EffectsEffects of Stress of Stress PsychologicalPsychological» moodiness, depression, emotional fatiguemoodiness, depression, emotional fatigue

PhysiologicalPhysiological» cardiovascular diseasescardiovascular diseases» ulcers, sexual dysfunction, headachesulcers, sexual dysfunction, headaches

BehavioralBehavioral» poor performance, accidentspoor performance, accidents» absenteeismabsenteeism» workplace aggressionworkplace aggression

Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law

Complex vs. Simple Task Complex vs. Simple Task (Difficult vs. Easy Task/Poorly Learned vs. Well (Difficult vs. Easy Task/Poorly Learned vs. Well

Learned Task)Learned Task)

What Causes You the Most Stress? (2009

Survey)

 

My Job ----------------------------– 26%My Job ----------------------------– 26%My Finances ---------------------– 20%My Finances ---------------------– 20%My Relationships ---------------– 21%My Relationships ---------------– 21%My Children ---------------------- 10%My Children ---------------------- 10%School ------------------------------– 8%School ------------------------------– 8%Fear of Disaster/Terror Attack – 3%Fear of Disaster/Terror Attack – 3%

Recent Study of Recent Study of Stress:Stress:

70% of workers said job stress 70% of workers said job stress caused frequent health problemscaused frequent health problems

34% considered quitting 34% considered quitting because of stress during because of stress during previous yearprevious year

14% quit due to stress during 14% quit due to stress during previous two yearsprevious two years

Determinants of Determinants of StressStress

ExperienceExperience» Job ConditionsJob Conditions

» Job Events Job Events

» Life EventsLife Events

» Life ConditionsLife Conditions Personal CharacteristicsPersonal Characteristics» PersonalityPersonality

» Coping BehaviorsCoping Behaviors

Determinants of Determinants of StressStress

Job ConditionsJob Conditions» Intrinsic to the JobIntrinsic to the Job

» Career DevelopmentCareer Development

» Social Relationships within the OrganizationSocial Relationships within the Organization

» Organization interface with the outsideOrganization interface with the outside

AccountantAccountant

ArtistArtist

Auto MechanicAuto Mechanic

ForesterForester

Low-StressLow-StressOccupationsOccupations

High-StressHigh-StressOccupationsOccupations

Hospital managerHospital manager

Physician (GP)Physician (GP)

PsychologistPsychologist

School principalSchool principal

Police officerPolice officer

U.S. presidentU.S. president

Waiter/waitressWaiter/waitress

Telephone operatorTelephone operator

Stress and Stress and OccupationsOccupations

Medium-StressMedium-StressOccupationsOccupations

Sources of StressSources of Stress Job Events & Life EventsJob Events & Life Events» Even “good” things can be stressful, because Even “good” things can be stressful, because

changechange is generally is generally stressfulstressful..

Workplace ViolenceWorkplace Violence 2 million people experience some form of 2 million people experience some form of

violence at work each year violence at work each year

Most common cause of work-related Most common cause of work-related death for women; second most common death for women; second most common for menfor men

Severe stress may be both a cause and an Severe stress may be both a cause and an effect of the violenceeffect of the violence

Sources of StressSources of Stress Life ConditionsLife Conditions» Urban Stress TestUrban Stress Test–Measures: Population Change, Crowding, Measures: Population Change, Crowding,

Education, Violent Crime, Education, Violent Crime, Unemployment, Per Capita Income, Birth Unemployment, Per Capita Income, Birth Rate, Air Quality, Hazardous Wastes, Rate, Air Quality, Hazardous Wastes, Water Supply & Quality, Wastewater Water Supply & Quality, Wastewater TreatmentTreatment–Does not include: Climate, Cultural Does not include: Climate, Cultural

Offerings, NFL FootballOfferings, NFL Football

Sources of StressSources of Stress PersonalityPersonality»Type A BehaviorsType A Behaviors–High Job InvolvementHigh Job Involvement–Highly CompetitiveHighly Competitive–Obsessed with AchievementObsessed with Achievement–Impatient, Work FastImpatient, Work Fast–More Prevalent in Capitalistic More Prevalent in Capitalistic

CountriesCountries e.g., U.S., Canada – value efficiency, material e.g., U.S., Canada – value efficiency, material

goodsgoods

Coping with StressCoping with StressGENERAL METHODSGENERAL METHODS Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention

» Change how you do Change how you do things to remove things to remove stressors from your lifestressors from your life

Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention» Prepare yourself to Prepare yourself to

withstand stressorswithstand stressors

TreatmentTreatment» Treat the stress effects Treat the stress effects

you already haveyou already have

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention

» Time management, skill Time management, skill enhancement, enhancement, delegationdelegation

Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention» Exercise, diet, Exercise, diet,

recreation, sleep, recreation, sleep, relaxation, meditationrelaxation, meditation

TreatmentTreatment» Professional help, Professional help,

social supportsocial support

Organizational Organizational Approaches to StressApproaches to Stress

» Selection and PlacementSelection and Placement

»TrainingTraining

»Goal SettingGoal Setting

» Job Redesign, Including EmpowermentJob Redesign, Including Empowerment

»Wellness Programs (e.g., weight loss, Wellness Programs (e.g., weight loss, smoking cessation, exercise)smoking cessation, exercise)

» Stress CounselorsStress Counselors