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ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT

ISSN: 2395-0595

Volume 1, Issue 2. 1-18(2015)

Cite this article as: Kotak, A & Ami, U. (2015). Effective Oral Communication Skills for

Engineers in Global Arena. ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT. 1(2), 1-18

1

Effective Oral Communication Skills for Engineers in Global Arena

Ms. Arti Kotak

Assistant Professor in English (CS)

Marwadi Education Foundation Group of Institutes, Rajkot, Gujarat (India)

Prof. Ami Upadhyay

Director, School of Humanities and Social Sciences

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat (India)

Abstract

This research canvasses the need of effective oral communication skills for

engineering students as globalization and competitiveness has become the

benchmark of any workplace, it becomes obviously important for employees to be

equipped with effective communication skills. To compete with this hi-tech

globalized market, engineering graduates require to make themselves competent and

excellent communicators to express their ideas and thoughts spontaneously as well as

effectively. As tomorrow‟s engineer is being shaped in the classroom of today, they

must be taught effective oral communication skills to make them „Industry Ready‟.

These research pane ploys the clear clue of the concept „Effective Oral

Communication Skills‟ and the dimensions that can be helpful to make oral

communication skills effective. The content of the research paper will assist any

teacher of English language and Communication Skills to gain „to the point

knowledge‟ regarding effective oral communication skills. The content is like

readymade material which can be carried out in the classroom directly especially to

evaluate the effective oral communication skills of students.

Key Words: Need and Concept of CS, Dimensions for effective oral CS and

analytical rubric for assessment of oral skills.


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Introduction

“I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did,

but people will never forget how you made them feel”

Maya Angelou

The statement by Maya Angelou (an American poet, memoirist, actress and an

important figure in the American Civil Rights Movement) is the declaration of a

person‟s skills in this global world. Today everyone has his own thoughts and

perceptions which make one fall in a challenging task of convincing people around

on his conceptions by his communication. Achievement of good communicative

skills is not a piece of cake. Technology has been breezed in by all the fields of

education which concedes everyone to acquire any kind of content very easily and

here the global world creates challenges for all the competitors because to have

content is considered to be an ordinary matter but expression of the same content

requires magnificent communication skills. It has been mentioned that the number of

engineers coming from outside the United States has risen significantly in recent

years. 2008 data shows that the number of engineers graduating from university in

China and India has risen by 9.9 and 10.4 percent, respectively. Today‟s engineer

wears the cap carrying the status of „Global Engineer‟, from any institute of world

he/she might have passed out. Being global engineers, they must have excellent

oral communication skills to cop up with any demand of this global workplace.

The present study is based on the objective observation and experience of the

researchers conducting the lectures of Communication Skills in classes of

engineering students in Saurashtra region in Gujarat. The researchers observed that

students are doing very well in their technical subjects and are really good at

technical skills. It was also observed that most of the students were able to write in

English and could score quite good marks in their exams. But when the activities like

presentation, group discussion, debates, interviews, role play etc. were performed or

conducted, though interested, students were found performing either average or

pathetically below average due to lack of confidence and practice. This made the

http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/3503.Maya_Angelou


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researchers come to the right end of the stick that students were not able to

communicate effectively. They were trying to speak but their oral communication

was found to be more formulaic rather than spontaneous. When the researcher

inquired the students about the problem they might be facing while communicating

orally, it was reported that other engineering subjects were their core subjects so

require more focus and attention while oral communication skills might not. Such

reply which was in against of the wind led the researchers towards the search of the

requirement of oral communication skills for engineering students. So this paper will

cover the areas for the need of oral communication skills for engineering students,

criteria that need to be improved or worked upon for the efficiency and effectiveness

in in oral communication. The paper also discusses the evaluation method for the

effectiveness of oral communication.

Need of Effective Oral Communication Skills for Engineers

As the research should not be subjective, it should not take place on the basis of the

experience of an individual. The researchers mention here the need of oral

communication skills for engineering students.

It is mentioned in the research Perspectives on Oral Communication Skills for

Engineers in Engineering Profession of Pakistan by Inayatullah Kakepoto that states

“Engineering graduates should understand that globalization is not a bubble that will

burst within days but it is a phenomenon that will stay longer in coming days and

will demand more skilled workforce equipped with technical and non technical skills

to increase workplace productivity of organizations.” (Kakepoto P-177) Engineering

graduates are required to communicate orally in a spontaneous way with people at

workplace such as workers, customers, managers, employers and other stakeholders

of any country within and outside organizations because of globalization. Going

further, the resolution passed by the Faculty Council at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill strongly depicts the need of effective Oral Communication

Skills for technical students. Despite English is their mother tongue, the resolution

declares that “all first-year students entering UNC-Chapel Hill…must pass with a


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letter grade a course…entitled Oral Communication” and that “each academic

degree- granting major will develop plans to assist students to develop oral

communication skills.” The goal of this second portion of the requirement is to help

students become articulate communicators in the area of study they have chosen”

(Stanford University Newsletter p-1) It has been mentioned in the research work

“ORAL COMMUNICATION ABILITY IN ENGLISH: AN ESSENTIAL SKILL

FOR ENGINEERING GRADUATES” by Hairuzila Idrus that to acquire any skills,

students require self-efficacy and self-confidence. He indicates “strong sense of self-

efficacy enhances one's accomplishments and personal well-being in many ways

(Bandura, 1986)”( p-1) . Further he indicates, “Studies suggest that 75% of long term

job success depends on soft skills and only 25% on technical knowledge”

(Prabhakar, 2004)” (p-2) Engineers need to have high self efficacy to have good post

in their professional field. “Low confidence level and inability to speak well in

English can hinder one's chances of being hired as an employee in a company”

(Zeigler, 2007)” (p-2) In today‟s globalized world, engineering students will be

hired not only on the basis of their technical skills but also on soft skills they are

good at. Seetha remarks, “Dean of Engineering at Duke University stated that:

engineers who are adept at communications have a considerable advantage over

those who are not.”(p-3). The statement determines the importance of effective oral

communication skills for engineering students along with their technical skills. M.

Mojibur Rahman has four years of experience at Indian School of Mines. He has

been teaching oral communication skills courses since 2005. He says, At ISM

(Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad) students come from all over India

through Joint Entrance Examination conducted by Indian Institute of Technology. He

mentions , the Oral Communication Skills Course was offered as an elective course

in the third semester B. Tech. (Mining Engineering, Mineral Engineering, Petroleum

Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, and Electronics Engineering) at the

Indian School of Mines University (ISMU), Dhanbad (India). which demonstrates

the importance of oral communication skills for engineering students. Patil &

Karekatti state, According to Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology

(ABET) and Indian Accreditation Council (IAC), engineering graduates must be


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competent in both written and spoken communication skills. Another research by

Sageev and Romanowski (2001) state that, “Technical ideas and results are not

useful until and unless they are communicated and discussed”. The statement clearly

suggests that to earn recognition for technical knowledge also one needs to have

command over oral communication skills. One more research carried by Lee (2003)

in major engineering firms in Malaysia also supports the previous findings. (P-2)

Dwivedi, Pawan mentions in his study, according to Nasscom‟s Perspective 2020

study, industry is already facing shortage of employable talent. An average company

invests 16 weeks to train one employee in areas such as technical skills, soft skills,

and company orientation. (Dwivedi P- 12). Here again communication skills is one

of the most important employable talents. ALBERT P‟RAYAN mentions in his

research, Narayanan, vice chairman of Cognizant Technology Solutions and

chairman of the NASSCOM, in an interview (Warrier 2007) answered a question

regarding the talent demand and supply gap and the role of the NASSCOM to help

the industry bridge the gap: --The answer of him directly pointed out students‟

communication skills, soft skills, speaking skills and effectiveness in oral

communication skills especially at the workplace. He answered: “The current

situation is that, in terms of availability of talent, the numbers are good. The problem

lies in the suitability of people. The industry has moved forward rapidly and

technology also has changed but the educational institutions and the curriculum have

not changed that rapidly. So, we have to bridge the gap by providing additional

training to the people who are coming out of colleges so that they are industry-

ready.” (ALBERT P‟RAYAN P-22) While the demand for talented engineers is high

in multi-national corporations (MNCs), there is a huge skills shortage in the country.

Employers complain about fresh recruits from engineering colleges not being

„industry ready‟.

With the objective of increasing the employability of students and thus to bridge the

gap between corporate expectations/needs and institutional offerings, in 2004 the IT

company Infosys launched a programme called Campus Connect.This clearly points

out the corporate world‟s dissatisfaction with the way engineering students are


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prepared and trained for the workplace. Many deemed universities of Tamilnadu are

the best examples of this. Even in Gujarat state, introduction and implementation of

SCOPE (Society for the Creation of Opportunities through Proficiency in English)

by Shri Narendra Modiji in 2007 affirms the awareness about the importance of oral

communication skills. Going further, GTU (Gujarat Technical University) has

announced the Skills Development Program in all the affiliated colleges across

Gujarat on 30th June, 2014. That has been brought through GTT in association with

NSDC and NASSCOM. This program is to train engineering students for holistic

skills and communication skills. It is apparent that Today‟s engineer must be good in

language skills, especially in English as it being a global language. Even in

Saurashtra region, many engineering institutes have started introducing various

courses to bring effective language competency and oral communication skills in

their students. For instance, Marwadi Education Foundation Group of Institute, a

self-finance institute of Engineering and Management, has initiated a course named

„PE –(PROFECIANCY IN ENGLISH )‟ which is based on European Framework

for the students of all semesters of Engineering.

The above researches determine the importance of Oral Communication Skills for

Engineering Students in India as well as in other countries. After getting the exact

clue of the need of effective oral communication skills for engineering students, the

researcher has given her rash efforts to explore more in the area of oral

communication skills.

General Concept of Effective Oral Communication Skills

Generally communication is perplexed with language and oral communication with

speaking so before exploring further in this area, the phrases like „Oral

Communication Skills‟ and „Effective Oral Communication Skills‟ demand the clear

clue of them.

The word „Oral‟ has been derived from the Latin word Os or Mouth, this word was

used as Oralis in Late Latin and then that word became Oral in the 17th century.


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According to Oxford Dictionaries, “Oral means spoken rather than written”,

“Relating to the transmission of information or literature by word of mouth”, “Oral is

related to the mouth”. Sometimes the word „Oral‟ is confused with the word „Aural‟

but they sing a different tune. Aural refers to the ear or hearing while Oral refers to

the mouth or speaking. The root of the word Aural has been derived from the Latin

word „Auris‟ which means „pertaining to the ear‟ and „Oral‟ which means „pertaining

to the mouth‟. Although there is a variation in both the terms, they are inter-

connected. Going further for the explanation of communication which is generally

messed up with language, although both the areas have their own role to play,

According to Wikipedia, “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by

means of which a social group cooperates.” With the help of vocal symbols, one can

speak with each other or can fall in conversation with any group but there cannot be

any assurance that there will be the communication. The word „Communication‟ has

been derived from Latin word „Communcare‟ meaning „to impart or to share‟

(Meenakshi Raman and Sangeeta Sharma p-2), which makes a point that

Communication doesn‟t include only speaking but that includes sharing of

information, ideas, feelings and thoughts. Fred G. Meyer says, “Communication is

the intercourse by words, letters or messages” Basically communication means how

you make others understand what you actually want to say. One can use verbal or

non-verbal communication for sending or receiving any message. Language, emails,

telephones, emoticons, letters all are the sources for communication. In a nutshell,

language is a link for communication not communication itself. There are various

views on Oral Communication Skills. According to University of Wyoming

University Studies Program, “Oral Communication skills are the ability to compose,

critically analyze, present, and deliver information through verbal

interactions”.According to Mherzog, "Oral communication refers to the speaking and

listening skills needed to participate verbally in discussions, exchange thoughts and

information, make clear and convincing presentations, and interact with a variety of

audiences” Ricky W. Griffin says,“Oral communication takes place in face-to-face

conversations, group discussions, telephone calls and other circumstances in which

spoken word is used to express meaning.” Bovee and others say, “Oral


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communication expresses ideas through the spoken word.” According to S. K.

Kapur, “Oral communication takes place when spoken words are used to transfer

information and understanding form one person to another.” As per the views of

various authors, Oral Communication pertains to verbal communication and it is a

process of communication which is sent by the sender through the words and sound

of the mouth. Oral communication includes face to face conversation, conversation

over telephone, radio broadcasts, interviews, group discussion, meeting, conference,

seminars, speeches etc. From the above definitions, one would observe that the

authors have focused mostly on verbal skills of speaking for oral communication but

in fact oral communication cannot always be limited to only spoken words, the non-

verbal accompanying verbal play very vital, sometimes even louder than the spoken

words. Thus the fragrance of non-verbal cannot be ignored while discussing oral

communication. The paralanguage also is integral part of communication. For

instance, in the talk show - „Coffee with Karan‟ which is hosted by a film producer

and director Karan Johar on Star World India and also telecast on other channels of

the same network like Star Plus and Star One. In this show Bollywood Celebrities

are cordially invited by Karan Johar to enjoy coffee with him and they talk on some

particular topics where celebrities are asked questions regarding their professional -

personal lives and their childhood. They add the flavour of effectiveness in their oral

communication.. Effective Oral Communication Skills consist the qualities like

correctness, clarity, conciseness, completeness, consideration, correctness and

courtesy which should be expressed while communicating orally and that can be

done effectively by using both, verbal as well as non-verbal the skills. After the

clarification of Effective Oral Communication Skills, it is necessity to mention that

„Oral Communication‟ is also misunderstood with the „Speaking‟ but there is a thin

line between only speaking and oral communication. According to English Collins

Dictionary, “Speaking means to convey a person‟s voice from one room, area,

building to another.” Speaking means to sit in group in front of any person and to

express oneself fearlessly and freely. Speaking is free which has not any rules and

regulations while oral communication skills include not only speaking but also

systematic and organized speech. For instance, when a student is asked to give a


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presentation on any topic and the student is just reading the slides while giving

presentation, it gives a message that he is speaking but not communicating orally.

The following conversation affirms the difference between only speaking and

effective oral communication.

Jill: Hello Vinay, I want to smoke.

Vinay: You cannot do it now because we are around the temple and prayer is just

about to begin.

Jill: Should I go to the priest for the permission?

Vinay: Yes. Try it.

Jill: Excuse me, May I smoke while praying?

The priest: No. Not at all. It will be disrespect to God.

Vinay: Let me try. Good Morning, May I pray while smoking?

The priest: Oh! That is very nice, dear. You can pray at any time.

Achievement of Effective Oral Communication skills in this modern world adds new

star to one‟s personality. That has been proven that more than 55% of the executives

are good at this skill and use of effective communication gives them extra mileage in

their business. Formal oral Communication as well as informal oral communication

has their distinguished set of advantages. There are many advantages for oral

communication skills like; it saves time a lot because in rush hours in any field, one

might not get time for writing the stuff, in that situation oral communication plays a

vital role. Oral Communication is also cost saving because in any industry if

communication is orally, it saves, pen, paper or stamp and computer. It is also more

powerful and effective than written communication skills because it includes

varieties of aspects like, intensity of voice, intonation, pitch, articulation,

pronunciation etc.

Dimensions to be improved for Effectiveness in Oral Communication

Skills.

The world of tomorrow is being shaped in our classrooms today. Are our students

gaining the knowledge and skills they need? . (Grady Reese)


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The concern of teaching effective oral communication skills to the students has

always remained a challenging task for almost all the linguistics and teachers of

English Language. Various researches have also taken place regarding the

development of oral communication skills in English. Keeping the concern in mind,

the researchers have drawn up some important dimensions that must be worked upon

to bring effectiveness in oral communication skills.

Dimensions

Choice of words (vocabulary)

Use of idiomatic language

Use of correct basic grammatical structure

Effective body language

Paralinguistics

Active listening

Critical thinking (Independent thought process, Developing personal

insights into self-interest, Developing intellectual curiosity, daring,

boldness, integrity, trust and self confidence in one‟s ability to reason.)

Logical thinking (making decisions, giving instructions, solving

problems, presenting ideas, creating plans, asking questions, explaining

situations.)

Negotiation skills

Team work

Emotional intelligence

Each dimension mentioned above is itself a vast area to learn and to teach as well.

Various strategies can be implemented in the classroom or out of classroom to

develop each dimension. If each of the listed components is taught in an authentic

result oriented way, oral communication skills will definitely touch top of its

effectiveness. Various technologies and an authentic package of activities can lend a

hand to learners to make their oral communication skills effective.


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Analytical Rubric for Effective Oral Communication Skills

“A Truthful Evaluation of Yourself Gives Feedback for Growth and Success”

Brenda Johnson Padgitt

Final assessment is last and the most crucial step of any learned skill or ability. In

this research, to assess the effectiveness in students‟ oral communication skills, this

analytical rubric makes the teacher come to the right end of a stick. This analytical

rubric and the example of assessment will help to know how much improvement

students have achieved in above criteria‟s

Nature of

Communicator

Lexical

Resources

Grammatical

accuracy

Body

Language

Para linguistics Fluency and

Coherence

Clarity of

Ideas

-Uses

vocabulary

with full

flexibility

and

precision

in all

topics

- Uses

idiomatic

language

naturally

and

accurately

- Uses

paraphras

e

effectively

as

required

-Uses a full

range of

structures

naturally and

appropriately

-Produces error-

free sentences

- Produces

consistently

accurate

structures with

flexibility

-Effective

personal

appearance

with

appropriate

cloths, hair,

jewellery,

cosmetics etc.

according to

the situation

-Looks relaxed

and confident

with

appropriate

posture and

gestures while

walking,

sitting and

standing

- Expresses

- Excellent at

producing volume

according to the

situation and

maintaining

appropriate rate

by producing

around 120 to

150 words per

minute

-Demonstrates

excellent

intonation to

express emotion

by rising and

falling pitch of

the voice

-Demonstrates

excellent

articulation by

-Speaks

fluently with

only rare

repetition and

any hesitation

is content-

related rather

than to find

words or

grammar

-Speaks

coherently

with fully

appropriate

cohesive

features

-Develops

topics fully

and

appropriately

- Expresses

thoughts and

ideas

independently

, intellectually

and with full

of confidence

- Able to make

decisions and

solve

problems with

flexibility

-Explains the

situation and

asks the

question very

accurately

http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5278660.Brenda_Johnson_Padgitt


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Excellent and

Effective

feelings and

emotions very

effectively by

using facial

expressions

-Uses

appropriate

eye-contacts,

proxemics and

chronemics

with everyone

in group or

mass

producing the

sounds in a crisp

and lucid manner

without causing

any obfuscation

- Uses full range

of pronunciation

features with

precision and

subtlety

- Uses voice

modulation with

full flexibility

- Uses all required

pauses according

to the situation

with full

flexibility

- Excellent

self-

evaluation of

strength and

adequate

awareness of

prior factors

shaping

conflicts and

excellent

ability to deal

with it by

remaining

calm or

adding sense

of humour or

by any other

behavior

-Manages

to talk

about

familiar

and

unfamiliar

topics but

uses

vocabulary

with

-Uses a range of

complex

structures with

some flexibility

-Frequently

produces error-

free sentences,

though some

-Demonstrate

personal

appearance in

every

situation with

less flexibility

-Limited

capabilities to

- Limited abilities

to produce

appropriate

volume according

to the situation

and able to

maintain rate

with less

flexibility

-May

demonstrate

language

related

hesitation at

times, or some

repetition

-Uses a range

- Expresses

thoughts and

ideas

independently

, intellectually

and with less

confidence

-Able to make


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Competent

limited

flexibility

- Uses

some less

common

and

idiomatic

vocabulary

-Generally

paraphras

e

successfull

y

grammatical

mistakes persist

engage

audience for a

long time with

appropriate

facial

expressions,

eye-contacts,

Proxemics,

Chronemics,

postures and

gestures

- Demonstrates

intonation and

articulation with

less flexibility

-uses a range of

pronunciation

with mixed

control

-Uses voice

modulation and

required pauses

with less

flexibility.

of connectives

and discourse

makers may

not always be

appropriately.

-More

complex

communicatio

n causes

fluency

problems.

decisions and

solve

problems with

less flexibility

-Fumbles

sometimes

while

explaining the

situation and

asking the

question

-Lack of self

confidence

and less

awareness to

deal with

conflicts by

remaining

calm or

adding sense

of humour or

by any other

behavior

-Uses

simple

vocabulary

to convey

personal

informatio

-Produces basic

sentence forms

and some

correct simple

sentences but

subordinate

- Lack the

qualities of

appropriate

personal

appearance

- Lack knowledge

of producing

volume ,

maintaining rate

and using

appropriate

-Speaks

slowly and

with long

pauses

- Expresses

thoughts and

ideas

independently

with less

confidence


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Average

n

-Has

insufficien

t

vocabulary

for less

familiar

topics

-Rarely

attempts

paraphras

e

structures are

rare

-Errors are

frequent and

may lead to

misunderstandi

ng

-Able to manage

with basic

sentences

flexibly only in

memorized

expressions

- Lack the

capabilities to

engage the

audience with

appropriate

postures,

gestures, eye-

contacts, facial

expressions,

proxemics and

chronemics.

intonation and

articulation

-Uses limited

range of

pronunciation

features

- Less knowledge

of voice

modulation and

required pauses

-Has limited

ability to link

sentences

-Speaks with

frequent

repetition and

self-correction

and not

connected

intellectually

-Get nervous

easily while

making

decisions and

solving

problems

-Very low self

confidence

and

awareness to

deal with

conflicts and

asked

questions

Poor

-Only

produces

isolated

words or

memorize

d

utterances

-Cannot produce

even basic

sentence forms

- Not having

sense of

appropriate

personal

appearance,

facial

expressions,

postures,

gestures, eye-

contacts,

proxemics and

chronemics

-No knowledge of

using appropriate

volume, rate,

intonation,

articulation,

pronunciation ,

voice modulation

and pauses

-Gives only

simple

responses and

is frequently

unable to

convey basic

message

-Pauses

lengthily

before most

words

- No

knowledge of

expressing

oneself by

using

independent

and

intellectual

thoughts


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.

Evaluation of Student’s Effective Oral Communication Skills on the Basis of

Analytical Rubri

Example

Conclusion

Development of any individual and society depends on the interaction among their

people. This interaction makes people transmit and interchange their ideas, facts,

feelings and courses of action. Many researchers and the teachers of English

language and Communication Skills claim about the same problem faced by them

Grade Required marks to achieve particular grade

Poor 0 – 6

Average 7 -12

Competent 13 – 20

Excellent/

Effective

21 – 30

Name Lexical

Resources

(Out of 5)

Grammatical

Accuracy

(Out of 5)

Body Language

(Out of 5)

Paralinguistics

(Out of 5)

Fluency and coherence

(Out of 5)

Clarity of ideas

(Out of 5)

TOTAL

(out of 30)

GRADE

Xyz 2 2 3 1 3 1 12 Average

Xyz 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Poor

Xyz 3 3 3 2 3 3 14 Compete

nt

Xyz 4 5 5 4 4 4 26 Excellent


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inside or outside the classroom that the students somehow make themselves

comfortable for writing and reading the content but as far as their speaking or oral

communication is concerned, they find themselves on a barrel. As effective oral

communication skills is one of the most important skills for engineering students in

their professional and personal life, it should be taken and treated sincerely with due

expected outcomes. Oral communication skills have not been attained by the

students of certain prominent regions of our country mainly because of their

vernacular medium of instruction at school level. With some of those from English

medium, they might possess oral communication skill, but lack the effectiveness in

the same which is the stipulation of any apt professional stage. Engineering students

must spend more time to make their oral communication skills effective as due to

development in technology; the world has become a global village where English is

preferred to be the language of Communication and Correspondence. To keep this

note in mind, the researcher encompassed the clarification of effective oral

communication skill along with its dimensions and also created the analytical rubric

which will prove to be a pretty easy source to evaluate the students‟ oral skills.

References & Webliography

1) kakepoto, I.(2012).Perspectives on Oral Communication Skills for Engineers in

Engineering Profession of Pakistan. International Journal of applied Linguistics and

English Language.

2) . Hairuzila, I. (2011).Oral Communication Ability in English: An essential skill for

Engineering Graduation.Asia Pacific of Educators and Education. Vol.1

3) Shikha,S.(2012) .Communication Skills for Engineers in Global Arena .

International Journal on Arts,Management and Humanities .Vol.3.

4) Hairuzila, I. (2011).Oral Communication Ability in English: An essential skill for

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13) http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/evaluation

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http://latasinha.wordpress.com/2010/06/20/ancient-and-modern-education-system-in-india/

http://latasinha.wordpress.com/2010/06/20/ancient-and-modern-education-system-in-india/

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/indiapol/node5.html

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http://creative.sulekha.com/the-history-of-introduction-of-english-in-india_139363_blog


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Authors Bio-note

Ms. Arti Kotak holds MA in English Literature and pursuing PHD in ELT. She has

five years of teaching experience in English Language in variety of institutions and

curriculum and three years of teaching experience in Communication Skills, CPD

(Contributor Personality Development) and Life Skills. Her area of interest includes

writing short stories, articles, social dramas and using innovative multimedia

activities to teach English Language and Communication Skills. At present she is the

part of the Department of Communication Skills, Marwadi Education Foundation‟s

Group of Institution, Rajkot, Gujarat – India.

Dr. Ami Upadhyay is a Professor in English and Director, School of Humanities and

Social Sciences at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad. She is a

young dynamic teacher of English Literature, Language and Communication Skills

since 1998. She is an M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. in English. She has presented papers and

participated in more than 50 International, National and State Level Conferences and

seminars. She has written 6 books and contributed around 25 research papers to

various journals and critical books. Her area of interest is Feminism, Comparative

Literature, translation studies, Cultural Studies, Indian Writing in English, ELT,

Communication Skills and Various Teaching Methodologies with special reference

to English Language Teaching. She is also an adept classical dancer and

Choreographer, who has trained more than 1000 students performing across the

nation.

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