effects of liver disease on pharmacokinetics · 2 goals of liver disease effects lecture...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics
Juan J.L. Lertora, M.D., Ph.D.
Director
Clinical Pharmacology ProgramNovember 4, 2010
National Institutes of Health
Clinical Center
![Page 2: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture
• Estimation of Hepatic Clearance
• Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:
- RESTRICTIVELY Eliminated Drugs
- NON-RESTRICTIVELY Eliminated Drugs
• Other Effects of Liver Disease:
- Renal Function
- Drug Distribution
- Drug Response
• Modification of Drug Therapy in Patients with Liver
Disease
![Page 3: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
ADDITIVITY of Clearances
NRRE CLCLCL
ESTIMATED FROM
PLASMA LEVEL-
VS.-TIME CURVE
ESTIMATED FROM
RECOVERY OF
DRUG IN URINE
ESTIMATED
AS CLE - CLR
![Page 4: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
CALCULATION OF CLH
REHClClCl
ASSUMES CLH = CLNR
![Page 5: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
FICK EQUATION
EQCl So
A
V-AE
A
V-AQCl
A = CONCENTRATION ENTERING LIVER
V = CONCENTRATION LEAVING LIVER
Q = HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW
![Page 6: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Derivation of ROWLAND EQUATION (I)
V, Cv
fu = FRACTION OF DRUG THAT IS UNBOUND
CLint = HEPATIC CLEARANCE IN ABSENCE
OF BINDING RESTRICTION
Ca Cv
fu CLint
Blood Flow (Q)
V, Cv
WELL-
STIRRED
COMPART-
MENT
![Page 7: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Derivation of ROWLAND EQUATION (II)
Ca Cv
fu CLint
Blood Flow (Q)
V, Cv
vCCL
uf
vQC
aQC
dt
νdC
Vint
:EQUATION BALANCE MASS
![Page 8: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Derivation of ROWLAND EQUATION (III)
CaCv
fu CLint
V, Cv
Blood Flow (Q)
intCL
ufQ
intCL
uf
aC
vC
aC
ER
vC
intCL
ufQa
CQ
vC
intCL
uf
vC
aCQ
vC
intCL
uf
vQC
aQC
:therefore
:so
0
:state steadyat
![Page 9: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
ROWLAND EQUATIONWELL-STIRRED COMPARTMENT
int
int
CLu
fQ
CLu
fQEQCLH
TWO LIMITING CASES:
RESTRICTIVELY METABOLIZED DRUGS (Q >> fUCLint):
NON-RESTRICTIVELY METABOLIZED DRUGS (fUCLint >> Q):
intCLfCL uH
QCLH
![Page 10: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
RESTRICTIVELY and NON-RESTRICTIVELYEliminated Drugs
RESTRICTIVELY METABOLIZED DRUGS:
Phenytoin
Warfarin
Theophylline
NON-RESTRICTIVELY METABOLIZED DRUGS:
Lidocaine
Propranolol
Morphine
![Page 11: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
HEPATIC FIRST-PASS METABOLISM
A
V
A
VAE
IF E = 1: V = 0
IF E = 0: V = A
PORTAL
VEIN
HEPATIC
VEIN
![Page 12: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
NON-RESTRICTIVELY Eliminated Drugs
0 F So ER,- 1 F :BUT
VA
V-AER :FOR
ER QQClH
01,
THESE DRUGS HAVE EXTENSIVE FIRST-PASS METABOLISM
![Page 13: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
• Acute inflammatory condition
• Mild and transient changes related to extent of
disease in most cases. Infrequently severe and
fulminant
• May become chronic and severe
• Changes in drug disposition less than in
chronic disease
• Hepatic elimination returns to normal as
disease resolves
![Page 14: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE
• Usually related to chronic alcohol use or viralhepatitis
• Irreversible hepatocyte damage
─ Decrease in SERUM ALBUMIN concentration
─ Decrease in INTRINSIC CLEARANCE of drugs
─ Intrahepatic and extrahepatic shunting of blood from functioning hepatocytes
─ FIBROSIS disrupts normal hepatic architecture
─ NODULES of regenerated hepatocytes form
![Page 15: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs:
Effects of LIVER DISEASE
CLH FREE CONC.
ALBUMIN NO CHANGE
CLint
PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTING
intuH CLfCL
![Page 16: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
int
int
/
/
CLf
CLfCL
CL
u
uH
H
DOSECCONC.FREE
:DRUGS ELIMINATED ELYRESTRICTIVFOR
DOSEC
SS
SS
RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs: Effect of PROTEIN BINDING Changes
fu
fu
![Page 17: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
FREE and TOTAL PHENYTOIN Levels(DOSE = 300 MG/DAY)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
NORMAL
RENAL FUNCTION
FUNCTIONALLY
ANEPHRIC
[PH
EN
YT
OIN
] μ
g/m
L
BOUND [PHENYTOIN]
FREE [PHENYTOIN]
CLH ↑CLINT =
![Page 18: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs : Effect ofPROTEIN BINDING Changes
![Page 19: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs:
Effects of LIVER DISEASE
CLH FREE CONC.
ALBUMIN NO CHANGE
CLint
PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTING
intuH CLfCL
![Page 20: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Role of CYP ENZYMES in Hepatic Drug Metabolism
OTHER
36%
CYP2D6
2%
CYP2E1
7%
CYP 2C
17%
CYP 1A2
12%
CYP 3A4-5
26%
% DRUGS METABOLIZED BY
CYP ENZYMES
RELATIVE HEPATIC CONTENT OF
CYP ENZYMES
CYP 1A2
14%
CYP 2C9
14%
CYP 2C19
11%
CYP2D6
23%
CYP2E1
5%CYP 3A4-5
33%
![Page 21: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs: Effect of CIRRHOSIS on CLint
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NORMAL MILD MODERATE SEVERE
% N
OR
MA
L I
NT
RIN
SIC
CL
EA
RA
NC
E-
CYP2D6
CYP3A4
CYP2C19
GLUCURONIDATION
CYP1A2
![Page 22: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
PUGH-CHILD CLASSIFICATIONOf Liver Disease Severity
ASSESSMENT
PARAMETERS
ASSIGNED SCORE 1 POINT 2 POINTS 3 POINTS
ENCEPHALOPATHY GRADE 0 1 or 2 3 or 4
ASCITES ABSENT SLIGHT MODERATE
BILIRUBIN (mg/dL) 1 – 2 2 – 3 > 3
ALBUMIN (gm/dL) > 3.5 2.8 – 3.5 < 2.8
PROTHROMBIN TIME
(seconds > control)
1 – 4 4 – 10 > 10
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL SEVERITY
CLINICAL SEVERITY MILD MODERATE SEVERE
TOTAL POINTS 5 – 6 7 – 9 > 9
![Page 23: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Correlation of Lab Test Results with Impaired CYP Enzyme Function
The Central Problem:
There is no laboratory test of liver function that
is as useful for guiding drug dose adjustment in
patients with liver disease as is the estimation
of creatinine clearance in patients with
impaired renal function.
![Page 24: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Correlation of SPECIAL TESTS of Liver Function with CHILD-PUGH SCORES*
* Data from Herold C, et al. Liver 2001;21:260-5.
0
20
40
60
80
100
NORMAL MILD MODERATE SEVERE
% N
OR
MA
L F
UN
CT
ION
-
ANITPYRINE
BREATH
TEST
GALACTOSE
ELIMINATION
CAPACTY
SORBITOL
CLEARANCE
INDOCYANINE
GREEN
CLEARANCE
![Page 25: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
“PITTSBURGH COCKTAIL” Approach*
DRUG ENZYME
CAFFEINE CYP 1A2
CHLORZOXAZONE CYP 2E1
DAPSONE CYP 3A + NAT2
DEBRISOQUIN CYP 2D6
MEPHENYTOIN CYP 2C19
* From: Frye RF, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62:365-76
![Page 26: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs:
Effects of Liver Disease
CLH FREE CONC.
ALBUMIN NO CHANGE
CLint
PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTING
intuH CLfCL
![Page 27: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Effects of HEPATIC SHUNTING on ROWLAND EQUATION*
* From: McLean A, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:161-6.
intuT
intuT
T
PH
CLfQ
CLfQ
Q
QCL
QT = TOTAL BLOOD FLOW TO LIVER
QP = BLOOD FLOW PERFUSING LIVER
QT – QP = SHUNT BLOOD FLOW
FOR RESTRICTIVELY ELIMINATED DRUGS:
QT >> fu CLint, CLH = (QP/QT) fu CLint
![Page 28: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs: Effects of Hepatic Shunting*
SEVERITYQT QP QP/QT
ANTIPYRINE
CLH
(mL/min) (mL/min) (%) (mL/min)
MODERATE 1.26 0.92 73 27.1
SEVERE 0.72 0.20 28 10.3
SEVERE/
MODERATE0.57 0.22 0.38 0.38
* From: McLean A, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:161-6.
![Page 29: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
NON-RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs: Effects of Liver Disease
CLH F
ALBUMIN NO CHANGE* NO CHANGE
CLint “NO CHANGE” “NO CHANGE”
HEPATIC PERFUSION
* HOWEVER, NOTE THAT FREE CONCENTRATION IS
QCLH
![Page 30: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
NON-RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs: Effects of Liver Disease
CLH F
ALBUMIN NO CHANGE* NO CHANGE
CLint “NO CHANGE” “NO CHANGE”
HEPATIC PERFUSION
QCLH
HOWEVER, fuCLint MAY NO LONGER BE >> Q
![Page 31: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
NON-RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs: Effects of Liver Disease
CLH F
ALBUMIN NO CHANGE* NO CHANGE
CLint “NO CHANGE” “NO CHANGE”
HEPATIC PERFUSION
QCLH
![Page 32: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Effects of Hepatic Shunting on Rowland Equation*
* From: McLean A, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:161-6.
intuT
intuT
T
PH
CLfQ
CLfQ
Q
QCL
QT = TOTAL BLOOD FLOW TO LIVER
QP = BLOOD FLOW PERFUSING LIVER
QT – QP = SHUNT BLOOD FLOW
FOR NON-RESTRICTIVELY ELIMINATED DRUGS:
fu Clint >> QT , CLH = (QP/QT) QT = QP
![Page 33: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
NON-RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs: Effects of Decreased Liver Perfusion*
SEVERITYQT QP QP/QT ICG CLH
(mL/min) (mL/min) (%) (mL/min)
MODERATE 1.26 0.92 73 766
SEVERE 0.72 0.20 28 182
SEVERE/
MODERATE0.57 0.22 0.38 0.24
* From: McLean A, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:161-6.
![Page 34: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Influence of PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTINGon Oral Bioavailability (F)
RESTRICTIVELY Eliminated Drugs:
Little change
NON-RESTRICTIVELY Eliminated Drugs:
SHUNTING may markedly increase extent
of drug absorption (F)
![Page 35: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
CIRRHOSIS Affects Exposure to SomeNON-RESTRICTIVELY Metabolized Drugs
* THIS ALSO INCORPORATES 55% INCREASE IN PROPRANOLOL fu
ABSOLUTE BIOAVAILABILITYRELATIVE EXPOSURE
CIRRHOTICS/CONTROL
CONTROLS
(%)
CIRRHOTICS
(%)IV ORAL
MEPERIDINE 48 87 1.6 3.1
PENTAZOCINE 18 68 2.0 8.3
PROPRANOLOL 38 54 1.5* 2.0*
![Page 36: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
CIRRHOSIS Affects Renal Function:The Hepatorenal Syndrome
• Risk in Patients with Cirrhosis, Ascitis, and GFR > 50
mL/min:
- 18% within 1 year
- 39% within 5 years
• Predictors of Risk:
- Small liver
- Low serum albumin
- High plasma renin
• Cockcroft and Gault Equation may overestimate
renal function
![Page 37: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
CIRRHOSIS Affects Renal Function:The Hepatorenal Syndrome
• The Syndrome has a FUNCTIONAL
rather than an Anatomical Basis.
![Page 38: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEANTEMORTEM Arteriogram
![Page 39: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEPOSTMORTEM Arteriogram
![Page 40: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
CIRRHOSIS Affects Renal Function:The Hepatorenal Syndrome
• Therapy with some drugs may precipitate
Hepatorenal Syndrome
ACE Inhibitors
NSAIDs
Furosemide (High Total Doses)
![Page 41: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
CIRRHOSIS May Affect Drug Distribution
• Increased Free Concentration of
NON-RESTRICTIVELY Eliminated Drugs
(e.g. PROPRANOLOL)
• Increased Permeability of Blood:CNS Barrier
(e.g. CIMETIDINE)
![Page 42: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
CIRRHOSIS Affects Drug Distribution:
Increased CNS Penetration of Cimetidine*
* From Schentag JJ, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;29:737-43
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
NONE RENAL + LIVER
DISEASE
LIVER DISEASE
CIM
ET
IDIN
E C
SF
/SE
RU
M R
AT
IO
![Page 43: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
CIRRHOSIS may affect PHARMACODYNAMICS
• Sedative response to BENZODIAZEPINES is
exaggerated
• Response to LOOP DIURETICS is reduced
![Page 44: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Drug Dosing in Patients withLIVER DISEASE
The Central Problem:
There is no laboratory test of liver function that
is as useful for guiding drug dose adjustment in
patients with liver disease as is the estimation
of creatinine clearance in patients with
impaired renal function.
![Page 45: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
PUGH-CHILD CLASSIFICATIONof Liver Disease Severity
ASSESSMENT
PARAMETERS
ASSIGNED SCORE 1 POINT 2 POINTS 3 POINTS
ENCEPHALOPATHY GRADE 0 1 or 2 3 or 4
ASCITES ABSENT SLIGHT MODERATE
BILIRUBIN (mg/dL) 1 – 2 2 – 3 > 3
ALBUMIN (gm/dL) > 3.5 2.8 – 3.5 < 2.8
PROTHROMBIN TIME
(seconds > control)
1 – 4 4 – 10 > 10
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL SEVERITY
CLINICAL SEVERITY MILD MODERATE SEVERE
TOTAL POINTS 5 – 6 7 – 9 > 9
![Page 46: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Drugs CONTRAINDICATED in Patients withSevere Liver Disease
• May precipitate renal failure:
- NSAIDs
- ACE Inhibitors
• Predispose to bleeding:
- β-LACTAMS with N-Methylthiotetrazole Side Chain
(e.g. CEFOTETAN)
![Page 47: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Drug Requiring ≥ 50% Dose Reduction in Patients with MODERATE CIRRHOSIS
CHANGE IN CIRRHOSIS
F CLE
ANALGESIC DRUGS
Morphine ↑ 213% ↓ 59%
Meperidine ↑ 94% ↓ 46%
Pentazocine ↑ 318% ↓ 50%
![Page 48: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Drugs Requiring ≥ 50% Dose Reduction in Patients with MODERATE CIRRHOSIS
CHANGE IN CIRRHOSIS
F CLE
CARDIOVASC. DRUGS
Propafenone ↑ 257% ↓ 24%
Verapamil ↑ 136% ↓ 51%
Nifedipine ↑ 78% ↓ 60%
Losartan ↑ 100% ↓ 50%
![Page 49: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Drugs Requiring ≥ 50% Dose Reduction in Patients with MODERATE CIRRHOSIS
CHANGE IN CIRRHOSIS
F CLE
OTHER DRUGS
Omeprazole ↑ 75% ↓ 89%
Tacrolimus ↑ 33% ↓ 72%
![Page 50: Effects of Liver Disease on Pharmacokinetics · 2 GOALS of Liver Disease Effects Lecture •Estimation of Hepatic Clearance •Effect of Liver Disease on Elimination:-RESTRICTIVELY](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040522/5e7e3868017145122a5a4c00/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Recommended Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics in Liver Disease Patients*
REDUCED Study Design:
- Study Control Patients and Patients with Child-Pugh
Moderate Impairment
- Findings in Moderate Category Applied to Mild
Category; Dosing Prohibited in Severe Category
FULL Study Design:- Study Control Patients and Patients in All Child-Pugh
Categories
- Population PK Approach
* FDA Clinical Pharmacology Guidance, May 2003