Effects of Water, Saline and Dry Treatments on the Strength of Natural

Cordage

Marco Lin – Lake Shore Steven Prascius – Warren Mott

Overview • Introduction• Background• Problem Statement/Hypothesis • Materials • Procedures • Data and Analysis • Errors• Conclusion • Recap• Applications/Future Research

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Introduction

• Researched the effect of three different treatments (dry, salt water, and water) on the strength of natural cordage

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Introduction

• Natural Cordage uses and history

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http://www.nndb.com/people/519/000124147/

http://www.flickriver.com/photos/boston_public_library/tags/maritime/

• Animal – Sinew

Introduction

• Natural Cordage• Plant – Manila

5

http://www.primitiveways.com/secrets_of_sinew.html

http://www.abacaphilippines.com/abaca.php?go=about&show=plant

Introduction

• Banana Leaves• Similar to Manila (Abaca)• Untreated

6

http://www.florida-coconuts.com/produtos.php

http://www.hedgehogleatherworks.com/How-To-Make-Primitive-Cordage-From-Natural-Material-s/56.htm

Background Information

• Ultimate Tensile Strength • Maximum force a material can withstand

without breaking• Force per area squared

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Background Information

• Tension • Force exerted on a

rope, string etc • T = mg

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Force of Tension

Force of Gravity

Force of Tension

Force of Gravity

Background Information

• Cross-Sectional Area

• ∏(radius)2

9

http://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/

Problem Statement

• What are the effects of different treatments on the ultimate tensile strength of natural cordage?

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Hypothesis

• Banana leave cordage that is treated by water would have a greater ultimate tensile strength than dry and salt water treatment

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Materials

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Procedure

• SRS • Treatments – ten minutes each• Salt water salinity at 3.5%

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Procedure

• Turn the banana leaves into cordage by plaiting

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http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/schoolarly/tei-BucMani-t1-body-d1-d4-d3-d2.html

Procedure

• Finding Radius

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Set up of Experiment

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Video

Data

Wet Treatment

Radius (mm)

Cross-Sectional Area (mm2)

Mass (kg) Force (N)UTS

(megaPascal)

Average 2.56 13.53 3.90 38.20 2.97Standard Deviation 0.35 4.73 1.05 10.42 0.77

Dry Treatments

Radius (mm)

Cross-Sectional Area (mm2)

Mass (kg) Force (N)UTS

(megaPascal)Average 2.06 13.99 4.60 45.05 3.60standard deviation

0.48 7.52 1.38 13.50 1.19

Salt TreatmentRadius (mm)

Cross-Sectional Area (mm2)

Mass (kg) Force (N)UTS

(megaPascal)

Average 1.86 11.33 4.27 41.86 4.09standard deviation 0.39 4.54 1.13 11.044 0.91

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Data

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Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

3.45

2.95

3.95

Statistical Tests

• ANOVA test

• Two-sample t test

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ANOVA Hypothesis

Ho: µDry=µWet=µSalt

Ha: µDry, µWet, and µSalt are not all equal

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ANOVA Assumptions

• Normally distributed

• Independent populations

• SRS

• Largest std. is no more than twice as large as smallest std. (0.77 and 1.19 for wet and dry)

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Data Normality (Assumptions)

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ANOVA TEST

Ho: µDry=µWet=µSalt

Ha: µDry, µWet, and µSalt

are not all equal

p-value of 0.006

Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

3.45

2.95

3.95

Two-Sample t Test Hypothesis

• 1st two-sample t testHo: µDry = µSalt

Ha: µDry < µSalt

• 2nd two-sample t testHo: µWet = µDry

Ha: µWet < µDry

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Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

3.45

2.95

3.95

Two-Sample t Test Assumptions

• Two independent populations

• Normal distributions

• SRS

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Two-Sample t Test Results

• 1st two-sample t testHo: µDry = µSalt

Ha: µDry < µSalt

• P-value = 0.19

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Two-Sample t Test Hypothesis

• 2nd two-sample t testHo: µWet = µDry

Ha: µWet < µDry

• P-value = 0.02

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Errors and Limitations

• The clamp failed – trials redone• Different leaves – UTS • Different researchers - UTS• Short cordage – higher UTS• Broke at knot – lower UTS

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Conclusion

Hypothesis • Banana leave cordage that is treated by water

would have a greater tensile strength than dry and salt water treatment

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Conclusion

• Salt water and Dry treatments were the same but better than water treatment

• Salt water average – 4.09 megaPascals • Dry average – 3.6 megaPascals • Water average - 2.97 megaPascals

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Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning

• Solvent - substance that is doing the dissolving

• Solute - substance being dissolved

• Solvent is the material in greater quantity, and the solute is in lesser.

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Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning

• Osmosis – transfer of water from high to low

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Water Treatment Dry Treatment Salt Water Treatment

http://alevelnotes.com/Osmosis/143

Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning

• Cell Wall – membrane that holds a plant cell together

• Prevents Cells from bursting due to osmosis

34https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYoaLzobQmk

Force

Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning

• Cordage function due to treatments

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Water Force

Dry and Salt Water Wet Radius = 2.56

Salt Radius = 1.86

Dry Radius = 2.06

Recap

• Reject the hypothesis• Salt Treatment and dry are better than wet

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Salt

Dry

Wet

Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

Future Research

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Ways to Improve • Tensile Testing Machine

http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/ddh0534/product-detailMqdnYKeUnTRF/China-Tensile-Testing-Machine-CMT-.html

Applications

38http://purposebeyondpain.com/2010/03/03/when-all-seems-lost-keep-breathing/

• Commercial Industries • Common Knowledge

http://masonmouse.deviantart.com/art/Boat-Ropes-and-Railing-129255463

Further Research

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• Synthetic Cordage • Different Treatments• Different Braiding Method

Acknowledgments

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• Mr. McMillan • Mrs. Cybulski • Parents• Tayson Lin

41

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Abaca Plants and the Numerous by Products." N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://www.abacaphilippines.com/abaca.php?go=about&show=plant>

"Boat Ropes and Railing by ~masonmouse on DeviantART." Boat Ropes and Railing by

~masonmouse on DeviantART. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://masonmouse.deviantart.com/art/Boat-Ropes-and-Railing-

129255463>

"Flickriver: Boston Public Library's Photos Tagged with Maritime." Flickriver: Boston Public Library's Photos Tagged with Maritime. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://www.flickriver.com/photos/boston_public_library/tags/maritime/>

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Work Cited Hersey, David. "Re: When Is a Cell Flaccid Compared to Turgid Compared to Plasmolysed?"

Re: When Is a Cell Flaccid Compared to Turgid Compared to Plasmolysed? N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2004-02/1076447262.Bt.r.html >

"Les Stroud." Les Stroud. NNDB, n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://www.nndb.com/people/519/000124147/>

"Osmosis." A Level Notes. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.< http://alevelnotes.com/Osmosis/143>

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Work Cited "Osmotic Burst of Blood Cells." Cell Bio Physics YouTube. YouTube, 25 Jan. 2012. Web. 02

June2013.<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYoaLzobQmk>

"Primitive Cordage From Natural Materials." Hedgehog Leatherworks. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June2013.<http://www.hedgehogleatherworks.com/How-To-Make-Primitive-Cordage-From-Natural-Material-s/56.htm>

"Tensile Test Experiment." Michigan Technological University. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/>

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Any Questions?

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Any Questions?

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Any Questions?

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Any Questions?