effects of time of application and rates of poultry manure on the performance of okra (abelmoschus...

Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015

EFFECTS OF TIME OF APPLICATION AND RATES OF POULTRY MANURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L.) IN SOUTHERN

GUINEA SAVANNA ECOLOGY OF NIGERIA

1+ 1 2 3 ABDULMALIQ, S.Y ., ISAH, M.K ., BELLO, O.B. AND AHAMOOD, J .

1IBB University, Dept. of Crop Production, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria2Department of Biological Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria

3Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ilorin, Kwara State – Nigeria+Corresponding author's email: [email protected]

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the

o performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9' o ' o o2 N and 6 34E) and Mokwa (9 8'N and 5 4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The

experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at

planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15 -1)t ha . The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data

collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod

diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before

planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra

branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results -1followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha significantly

produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other -1

treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha was comparable to 10 t -1 -1ha but significantly different from 5 t ha and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.

This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting -1

at 10 t ha

Keywords: Application time, application rate, manure, okra, poultry.

Introduction

kra is an important vegetable crop

commonly grown in Nigeria. It is an

oligo purpose crop, but it is usually Ocultivated and consumed for its green tender fruits

as a vegetable in a variety of ways. Okra fruit is rich

in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other mineral

matters (Camciuc et al., 1981). The mature okra

seed is a good source of oil and protein (Martin and

Ruberte, 1979; Oyelade et al., 2003) and has been

known to have superior nutritional quality. Okra

seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as

linoleic acid (Savello et al., 1980), which is

essential for human nutrition.

World production of okra as fresh fruit-

vegetable is estimated at 6 million tons/year. In

West Africa, Okra production is estimated at

500,000 to 600,000 tonnes per year (Burkil, 1997).

In Nigeria, there are two distinct seasons for okra,

the peak and the lean seasons. During the lean

84


season okra fruits are produced in low quantities,

scarce and expensive to get (Bamire and Oke,

2003). In the peak season, it is produced in large

quantities much more than what the local populace

can consume (Farinde et al., 2007).

Poultry manure (PM) has been proved to

be a good supplement for chemical fertilizers

(Amanullah et al., 2008). It contains not only N,

but also other elements like P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and

micronutrients (Egrinya et al., 2001 and Mullins et

al., 2002). Approximately 75% of the total N and

majority (90-100%) of the P and K in poultry litter

are available for plant during the year of

application (Hammond et al., 1997). Its

application increases total C and total N in soils,

while the application of nitrogen fertilizer

(inorganic) increased neither carbon nor nitrogen

in soil (Dick and Christ, 1995).

The application -1

of poultry manure at 10 t ha was observed to

improve the physical properties of soil

(Ravikumar and Krishna-moorthy, 1975). Soil

physical properties such as bulk density, water

holding capacity and percentage water stable

aggregation were noted to be favouarbly

influenced by poultry waste addition to soil (Weil

and Kroontje, 1977). Mbagwu (1992) reported that

poultry manure significantly decreased bulk

density and increased total and macroporosity,

infiltration capacity and available water capacity.

Mullins et al., (2002) revealed that poultry litter

Poultry manure is rich organic manure

since solid and liquid excreta are excreted together

resulting in no urine loss. In fresh poultry excreta

uric acid or urate is the most abundant nitrogen

compound (40-70 per cent of total N) while urea

and ammonium are present in small amounts

(Krogdahl and Dahlsgard, 1981).

contains a considerable amount of other organic

matter due to the bedding material. Litter can also

have an impact on soil pH and liming due to

varying amounts of calcium carbonate in poultry

feed.

The growing crop demand for nutrient

varies through the growing season, with the

highest uptake associated with the most rapid

growth period. Timing of nutrient application,

therefore, ensures the availability of the nutrient

when the crop needs them. This will also prevent

nutrient losses which can be before and after

periods of crop demand which in the long run

results in waste of resources. Magdoff (1995)

reported the essentiality of the synchrony of plant-

available soil nutrients and crop nutrient demand

for optimum crop performance and environmental

protection.

There is scarcity of information on the time

of poultry manure application to vegetable crops

which include okra despite the fact that the crop is

an important and highly nutritive one, cultivated in

home gardens as well as in mixed-cropping

systems with the application of organic materials.

There is need to determine the right time to apply

the poultry manure in order to boost the growth

and yield of okra. This investigation was therefore,

carried out to study the growth and yield responses

of okra to time of poultry manure application and

the rate required for vigorous growth and yield of

okra..

Materials and MethodsField experiments were conducted

between July and November, 2013 in two locations

(Lapai and Mokwa Local Government Areas of

85


Table 1: Selected physical and chemical characteristics of the soil before growing okra at

Lapai and Mokwa in the Southern Guinea Savanna

in 2003

___________________________________________________________________________

Parameters Lapai Mokwa

pH 1:1 6.5 6.3

Organic carbon % 0.84 0.74

Organic matter% 1.45 1.65

N g/kg 0.62 0.72

Available P mg/kg

4.97

4.56

K cmol/kg

1.94

1.92

Na cmol/kg

0.16

0.15

Cacmol/kg

2.4

2.5

Mg cmol/kg

0.8

0.85

Total acidity

0.2

0.4

CEC cmol/kg

5.4

5.8

Sand %

85.36

82.5

Silt %

4.00

5.6

Clay %

10.64

11.9

Texture

Loamy sand

Loamy sand

Table 2:

Chemical analysis of poultry manure used for the experiment

Location

N

P

K

Ca

Mg

Na

C:N

OM

Lapai

2.32

0.51

1.21

1.10

0.64

0.07

7.8

18.5

Mokwa

2.28

0.53

1.23

1.08

0.64

0.07

7.5

18.2

Key: N= Nitrogen, P= Phosphorus, K= Potassium, Ca= Calcium, Mg= Magnessium, Na= Sodium, C:N= C:N ratio, and OM=Organic matter

87


2Okra leaf area/plant (cm ) /plant

Table 5 shows leaf area was significantly

affected by time and rate of application of poultry

manure at the two locations (Table 5). The

application of poultry manure two weeks before

planting significantly produced wider leaf area 2(cm ) than the application at two weeks after

planting, but not significantly different from the

application at planting (Table 5). .

-1Application of 10 t ha of poultry manure to okra

produced significantly difference in leaf area in

the two locations.

Okra number of branches/plant

Okra number o f b r anches was

significantly affected by the poultry manure

application time at 8, 10 and 12 WAP. The

application of manure two weeks before planting

significantly produced higher number of branches

comparable to the application at planting and

significantly higher than application two weeks

after planting (Table 6).

Poultry manure rate had significant effect

on the okra number of branches at 10 and 12WAP -1

in the two locations. The 15 t ha poultry manure

had the highest number of branches comparable to -1 -110 t ha and significantly different from 5 t ha and

no application. The control produced the lowest

number of branches throughout the growing

(Table 6).

Okra yield

O k r a f r u i t l e n g t h / p l a n t , f r u i t

diameter/plant fruit/weight/plot and fruit weight

were significantly affected by the poultry manure

time of application (Table 7).Poultry manure -

applied two weeks before planting and at 10 t ha1produced longest fruit length, wider fruit diameter

and higher fruit weight and fruit diameter in the

two locations which were significantly different

from the application of poultry manure at planting

and two weeks after planting. The poultry manure

applied at planting and two weeks after planting

were comparable to one another in the two

locations (Table 7).

Average okra plant height/plant

Okra plant height significantly affected by

the poultry manure by the time of application of

poultry manure in the two locations (Table 3) . The

application of poultry manure two weeks before

planting significantly produced taller plants at 2, 4,

and 6 WAP However at 8, 10and 12 WAP, the

application of poultry manure at planting was

similar to the application of poultry manure two

weeks before planting in the two locations. Okra

plant height was not significantly affected by the

poultry manure rates at 2,4 and 6WAP. Although, -1the application of 10 t ha produced taller plants in

the two locations in 2013 cropping season.

However, at 8, 10 and 12 WAP, the application of -1

10 t ha significantly produced taller okra plants -1

which were comparable to 15 t ha and -1

significantly different from 5 t ha and no

application.

Average okra number of leaves/plant

Okra numbers of leaves were significantly

affected by time and rate of application of poultry

manure (Table 4), in the two location. The

88


Tab

le 3

: E

ffec

ts o

f p

ou

ltry

ma

nu

re t

ime

of

ap

pli

cati

on

an

d r

ate

s o

n t

he

pla

nt

hei

gh

t o

f o

kra

(A

bel

mosc

hu

s

escu

len

tus)

at

La

pa

i an

d M

ok

wain

2013

cro

pp

ing

Mea

ns

foll

ow

ed w

ith

th

e sa

me

lett

er(s

) ar

e n

ot

sig

nif

ican

tly

dif

fere

nt

at 5

% p

rob

abil

ity

lev

el

Tre

atm

ent

Para

met

ers

P

lant

hei

ght

(cm

)

2W

AP

P

lant

hei

ght

(cm

)

4W

AP

P

lant

hei

ght

(cm

)

6W

AP

P

lant

hei

ght

(cm

)

8W

AP

P

lant

hei

ght

(cm

)

10W

AP

P

lant

hei

ght(

cm)

12W

AP

Lap

ai

Mokw

a

Lap

ai

Mokw

a

L

apai

Mokw

a

Lap

ai

Mokw

a

L

apai

Mokw

a

Lap

ai

Mo

kw

a

Tim

e

Tw

o w

eeks

bef

ore

pla

nti

ng

9.1

8a

10.0

1a

21.6

4a

22.7

3a

33.3

9a

34.1

1a

46.3

2a

46.1

0a

62.8

0a

63.3

1a

76.9

4a

74.9

3a

At

pla

nti

ng

7.7

7b

9.2

0b

20.5

0.b

20.1

0b

32.2

6ab

31.0

1b

45.7

1ab

43.0

7a

61.2

0a

62.8

3a

73.8

1a

74.8

1a

Tw

o w

eek a

fter

pla

nti

ng

7.7

2b

9.1

0b

19.9

8b

20.0

3b

30.9

8b

30.9

9b

45.2

1b

41.3

b

50.9

3b

49.2

3b

60.9

9b

69.2

3b

SE

±

0.4

22

0.3

21

0.4

17

0.3

71

0.5

56

0.4

16

0.4

71

0.5

02

1.0

20

0.9

43

1.5

85

1.3

21

LS

D

0.8

76

0.7

02

0.8

65

0.8

01

1.1

52

0.8

84

0.9

77

1.2

14

2.1

15

1.9

04

3.2

88

2.7

21

Rate

0

t

ha-1

7.4

2c

7.7

2c

20.8

3c

20.6

1c.

28.7

3c

28.2

6c

42.7

0c

43.2

6c

58.0

8c

63.1

8c

72.0

2c

72.2

3c

5

t

ha-1

8.7

0b

9.4

8b

21.5

9b

21.5

0b

30.8

7b

32.4

1b

44.7

0b

45.7

8b

62.2

0b

65.6

4b

74.7

7b

76.1

0b

10

t

ha-1

9.5

6ab

10.0

7ab

22.7

1ab

22.4

2ab

32.8

7ab

34.4

1a

46.1

3a

47.2

2a

65.9

8a

67.9

3a

82.4

3a

81.2

1a

15

t

ha-1

9.2

1a

10.0

3a

22.5

9a

22.0

2a

32.4

0a

34.1

7a

44.9

9a

47.0

1a

64.6

9a

67.7

2a

80.9

8a

81.2

9a

SE

±

0.4

88

0.5

12

0.4

82

0.5

51

0.6

02

0.5

86

0.5

44

0.6

14

1.1

77

1.0

10

1.8

31

1.7

32

L

SD

1.0

62

1.1

12

1.1

42

1.1

62

1.2

12

2.2

03

1.1

28

1.3

25

2.4

42

2.1

13

3.7

96

3.5

15

In

tera

ctio

n

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

89


Ta

ble

4 :

Eff

ects

of

pou

ltry

ma

nu

re t

ime

of

ap

pli

cati

on

ra

tes

on

th

e n

um

ber

lea

ves

of

ok

ra (

Ab

elm

osc

hu

s es

cule

ntu

s )

at

La

pa

i a

nd

Mo

kw

a i

n 2

01

3

cro

pp

ing

sea

son.

Tre

atm

ent

Para

met

ers

Num

ber

of

Lea

ves

2W

AP

Num

ber

of

Lea

ves

4W

AP

Num

ber

of

Lea

ves

6W

AP

Num

ber

of

Lea

ves

8W

AP

Num

ber

of

Lea

ves

10W

AP

Num

ber

of

Lea

ves

12W

AP

L

apai

Mokw

a

Lap

ai

Mokw

a Lap

ai

Mokw

a

Lap

ai

Mokw

a

Lap

ai

Mokw

a

Lap

ai

Mokw

a

Tim

e

Tw

o w

eeks

bef

ore

pla

nti

ng

4.5

5a

3.8

1a

5.5

3a

5.8

2a

7.3

0a

7.61a

9.9

3a

9.8

1a

10.7

9a

10.9

5a

11

.87a

11

.92a

At

pla

nti

ng

3.7

5b

3.1

1b

4.8

3b

5.5

1b

6.0

9b

6.8

4b

8.7

3b

8.6

2b

9.7

0b

10.0

1b

10.8

5b

11

.04b

Tw

o w

eeks

afte

r pla

nti

ng

3.6

5b

2.0

1c

4.1

7c

5.0

0b

6.0

5b

6.3

2c

8.0

3b

7.0

7c

9.4

3c

8.1

2c

10.7

3

8.2

6c

SE

±

0.3

94

0.2

91

0.3

80

0.2

70

0.5

72

0.2

41

0.4

88

0.4

40

0.4

82

0.4

26

0.6

42

0.3

21

L

SD

0.8

17

0.6

21

0.6

22

0.5

03

1.1

86

0.5

64

1.0

11

0.9

18

0.9

99

0.8

61

1.3

31

0.6

44

R

ate

0 t

ha-1

2.1

6b

1.8

1b

4.8

0b

5.0

2b

6.2

8b

6.0

1b

8.0

7b

6.8

5b

9.0

0c

10.4

8b

10.9

8b

10.7

2c

5 t

ha-1

2.8

9b

2.0

2b

5.1

5b

5.0

2b

6.6

0b

6.1

3b

8.1

7b

7.6

6b

9.8

6b

10.7

5b

11.0

9b

12.0

1b

10 t h

a-1

3.7

8a

3.7

1a

6.0

6a

6.7

1a

7.7

3a

7.0

3a

9.5

6a

8.7

8a

11.6

4a

11.7

8a

13.3

9a

13.0

1a

15 t h

a-1

3.1

0ab

3.1

2a

5.7

2a

6.2

0a

7.6

7a

6.7

3a

9.1

8a

8.7

1a

10.9

0ab

11.7

5a

12.2

6a

13.0

4a

S

E±

0.3

41

0.3

21

0.2

6

0.3

62

0.4

95

0.2

66

0.4

22

0.4

13

0.4

17

0.2

13

0.5

56

0.4

41

L

SD

0.7

08

0.6

92

0.5

39

0.7

14

1.0

27

0.5

12

0.8

76

0.8

28

0.8

65

0.4

28

1.1

52

0.9

22

In

tera

ctio

n

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

M

ean

s fo

llo

wed

wit

h t

he

sam

e le

tter

(s)

are

not

sig

nif

ican

tly

dif

fere

nt

at 5

% p

rob

abil

ity

lev

el

90


Discussion

The response of okra growth (plant height,

number of leaves, leaf area and number of

branches) in favour of the application of poultry

manure two weeks before planting can be

attributed to the decomposition rate of poultry

manure applied two weeks before planting that

made nutrients available for the growing okra

when needed most. This result could also be

attributed to the marked contribution of poultry

manure both in application time and rate on okra

plant height. This finding is in agreement with

observation of Tindall (1975), Adeyemi et al.,

(1987) and Vimala (2006) who reported increased

plant height of Amaranthus as a result of poultry

manure application. The result also corroborates

the findings of Amanullah et al., (2007) who

reported rapid mineralization of nutrients in

poultry manure which made a significant quantity

of the nutrients available for the plant absorption.

The response of okra fruit characteristics

(fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield and

cumulative yield to the poultry manure application

time followed the same trend. This result is in

contrast with Ndukwe et al., (2011) who reported

that the application of poultry manure at two

months after planting (MAP) produced heaviest

bunches of plantain and the highest yield

components when compared with the application

at planting and three MAP.

Also, the effects of poultry manure rate,

shows the highest response from the application of -110 t ha on growth and yield of okra in the two

locations except the effect of poultry manure rate

on leaf area of okra which were not significantly

differed. This result is in agreement with the report

presented by Ojeniyi (2000) that different rates of

manure application do not usually give a

significant difference in leaf area per plant of any

crop.

However, other growth and yield

parameters recorded highest mean values in favour -1

of 10 t ha and in most cases not significantly -1

different from 15 t ha and lowest growth and yield

were obtained from control application treatment.

This result tallies with the report of Hamma et al.,

(2012) who observed that the application of 12 1tha of poultry manure produced higher mean

values of vine length, number of leaves, leaf area,

fruit length/plant, fruit girth/plant, yield/plot and

cumulative yield of cucumber while the control (0 -1

t ha of poultry manure), gave significantly lower

values in all growth and yield parameters

throughout the period of assessment.

Conclusion

The poultry manure is a valuable source of

organic matter and other essential nutrients

required by okra that should be used by low

income farmers for sustainable plant production.

The manure if applied when plant needs it most

will serve even better than the application of NPK.

Although application rates showed some 1

significant effects but application of 10 t ha seems

to perform significantly better than other rates.

ReferencesAdeyemi, M. O., Fakorede, M. A. B and Edema, A.

O. (1987). Effect of poultry Manure and cutting height on the performance of Amaranthus hybridus. Nigerian Journal of Agronomy, 11 (1): 12–20.

Aliyu, L. (2003). Effect of manure type and rate on the growth, yield and yield component of

91


Tab

le 5

: E

ffec

ts o

f p

oult

ry m

anu

re t

ime

of a

pp

lica

tion

an

d r

ates

on

th

e le

af a

rea

(cm

) o

f ok

ra (

Abe

lmos

chu

s es

cule

ntu

s )

at L

apai

an

d M

okw

a in

2

2013

cro

pp

ing

seas

on.

Tre

atm

ent

P

aram

eter

s

Lea

f A

rea

(cm

2 )

2W

AP

Lea

f A

rea

(c

m2 )

4WA

P

Lea

f A

rea

(cm

2 )

6W

AP

Lea

f A

rea

(c

m2 )

8WA

P

Lea

f A

rea

(cm

2 )

10

WA

P Lea

f A

rea

(cm

2 )

12

WA

P

L

apai

Mok

wa

L

apai

M

okw

a L

apai

M

okw

a

Lap

ai

Mok

wa

L

apai

M

okw

a

Lap

ai

Mok

wa

T

ime

T

wo

wee

ks

befo

re p

lant

ing

5.63

a 5.

88a

9.

93a

9.93

a

269.

00a

29

7.12

a

395.

00a

43

3.32

a

531.

00a

64

0.93

a

715.

00a

71

2.02

a

At

plan

ting

4.35

b 4.

41b

7.

66b

9.64

a

195.

00b

20

3.33

b

302.

00b

34

5.36

b

412.

00b

52

1.26

b

590.

00b

59

01.4

1b

Tw

o w

eeks

af

ter

plan

ting

4.25

b

3.86

b

6.44

c

6.21

b

160.

00b

198.

32bb

300.

00b

330.

61b

408.

00b

466.

23b

502.

00b

582.

26b

S

E±

0.60

1

0.71

2

0.58

2

0.55

5

26.9

0

34.7

21

43.7

0

38.6

21

55.9

0

55.7

21

59.5

00

59.2

61

L

SD

1.24

6

1.44

3

1.20

7

1.10

6

70.3

0

73.4

21

90.7

0

80.0

31

116.

030

115.

231

118.

102

116.

345

R

ate

0

t ha

-1

4.37

b

4.45

b

6.11

b

7.02

b

215.

00b

216.

00b

292

.00b

317.

46b

416.

00b

420.

42b

619.

00b

670.

20b

5

t ha

-1

4.42

b

4.50

b

7.95

b

8.21

b

224.

00b

281.

24b

295.

00b

399.

96b

450.

00b

470.

32b

642.

00ab

690.

73a

10

t ha

-1

5.63

a

5.85

a

9.79

a

9.94

a

345.

00a

383.

72a

425.

00a

453.

47a

567.

00a

590.

26a

797.

00a

803.

73a

15

t h

a-1

5.23

a

5.36

ab

8.77

ab

9.23

ab

315.

00ab

382.

56a

392.

00a

403.

99ab

536.

00ab

561.

22ab

721.

00a

743.

62ab

SE

±

0.52

0

0.66

2

0.50

4

0.55

5

29.4

05

30.2

41

37.9

01

36.8

51

48.4

06

51.2

34

52.7

04

53.2

31

LS

D

1.07

9

1.32

1

1.04

5

1.10

6

60.9

03

61.4

41

78.5

03

77.5

41

100.

502

103.

324

105.

607

108.

321

Inte

ract

ion

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Mea

ns f

ollo

wed

wit

h th

e sa

me

lett

er(s

) ar

e no

t si

gnif

ican

tly

diff

eren

t at

5%

pro

babi

lity

lev

el

92


Table 6: Effects of poultry manure time of application and rates on the number of branches of

okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) at Lapai and Mokwa, 2013 cropping season

Number of branches

6WAP

8WAP

10WAP

12WAP

Lapai

Mokwa

Lapai

Mokwa

Lapai

Mokwa

Lapai

Mokwa

Time

Two weeks Before

Planting

2.89

2.77

3.77a

3.84a

6.44a

7.14a

8.22a

7.99a

At planting

2.65

2.73

3.62a

3.80a

6.04a

7.10a

7.63a

7.42a

Two weeks After Planting

2.35

2.63

2.81b

3.35b

5.40b

6.01b

6.52b

6.23b

SE±

0.294

0.246

0.2300

0.243

0.292

0.301

0.365

0.312

LSD 0.609 0.589 0.476 0.423 0.606 0.611 0.757 0.692

Rates

0 t ha-1

2.53 3.10 3.09 3.55 5.41b 5.63c 6.39c 6.51c

5

t ha-1

2.53

3.11

3.29

3.56

6.08b

6.40b

7.30b

7.61b

10

t ha-1

2.85

3.22

3.57

3.69

6.79a

7.13a

8.20a

8.73a

15

t ha-1

2.56

3.12

3.17

3.67

6.42ab

7.02ab

7.98ab

8.49a

SE±

0.339

0.321

0.2655

0.244

0.338

0.342

0.421

0.241

LSD

0.703

0.689

0.5507

0.503

0.700

0.714

0.874

0.502

Interaction

Time

X Rate

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Means followed with the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level

Treatment

93


Table 7: Effects of poultry manure time of application and rates on fruit length, diameter and

weight of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) at Lapai, 2013 cropping season

Treatments

Fruit length /plot

(cm)

Fruit diameter/plot

(cm)

Fruit weight /plot

(kg)

Cumulative Yield

Tonnes/ha

Lapai

Mokwa

Lapai

Mokwa

Lapai

Mokwa

Lapai

Mokwa

Time

Two weeks before planting

7.89a

8.23a

5.94a

5.99a

7.85a

6.30a

3.93a

4.65a

At planting

7.07b

7.08b

5.22b

5.10b

6.40b

7.80b

3.20b

3.96b

Two weeks after planting

6.60b

7.00b

5.16b

5.09b

6.1b

5.30b

3.05b

2.60c

SE±

0.373

0.381

0.311

0.216

0.35

0.65

0.35

0.36

LSD

0.774

0.802

0.645

0.433

0.80

1.39

0.73

0.74

Rate

0

t ha-1 4.69c

4.82c

5.01c

4.07b

2.75b

3.80c

1.38b

1.91b

5 t ha-1 6.95b

7.02b

5.19bc

5.29a

3.20b

4.40b

1.60b

2.23b

10 t ha-1 8.94a 8.96a 6.12a 5.92a 8.00a 9.50a 4.05a 4.75a

15 t ha-1 7.61b 7.12b 5.48ab 5.73a 7.60a 8.80a 3.80a 4.42a

SE±-* 0.431 0.422 0.359 0.444 0.45 0.55 0.75 0.85

LSD 0.893 0.845 0.744 0.841 0.963 1.156 1.631 1.89

Interaction

Time

X

Rate

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

Ns

94


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96