. Vera, and

X. Zhang. Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical

environment. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to

Advance Climate Change Adaptation : A Special Report of Working Groups I and

II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , 2012.

8. Adverse weather in Egypt in State of the Climate in 2010. ATTAHER, S. M.

AND MEDANY, M. A. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92 (6),

S193 BBC NEWS, 2011.

9. PREPARED Enabling Change (2010). [Online] [Cited: March 4, 2014.]

http://www.prepared-fp7.eu/.

10. Impacts of climate change on the municipal water management system in the

Kingdom of Bahrain: Vulnerability assessment and adaptation options. K., Al-

Zubari W., A., El-Sadek A. and A., Al-Aradi M. J. and Al-Mahal H.: Climate

Risk Management, 2018.

11. Climate change, water, and wastewater in cities. Major DC, Omojola A,

Dettinger M, Hanson RT, Sanchez-Rodriguez R. : In: Rosenzweig C, Solecki

WD, Hammer SA, Mehrotra S (eds) Climate change and cities: first assessment

report of the urban climate change research network. Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge, pp 113–143, 2011.

12. FAO. Climate change and food security: risks and responses : FAO, 2016.

13. EEAA . Environmental profile of Giza governorate. Cairo : EEAA, 2007.



14. Guide to climate change adaptation in cities. World Bank. [Online] World

Bank, 2018. [Cited: May 27, 2018.] http://www-

esd.worldbank.org/citiesccadaptation/index.html.

15. World Bank. Adaptation to a Changing Climate in the Arab Countries. 2011.

16. International Panel on Climate Change. Towards New Scenarios For

Analysis of Emissions, Climate Change, Impacts, and Response Strategies. The

Netherlands : 2007.

17. GIZ. Protecting Health From Heat Stress in Informal Settelments in the

Greater Area Region. Bonn : 2017.

18. Eissa, Yara. A Study on Climate Change in the Greater Cairo Region

(Flagship Report I), GIZ PDP : European Union and German Government.

19. National Geographic. National Geographic. [Online] [Cited: October 16,

2018.] https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/urban-heat-island/.

20. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOURISM. USAID. [Online] USAID, 2017.

[Cited: March 1st, 2018.] https://www.usaid.gov/egypt/economic-growth-and-

tourism.

21. Giza Governorate . Giza Governorate. [Online] 2018. [Cited: March 1st,

2018.] http://www.giza.gov.eg/Default.aspx.

22. GIZA MONUMENTS AND LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE. S, Robaa M. Giza :

Cairo University, 2000.

23. Torraca, Giorgio. International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and

Restoration of Cultural Propertyation. International Center for the Study of the

Preservation and Restoration o, 2005.

24. Dudley, N. Guidelines for applying protected area management categories.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2008.

25. Ministry of Environment. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. [Online]

[Cited: October 16, 2018.] http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/N-

protect/qubahasana.pdf.

26. Protected Areas and Climate Change. Lee, Hannah. VA : The New York

Academie For Science, 2008.

27. Climate, climate change and range boundaries. Thomas, Chris. 3, UK :

Wiley online library, 2010, Vol. 16.

28. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment and Health : National Academies of

Sciences Engineering Medicine, 2011.



29. Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., & Sinha, R.

Climate resilient cities: A primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters : The

World Bank, 2008.

30. UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative - Flagship- Project 3a (Phase 1) : UNEP,

2014.

31. Giza Portal. [Online] [Cited: November 8, 2018.]

http://www.giza.gov.eg/HaykalTanzemy/default.aspx.

32. The organizational structure of the Directorate of Agriculture, Giza

Governorate. Giza Portal. [Online] [Cited: November 8, 2018.]

http://www.giza.gov.eg/moderyat/Agriculture/Haikl.aspx.

33. The organizational Structure of the road and transportation sector in Giza

Governorate. [Online] [Cited: November 8, 2018.]

http://www.giza.gov.eg/moderyat/Roads/Haikl.aspx.

34. Indicators. United Nations Women. [Online]

http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/336-indicators.html.

35. IPCC. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Working

Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. [Online] [Cited: October 16,

2018.] http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=650.



10. Annexes

As already mentioned, there are three annexes for the Giza Climate Change

Strategy Framework Document:

Annex (1): Examples on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification.

Annex (2): Examples on preparing action plans for programmes.

Annex (3): Map distribution for programmes on districts and “Ahyaa” level

Each of these annexes contains the following:

Annex (1) - Examples on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification.

o Three Examples on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification for three

programmes from three different sectors: agriculture, health, and

industry.

o Examples for forms that should be filled after the opening meeting

for every programme to determine the role of entities participating in

programmes implementation.

o Examples on monitoring criteria that should be agreed on at the

beginning of each programme.

Annex (2) - Examples on preparing action plans for programmes.

Three examples on preparing action plans for programmes listed in the

strategy. The same examples used in Annex 1 have been used to ensure

having comprehensive examples that can be used as guide for other

programmes.

o The work plan is in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure. The

steering team should determine the timeline for every step based

on the opening meeting corresponding to each programme

Annex (3) - Maps of programmes distribution at the level of districts and

“Ahyaa”.

o Districts and “Ahyaa” maps showing the suggested programmes to

implement on city, “hay”, or village level.

o A combined map with all districts.

o Governorate map, indicating the proposed locations for the

implementation of the first phase of each programme.



Annex (1): Examples on Monitoring, Reporting, and

Verification (MRV)

1 Introduction

Figure 1 presents the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system for

programmes associated to Climate Change Strategy framework in Giza

governorate.

Figure 1 - Suggested Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system for climate change

programmes

As illustrated in Figure 1, there are four different levels for preparing the reports.

These levels are (from bottom to up):

The Programme level

The Sectoral level

The Executive Director of the Strategy level

The Governorate’s Senior management level

Governorate’s Senior Management (1 year)

Strategy Executive Director (6 months)

Climate

Change

Central

Department

(CCCD)

Legend

Coordination

Reporting

Monitoring and Evaluation



In addition, The Climate Change Central Department (CCCD) at the Ministry of

the Environment also plays a consultative role for the governorate.

Also, as indicated in Figure 1, the monitoring levels are (from top to bottom):

The Governorate’s Senior management level

The Executive Director of the Strategy level

The Sectoral level

The Programme level

In addition to presenting examples of reporting templates that can be used, this

Annex also presents some examples for templates to be filled (following the

opening meeting of each programme) to determine the role of the different

entities involved in the implementation of the programme. This Annex also

provides examples for monitoring criteria that can be agreed upon at the

beginning of each programme.

This Annex illustrates three examples of programmes from three different

sectors. These examples can be used as a guide for other programmes included

in the strategy framework.

2 Agriculture

Programme Name: Risk assessment and identification of the most

vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector

2.1 Information about Representatives Participating in

Programme Implementation

2.1.1 Information about programme’s manager

Manager’s name

Affiliated organization

Position in the affiliated entity

Contact information

Defined jobs and

responsibilities for

programme’s implementation

……………… ………………. Example: Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)

……………….

……………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number

………………



2.1.2 Information about stakeholders participating in programme

implementation

Name Affiliated

organization Position in the affiliated entity

Contact information

Defined jobs and responsibilities for


……………… ………………. Example: Directorate of Agriculture in the Governorate

………………. Example: agricultural engineer

…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number

………………. Example: regularly following up with project implementation, facilitating required logistic matters…...

………………. ………………. Example: Agricultural extension, Directorate of Agriculture in the Governorate

………………. Example: agricultural extension engineer


………………. Example: Leading teams during filed visits to agricultural lands and facilitating taking samples from agricultural lands

………………. ………………. Example: Agricultural Research Center

………………. Example: a specialist in plants


………………. Example: Assessing the current situation of agricultural land and collecting data on wheat and maize

………………. ………………. Example: Agricultural Research Center

………………. Example: a specialist in animals


………………. Example: assessing the current situation and collecting data on cows and poultry

2.2 Monitoring Parameters for the Programme

Criteria Objective

Districts to be studied ………………. (Example: Al-Saf, Atfih, Al Ayat)

Plants to be studied ………………. (Example: wheat, Cucumber, Banana)

Number of lands to be studied ………………. (Example: 10 lands in each district)

Scope of plant research results ………………. (Example: effect of the temperature on the appearance of the disease….. on plant……..)

Scope of animal research results ………………. (Example: effect of the temperature on the appearance of the disease….. on animal……..)



2.3 Reporting Templates

2.3.1 Reporting template for the first level (programme level)1

2.3.1.1 Summarized table

Programme Name Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural

sector

Programme start date : (Day / month / year)

……………….

Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)

……………….

Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)

Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….

Monitoring Parameters

Districts to be studied

Actual value up to date Target value

………………. ……………….

Plants to be studied


………………. ……………….

Number of lands to be studied


………………. ……………….

Scope of plant research results

Actual scope performed up to date

Target scope

………………. ……………….

Scope of animal research results


Target scope

………………. ……………….

The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project

……………….

……………….

……………….

Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers

……………….

……………….

……………….

Next steps ……………….

……………….

……………….

Main results up to date ……………….

1 The report shall be sent from the Programme Implementation Manager to the representative of

the Agriculture Directorate in the team responsible for the implementation of the governorate’s climate change strategy framework



……………….

……………….

2.3.1.2 Attachments

A) Logistic details

Number District Name

The name of the city and the

village where the visited

agricultural land is located

Address of the

agricultural land

Area of the agricultural

land Visits dates

1 Al-Saf Ghamaza el Kobra …………… …………. ……………

2

3

4

B) Please attach the detailed technical report on work progress and

details of the results up to date

2.3.2 Reporting template for the second level (sectoral level)2

Programme Name Risk assessment and identification of the

most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector


……………….


……………….





Actual value up to date

Target value

………………. ……………….

2 The report shall be sent by the representative of the Directorate of Agriculture to the Executive

Director of the Strategy





Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target scope

………………. ……………….



Target scope

………………. ……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

2.3.3 Report sample on the third level (Executive Director of

Strategy)3

Programme Name Risk assessment and identification of the

most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector


……………….


……………….



3 The report is sent by the Executive Director of the Strategy to the Senior Management of the

Governorate






Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target scope

………………. ……………….



Target scope

………………. ……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

3 Health sector

Programme Name: Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of

climate change




Manager’s name



Contact information

Defined jobs and responsibilities

for programme’s implementation

……………… ………………. Example: Preventive Medicine Department

……………….


………………




implementation

Name Affiliated


Contact information



……………… ………………. Example: Health Culture Unit in Giza Governorate Directorate

………………. Example: a doctor at the Health Culture Department


………………. Example: Follow-up with the Health Culture Unit at the Ministry of Health to prepare the scientific content for the flyers that will be distributed for diseases that do not have approved publications.

………………. Example: Preventive Medicine Department

………………. Example: a doctor at the Preventive Medicine


………………. Follow-up to verify the validity of the scientific content of the flyers before distribution

………………. ………………. Example: Rural leaders supervisor

………………. Example: Ministry of Health


………………. Example: Following up and supervising rural leaders

………………. ………………. Example: Central Health Culture Unit

………………. Example: a doctor at the Health Culture Unit


………………. Example: Preparation of the scientific content of the flyers to be distributed for diseases that do not have approved publications


Criteria Objective

Name and number of hospitals to be studied

……………….

Name and number of health centers to be studied

……………….

Number of brochures to be distributed in each hospital/health center

……………….

Name and number of hospitals where videos will be presented

……………….

Name and number of health centers where videos will be presented

……………….



Number of screens to be installed in each hospital

………………. (Example: 4 screens in Bulaq Dakrur Hospital, 6 screens in Imbaba Hospital, etc.)

The number of villages and neighborhoods to be visited by rural leaders

……………….

Number of families to be visited in each village / neighborhood by rural leaders

……………….


3.3.1 Reporting template for the first level (programme level)4


Programme Name Raising citizens' awareness of the health

risks of climate change


……………….


……………….






Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….

4 The report shall be sent from the Programme Implementation Manager to the representative of

Health Directorate in the team responsible for the implementation of the governorate’s climate change strategy framework





Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

3.3.1.2 Attachments

A) Logistic details

Number District Name

The name of the city and the village where

the visited hospital/health center is

located

Address of the hospital/health

center Visits dates

1 Badrashin, Met rahina …………… ……………

2

3

4





3.3.2 Reporting template for the second level (sectoral level)5




……………….


……………….






Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….

5 The report shall be sent by the representative of Health Directorate to the Executive Director of

the Strategy




……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….


Strategy)6




……………….


……………….






Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target scope

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….


Governorate





Target value

………………. ……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

4 Industrial sector

Programme Name: Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities

for water and energy conservation




Manager’s name



Contact information

Defined jobs and responsibilities

for programme’s implementation

……………… ………………. Example: Ministry of Trade and industry

……………….


……………….


implementation

Name Affiliated


Contact information



……………… ………………. Example: Central Administration Unit of Abou Rawash Industrial Area

………………. Example: Engineer


………………. Example: Following up with the process of notifying the industrial plants about the programme

………………. ………………. Example: Ministry of Trade and Industry

……………… Example: an engineer in the Ministry of

…………… Example: email, address, fax,

………………. Example: Following up with programme



Trade and Industry

phone number

implementation based on the defined time schedule

………………. ………………. Example: Environmental department in the governorate

………………. Example: Manager


………………. Example: Following up with project implementation and identifying obstacles


Criteria Objective

Sub-sectors to be studied ………………. (Example: chemical industries , the textile sector, food sector, reinforced concrete factories )

Number of industrial plants to be visited ………………. (Example: 20 plants )

Resources to be studied ………………. (Example : water , electricity and fuels )

Number of technical reports issued for industrial plants (and containing recommendations)

………………. (Example: 20 plants )

Percentage of savings in resources ………………. (Example: 10% water consumption, 10% electricity consumption, 5% fuel consumption)


4.3.1 Report sample for the first level (programme level)7


Programme Name Technical support for Abu Rawash

industrial facilities for water and energy conservation


……………….


……………….



7 The report shall be sent from the Programme Implementation Manager to the Environmental

department representative in the team responsible for the implementation of the governorate’s climate change strategy framework




Sub-sectors to be studied Actual value up to date

Target value

………………. ……………….

Number of industrial plants to be visited Actual value up to date

Target value

………………. ……………….

Resources to be studied Actual value up to date

Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….

Percentage of savings in resources Actual value up to date

Target value

………………. ……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….


……………….

……………….

4.3.1.2 Attachment

A) Logistic details

Number District Name Address of the industrial plant

Visits dates

1 Industrial Area / Abu Rawash

…………… ……………





4.3.2 Report template for the second level (sectoral level)8

Programme Name Technical support for Abu Rawash

industrial facilities for water and energy conservation


……………….


……………….





Target value

………………. ……………….


Target value

………………. ……………….


Target value

………………. ……………….



Target value

………………. ……………….


Target value

………………. ……………….


……………….

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8 The report shall be sent by the Environmental department representative to the Executive

Director of the Strategy




Strategy)9

Programme Name Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy

conservation


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Target value

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Target value

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Governorate



Annex (2): Examples on Preparing Action Plans for

Programmes

This Annex provides examples of action plans for the programmes listed in the

Strategy so that the governorate’s steering team can identify the specific steps

required to achieve the objective of each programme. This Annex presents the

action plan in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The governorate’s

steering team should define the time frame for each step/activity based on the

kick-off coordination meeting of each programme.

This Annex presents three examples of programmes from three different sectors.

The same programmes considered in Annex 1 were selected to ensure that these

examples will be used as a guide for other programmes included in the

governorate’s climate change strategy framework.



1. Agriculture sector



2. Health sector



3. Industry sector



Annex (3): Maps of Programmes Distribution at the Level

of Districts and “Ahyaa”

This annex includes maps for districts and “Ahyaa”, indicating the

programmes that must be implemented in each city, “Hay” or village. It

also contains a combined map of all the districts together, as well as a

map of the Governorate as a whole.

Because there is a set of common programmes in different villages /

cities at the same district, and to ensure easy reading of the map, the

common programmes were included under a certain code instead of

repeating the programme numbers in each village / city. Moreover, in the

case of specific programmes in villages / cities, the numbers of these

programmes were added in these villages / cities on the map. The

meaning of each code and programme number is explained in map key

of each district / “Hay”. The following table shows an example:

Table 1 - An example illustrating how maps are designed for districts

Explanation Map

Symbol only: Example

When this symbol is found alone in a village at the center of Kerdasa, this indicates that the programmes to be implemented in this village (e.g. Kafr Hakim) are:

Programme No.(1): Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector

Programme No.(2): Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change

Programme No.(3): Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector

A number only: Example 6

The number “6” refers to:

Programme No. (6): Technical support to Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water & energy conservation.

When the number 6 is found alone, this indicates that this programme will be implemented in this village or district (e.g. industrial zone)

A symbol and number or more than one number:

When this symbol is present and with one or more numbers in one of the villages of the center of Kerdasa, this indicates that the programmes to be implemented in this village are the programmes under this code



Example

14,15

besides the programmes that are represented by the other numbers. Example (Saft Village): The following programmes will be implemented in the village of Saft because of this code:

Programme No. (1): Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agriculture sector

Programme No. (2): Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change

Programme No. (3): Establishment of early warning system for agriculture sector

Programme No. (14): Improve drainage systems of main tunnels and

Programme No. 15: Replacing and Renewing Sewerage Systems and Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hotspot Areas, since the numbers 14 and 15 are in the same Village.

Table 2 shows the color code used in the maps for the programmes of

each sector:

Table 2 - Color code used for the programmes of each sector

Color used Sector

Agricultural

Industry

Health

Urban and Infrastructure

Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services

Tourism



Mansha’et El Qanater District



Kerdasa District



Ousim District



Ahyaa



Abu El Nomros District



Hawamdeya District



El-Badrasheen District:



El-Ayyat District



Saff District-El



Atfeeh District



Oases District:

Source: Gizapyramidsinn.com

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