efforts of the philippine statistical system on the compilation of gender statistics

Global Forum on Gender StatisticsJOEncarnacion/26-28January 2009

Republic of the PhilippinesNATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD1

Efforts of the Philippine Statistical System on the Compilation of Gender Statistics

Global Forum on Gender Statistics26-28 January 2009, Accra, Ghana

ByRomulo A. Virola and Jessamyn O. Encarnacion

National Statistical Coordination Board



Outline of the Presentation

I. IntroductionII. The Philippine System of National AccountsIII. Efforts on the Measurement of the

Contribution of Women in the EconomyIV. Estimation MethodologyV. Results and HighlightsVI. Concluding Remarks and Recommendations



• From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second largest number of poor population (after the children)

I. Introduction

• Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic participation

Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for women in 2006

Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women in 2005

• Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the MDGs

Magnitude of poor women

Poverty Incidence (%)

2000 12.2 million 32.3

2003 11.6 million 29.0



• 2000 pilot time use survey shows that men are more “economically empowered” spending longer hours on economic activities than women

• Gender inequality in economic participation

• Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution to the economy

I. Introduction



• Past efforts on the generation of satellite accounts:

a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The

Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia M. de Perio (1998)

b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo

A. Virola (1999)

• Renewed calls for the NSCB to value women’s unpaid work

I. Introduction



The PSNA Framework and Production Boundary

II. The PSNA

Goods Services Goods ServicesFinancial CorporationNon-financial CorporationGeneral GovernmentNon-profit Institutions serving householdsHouseholds

Market Non-MarketPSNA Framework



d. Care, training and instruction of children

e. Care of sick, infirm or old and

f. Transportation of members of the household or their goods

Non-Market Services (unaccounted activities) include the

following (from SNA 1993, par. 6.4 ):

a. Cleaning, decoration and maintenance of the dwelling unit

b. Cleaning, servicing and repair of household durable goods, including vehicles

c. Preparation and serving of meals

II. The PSNA



• Women usually produce the non-market services (unaccounted

activities) in their households

• To adequately measure women’s contribution in society:

- means expanding the definition of the SNA production

boundary to include non-market services

II. The PSNA



1. Outside the SNA Production Boundary

- non-market services in households

2. Within the SNA Production Boundary

a. Women in the entertainment industry

b. Women engaged in household operations

c. Women engaged in household-based agricultural production

Possible underestimation:

II. The PSNA



III. Efforts on the Measurement of the Contribution of Women in the Economy

1. Efforts in the International Community

Country YearValue of

Unpaid Work (in % of GDP)

Remarks

Canada 1998 33%40%120%

Finland 2001 40%Germany 2001 31% generalist rate

47% based on net wages71% based on gross wages37% based on labor costs21% based on net wages33% based on labor costs36% based on net wages

United Kingdom

Bulgaria 1988

Denmark

1995

1987

France 1985



Con’t

Country YearValue of

Unpaid Work (in % of GDP)

Remarks

39% opportunity cost38% specialist method37% generalist method

Korea 2001 30-40%108% opportunity cost82% specialist method

Austria 1992 138% opportunity cost49% opportunity cost41% specialist method52% generalist method23% opportunity cost15% specialist method20% generalist method

New Zealand 1999 39%

Switzerland 1997

Japan 1996

Norway 1992

Netherlands 1990




2. Efforts in the Philippine Statistical System

a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The

Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia M. de Perio (1998)

b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo

A. Virola (1999)

3. United Nations “Position”

In the 1993 SNA: domestic and personal services produced for own final consumption within households are still excluded in the estimation of the GDP




IV. Estimation Methodology

• Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de Perio in 1998

• Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000 TUS.

a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio

b/ Used in this study

c/ Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using urban (for Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.

Original Adjusted c/ Original Adjusted c/

Employed 4.271 7.155 6.554 1.218 5.455 5.054Unemployed 6.575 8.704 8.034 1.875 5.171 4.906Outside the Labor Force 6.575 8.704 8.034 1.875 5.171 4.906

Women Men

Total Unpaid Hours / Day

Total Unpaid Hours per Day (from various studies)

Employment Status NEDA (1984), IPC / ILLO (1985-

1990) a/

TUS / NSO (2000) b/NEDA

(1984), IPC / ILLO (1985-

1990) a/

TUS / NSO (2000) b/



1. GDP by Sex

a. Using Total Employment (from LFS)

b. Using Total Hours Worked (from LFS)

- Data from the LFS was used as weights

- Used hours – deemed to be more reflective of the “quantity” of participation of women or men in the labor force




2. NFIA by sex

a. Net Compensation

- remittances by sex in the SOF was used as weights.

b. Net Property Income

- allocated equally to men and women due to unavailability of an allocation basis

3. GNP by sex

- simply the sum of GDP and NFIA by sex




Women Men6.554 5.054

8.034 4.906

8.034 4.906

Unpaid work per day

Employed

Unemployed

Outside the LaborForce

during weekdays

during weekends

during weekends

Multiplied by the total number of employed, unemployed and those outside the labor force from the LFS




Methods Used in Valuation of Unpaid Work

Method Monetary value used in this study

Labor force participation

1. Opportunity Cost (OC) Mean compensation per employee

•Employed

2. Market Price (MP) •Employed•Unemployed•Not in the labor force

Generalist Janitor

Specialist N/A

Minimum Wage Minimum wage




Unpaid household and community services by sex was estimated using the same procedures except total time spent in community services was included

Direct estimation of unpaid household was used in computing for the self-valuation results




V. Results and Highlights

Accounting for Unpaid Work, Conventional GDP Increases by 66.2 Percent!

OC/MP MP OC/MP MP OC/MP MP

2000 46.69 40.73 48.60 27.42 95.28 68.15

2001 47.45 40.90 48.48 27.73 95.93 68.63

2002 47.23 40.84 49.27 27.80 96.51 68.64

2003 44.82 38.83 47.69 26.17 92.50 65.00

2004 43.55 37.90 48.16 25.63 91.70 63.54

2005 45.29 39.19 47.84 26.63 93.13 65.83

2006 44.89 38.93 48.56 26.40 93.45 65.33

2000-2006 45.52 39.46 48.34 26.73 93.86 66.19

Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Value of Unpaid Hours (Housework Services) to GDP, At Current Prices

Year

% to GDP

Women Men Total



Women’s Contribution to GDP increased by 8 Percentage Points

Men Women Total Men Women Total

2000 61.80 38.20 100.00 53.06 46.94 100.00

2001 60.42 39.58 100.00 52.27 47.73 100.00

2002 60.49 39.51 100.00 52.35 47.65 100.00

2003 61.62 38.38 100.00 53.21 46.79 100.00

2004 62.10 37.90 100.00 53.65 46.35 100.00

2005 61.12 38.88 100.00 52.92 47.08 100.00

2006 61.07 38.93 100.00 52.91 47.09 100.00

2000-2006 61.23 38.77 100.00 52.93 47.07 100.00

Table 2. Percentage Share to GDP and Adjusted GDP by Sex, 2000-2006

Year

Conventional GDP Adjusted GDP




Women Account for 59.6 Percent of the Total Hours of Unpaid Work!

Women Men

Employed 44.68 55.32

Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry 11.07 24.84

Mining and Quarrying 0.03 0.29

Manufacturing 5.09 4.62

Electricity, Gas and Water 0.08 0.28

Construction 0.11 4.53

Wholesale and Retail Trade 12.99 6.31

Transportation, Communication and Storage 0.44 6.30

Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services 1.49 1.60

Government Services 8.04 5.17

Private Services 5.34 1.38

Unemployed 50.95 49.05

Not in the Labor Force 81.25 18.75

TOTAL 59.62 40.38

Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Total Unpaid Hours of Work (Housework Services) by Sex, Employed, Unemployed and Not in the Labor Force

2000-2006




Women Not in the Labor Force Account for More than Half of the Total Value of Unpaid Work of Women!

At Current Prices

Women Men

Employed 40.62 74.23

Unemployed 5.12 7.28

Not in the Labor Force 54.26 18.49

TOTAL 100.00 100.00

2000-2006

Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Total Value of Unpaid Hours of Work (Housework Services) by Sex for All (Market Price), In




Women Accounted for only 27.4 while Men was higher with 72.6 Percent of the Total NFIA!

Women Men Women Men Women Men

2000 26.59 73.41 32.44 67.56 50.00 50.00

2001 29.51 70.49 36.25 63.75 50.00 50.00

2002 22.77 77.23 32.76 67.24 50.00 50.00

2003 26.33 73.67 34.12 65.88 50.00 50.00

2004 25.51 74.49 32.94 67.06 50.00 50.00

2005 30.39 69.61 35.92 64.08 50.00 50.00

2006 30.55 69.45 35.21 64.79 50.00 50.00

2000-2006 27.38 72.62 34.23 65.77 50.00 50.00

Table 5. Percentage Distribution of Net Factor Income from Abroad by Sex, 2000-2006, At Current Prices

Year

NFIA Net Compensation Net Property Income




Women Contributed 46.2 Percent of the Adjusted GNP!

Women Men Total Women Men Total

2000 37.51 62.49 100.00 46.20 53.80 100.00

2001 38.95 61.05 100.00 47.03 52.97 100.00

2002 38.50 61.50 100.00 46.73 53.27 100.00

2003 37.56 62.44 100.00 45.92 54.08 100.00

2004 37.01 62.99 100.00 45.41 54.59 100.00

2005 38.24 61.76 100.00 46.30 53.70 100.00

2006 38.24 61.76 100.00 46.24 53.76 100.00

2000-2006 37.99 62.01 100.00 46.23 53.77 100.00

Table 6. Percentage Share to GNP and Adjusted GNP by Sex, 2000-2006

Year

Conventional GNP Adjusted GNP




New Estimates of Unpaid Work Almost Doubled!

2000-2006

OLD NEW OLD NEW

2000-2006 37.03 66.19 Emp 10.44 16.03

Unemp 1.65 2.02

NITLF 17.52 21.41

OLD NEW Emp 4.78 19.84

Women 29.62 39.46 Unemp 0.74 1.94

Men 7.41 26.73 NITLF 1.89 4.94

OLD NEW

Women 10.44 16.03

Men 4.78 19.84

Women 1.65 2.02

Men 0.74 1.94

Women 17.52 21.41

Men 1.89 4.94

Table 7. Comparison of Old and New Estimates

% GDP % GDP

Women% GDP

Men

NITLF

% GDP

Emp

Unemp




Unpaid Work is Higher if Self-Valuation is Used!

Women Men Total Women Men Total

2000 40.73 27.42 68.15 41.97 32.98 74.95

2001 40.90 27.73 68.63 43.84 34.25 78.09

2002 40.84 27.80 68.64 43.55 34.19 77.73

2003 38.83 26.17 65.00 43.83 34.38 78.21

2004 37.90 25.63 63.54 41.96 33.16 75.12

2005 39.19 26.63 65.83 40.56 31.84 72.4

2006 38.93 26.40 65.33 39.01 30.62 69.64

2000-2006 39.46 26.73 66.19 41.83 32.85 74.68

Table 8. Percentage Distribution of Value of Unpaid Hours (Housework Services) to GDP Using Self Valuation, At Current Prices

Year

% to GDP (Self Valuation)% to GDP (Market Price)




VI. Concluding remarks and recommendations

1. Methodology needs improvement

2. Data limitations of the PSS

3. Financial and manpower constraints of the NSCB

4. Reports appear to be comparable to other countries

5. Better appreciation from international community will benefit the efforts to value unpaid work in the SNA



6. Users should recognize the benefits from the generation of statistics and it will be helpful if they are able to demonstrate actual policy uses of statistics.

7. Need for statistical capacity building of the producers, users and the providers of statistics.

8. The Government thru the DBM and Congress should realize that statistics will play a the critical role in the global competition among knowledge-based economies in the Third Millennium.

VI. Concluding remarks and recommendations



Maraming Salamat po!

URL: http://www.nscb.gov.phe-mail: [email protected]

efforts of the philippine statistical system on the compilation of gender statistics

Documents