effect of some antioxidants on seed quality and yield … · mohamed taha abd al-rahman zalama b....

Mansoura University Faculty of Agriculture

Agric. Botany Department

EFFECT OF SOME ANTIOXIDANTS ON SEED QUALITY AND YIELD OF FABA BEAN UNDER

SALINITY STRESS

By

MOHAMED TAHA ABD AL-RAHMAN ZALAMA B. Sc. Agricultural Science (Agronomy), Faculty of Agric., Mansoura University (1999)

M. Sc. Agricultural Science (Agronomy), Faculty of Agric., Mansoura University (2007)

THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

In (Agric. Botany)

Supervisors

Prof. Dr. MOHEB TAHA SAKR

Prof. of Plant Physiology, Fac. of Agric., Mansoura University

Prof. Dr. ZEIN EL-ABEDIN ABDEL-

HAMID MOHAMED Prof. of Agric. Botany,

Fac. of Agric., Mansoura University

Prof. Dr. MAROUAH ISMAIL ATTA

Chief Researcher, Seed Tech. Res. Department,

Field Crops Institute

2014

Mansoura University Faculty of Agriculture Agric. Botany Department

SUPERVISION

Title of Thesis: Effect of some antioxidants on seed quality

and yield of faba bean under salinity stress. The Researcher: Mohamed Taha Abd Al-Rahman Zalama Supervision Committee:

No. Name Position Signature

1 Prof. Dr. Moheb Taha Sakr

Prof. of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agric.,

Mansoura University.

2 Prof. Dr.

Zein El-Abedin Abdel-Hamid Mohamed

Prof. of Agric. Botany, Faculty of Agric.,


3

Prof. Dr.

Marouah Ismail Atta


Field Crops Institute.

Date of discussion: / / 2014 Head of Department Vice Dean Dean

Prof. Dr. Zein El-Abedin A. Mohamed

Prof. Dr. Yaser Mohamed Shabana

Prof. Dr. Yaser Mokhtar El-Hadidi

Mansoura University Faculty of Agriculture

Agric. Botany Department

APPROVAL SHEET

Title of Thesis: Effect of some antioxidants on seed quality and yield of faba bean under salinity stress.

The Researcher: Mohamed Taha Abd Al-Rahman Zalama

Supervision Committee: No. Name Position Signature

1 Prof. Dr.

Moheb Taha Sakr Prof. of Plant Physiology,

Faculty of Agric., Mansoura University.

2 Prof. Dr.




3 Prof. Dr.

Marouah Ismail Atta


Field Crops Institute.

Approval Committee: No. Name Position Signature

1 Prof. Dr.

Moheb Taha Sakr Prof. of Plant Physiology,


2 Prof. Dr.

Hosny Mohamed Abd El-Dayem

Prof. of Agric. Botany, Faculty of Agric. Moshtohor,

Banha University.

3 Prof. Dr.

Mahmoud Mohamed Darwish Prof. of Plant Physiology,


Prof. Dr.




Date of Discussion : / / 2014

Head of Department Vice Dean Dean

Prof. Dr. Zein El-Abedin A. Mohamed

Prof. Dr. Yaser Mohamed Shabana

Prof. Dr. Yaser Mokhtar El-Hadidi

Endorsement

I certify / Mohamed Taha Abd Al- Rahman Zalama - registered for a PhD, Department of Agricultural Botany - Faculty of Agriculture - Mansoura University,

doctoral thesis that modern and not published before.

Title of English:-

"Effect of some antioxidants on seed quality and yield of faba bean under

salinity stress"

Research published:-

Magazine or periodicals published by Search Title of research Number of

research

J. Plant production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 5 (1): 79-94, 2014

Response of faba bean plants to application of some growth promoters under salinity stress conditions.

1

The student's name

Mohamed Taha Abd Al- Rahman Zalama

Registered PhD, Department of Agricultural Botany

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to express my Praise to "ALLAH" who gave me the power patience and help me to finish this work.

I extend my deep thanks and sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr./Moheb Taha Sakr, Prof of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agric. Mansoura University for his supervision, kind encouragement, scientific guidance, research facilities, critically reading the manuscript and his personal assistance, help me to right directions, offering all facilities at preparation of the manuscript and his great effort since the beginning of his work till finishing it.

In fact without his help, this thesis would not have been possible.

I would like to express my deep thanks to Prof. Dr./ Zein El-Abedin Abdel-Hamid Mohamed, Prof. Of Agric., Head of Botany Dept., Faculty of Agric., Mansoura University, for his supervision, continuous guidance, great support during this thesis.

I deeply thank to Prof. Dr./ MAROUAH I . ATTA, Prof. of Agronomy Field Crop, Researches, Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Giza for great support , continuous encouragement, valuable directions, and providing facilities during the executing of this study.

Thanks are also extended to all staff members of Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University and Research Unit Seed Technology, Mansoura for their support and encouragement during executing of this study.

Lastly, greeting and faithful thanks to my beloved family that I have had the honor of them, my father soul " TAHA" I wish to him the mercy and forgiveness of God and I said to him I will always love you and think of you every step of the way. Great thanks also to my lovely mother, my lonely son Taha, my wife, my sisters and my friends for their continuous encouragement and support, which enable me to complete this work.

Mohamed Taha Abd Al-Rahman Zalama

LIST OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

SUBJECT Page i. INTRODUCTION. 1

ii. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 3

A-Effect of salinity stress on: 3

- Growth parameters and yield of faba bean plants. 3

- Photosynthesis. 9

- Non-enzymatic antioxidants. 11

- Free proline content. 15

- Na+ and K+ content. 16 B-Effects of applying antioxidants on growth, yield observation

and biochemical constituents. 18

C-Role of non-enzymatic antioxidants on alleviating and mitigation the harmful effects of salinity stress. 24

iii. MATERIALS AND METHODES. 34

- Pot experiments. 34

- Field experiments. 40

- laboratory experiment. 43

iv. RESULTS . 45

POT EXPERIAMENT: 45

Vegetative Growth parameters of faba bean plants: 45

Yield components of faba bean plant: 66

Biochemical constituents in faba bean plant: 72

- Photosynthetic pigments. 72

- Proline, ascorbic and phenols contents. 78

- Na+ and K+ contents. 85

- Na+/K+ ratio. 85 - Protein percentage (%). 95

LIST OF CONTENTS

FIELD EXPERIMENT: 98

- Growth parameters of faba bean plant. 98

- Yield of faba bean plant and its components. 100

Laboratory experiment: 103 - Quality of faba bean seeds. 103

v DISCUSSION.

Pot experiment. 106

A - Effect of salinity stress on: 106

- Vegetative growth parameters. 106

- Shoot and Root length. 106

- Shoot and Root fresh and dry weights. 108

- Total leaf area / plant. 109

- Yield and it`s components. 109

- Photosynthetic pigments. 111

- Proline accumulation. 112 - Activity of non-enzymatic antioxidants (Ascorbic acid and

Total phenol) 113

- Na+ and K+ content and Na+/ K+ ratio. 114 B- Effect of applying non-enzymatic antioxidants on

growth, yield parameters and biochemical constituents: 115

- Salicylic acid (SA). 115 - Ascorbic acid (ASA) and Tocopherol (TOCO). 116 - Humic acid (HA). 117 - Yeast extract. 118 C: Role of non-enzymatic antioxidants on alleviating and

mitigation the harmful effects of salinity stress: 119

- Salicylic acid (SA). 119

- Ascorbic acid (ASA) 121

- Tocopherol (TOCO). 124

LIST OF CONTENTS

- Humic acid (HA). 125

- Yeast extract. 126 Vi SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. 128

- Pot experiment. 128 - Field experiment. 135 - Laboratory experiment. 136 - Recommendation. 137

vii REFERENCES. 138-165

viii ARABIC SUMMARY. ٧-١

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page

A. Chemical analysis of yeast extract after Mahmoued (2001). 37

B. Soil and Water Analysis Inst., Mansoura Lab., Agric. R. Center (ARC). 42

1(a)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

47

1(b)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

48

1(c)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

49

2(a)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

50

2(b)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

51

2(c)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

52

3(a)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

53

LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

.3(b)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

54

3(c)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

55

4(a)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

56

4(b)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

57

4(c)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

58

5(a)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

59

5(b)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

60

5(c)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

61

6(a)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

62

LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

6(b)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

63

6(c)

Growth parameters of faba bean (Root dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

64

7

Growth parameters of faba bean (Total Leaf Area cm2/ plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

65

8

No. of pods / plant as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

67

9

Pods weight / plant (g) as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

68

10

Seeds weight / plant (g) as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

69

11

No. of Seeds / plant as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

70

12

100 Seed weight / plant (g) as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

71

LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

13

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on chlorophyll (A) and chlorophyll (B) content (mg/g f.wt) in leaves of faba bean plant.

73

14

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on carotenoids content (mg/g. f. wt) in the shoots of faba bean plant.

76

15

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on proline content (mg/g. f. wt) of faba bean fresh leaves.

79

16

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on ascorbic acid content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

81

17

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on total phenol content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

83

18

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+ and K+ content (mg/g. DW) in shoots of faba bean plant.

86

19

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on Na+ and K+ content (mg/g. DW) in roots of faba bean plant.

89

20

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+/K+ ratio in shoots and roots of faba bean plant.

92

LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

21

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Protein percentage (%) of faba bean plant.

96

22

Growth parameters of faba bean (Plant height/cm, Plant fresh weight/g, Plant dry weight/g, Total Leaf Area cm2/ plant) as influenced by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants and their interactions during the growing seasons 2010/2011.

99

23

Yield parameters of faba bean as (No. of pods/plant, Weight of pods/plant, No. of seeds/plant, Weight of seeds/plant and Seed yield (Ardab/fad) as influenced by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants and their interactions during the growing seasons 2010/2011.

101

24

Yield parameters of faba bean as (100 seed weight and seed yield (Ardab/fad) as influenced by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants and their interactions during the growing seasons 2010/2011.

102

25 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as well as their interactions on germination percentage and speed of germination index of faba bean seeds.

104

26 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as well as their interactions on plumule/radical length (cm) and seedling vigor index of faba bean seeds.

105

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page

1 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on chlorophyll (A) content in leaves of faba bean plant.

74

2

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on chlorophyll (B) content (mg/g f.wt) in leaves of faba bean plant.

75

3

Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on carotenoids content (mg/g. f. wt) in the leaves of faba bean plant.

77

4 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on proline content (mg/g. f. wt) of faba bean fresh leaves.

80

5 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on ascorbic acid content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

82

6 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on total phenol content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

84

7 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+ content (mg/g. DW) in shoots of faba bean plant.

87

8 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on K+ content (mg/g. DW) in shoots of faba bean plant.

88

9 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on Na+ content (mg/g. DW) in roots of faba bean plant.

90

LIST OF FIGURES

10 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on K+ content (mg/g. DW) in roots of faba bean plant.

91

11 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+/K+ ratio in shoots of faba bean plant.

93

12 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+/K+ ratio in roots of faba bean plant.

94

13 Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Protein percentage (%) of faba bean plant.

97

INTRODUCTION

-----------------------------------------------------------------1------------------------------------------------------------------

INTRODUCTION

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) have a long tradition of cultivation in old world agriculture,

being among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow. Faba

bean is believed to have become part of the eastern Mediterranean diet around 6000 BC or

earlier. Also, is still often grown as a cover crop to prevent erosion, because it can overwinter

and because as a legume, they fix nitrogen in the soil.

The whole dried seeds of faba bean contain (per 100g) 344 calories, 10.1% moisture,

1.3g fat, 59.4g total carbohydrate, 6.8g fiber, 3.0 g ash, 104mg Ca, 301mg P, 6.7mg Fe, 8mg

Na, 1123mg K, 130mg b-carotene equivalent, 0.38 mg thiamine, 0.24mg riboflavin, 2.1mg

niacin, and 162mg tryptophane. Flour contains: 340 calories, 12.4, % moisture, 25.5g protein,

1.5g fat, 58.8g total carbohydrate, 1.5g fiber, 1.8g ash, 66mg Ca, 354mg P, 6.3mg Fe, 0.42mg

thiamine, 0.28mg riboflavin, and 2.7mg niacin. The fatty acid composition of broad bean oil

has been reported as 88.6% unsaturated" (Duke, 1981). The amino acid content except for

methionine is reasonably well balanced (Bond et al., 1985).

In Egypt, area harvested of faba bean plants in 2005 was (205.661 fad.) and decreased

in 2011 to (136.401 fad.), (FAO. 2013)1. More, one of the most important factors which

causes reduction of area harvested of faba bean plants is exposure of large areas of lands for

salinity as well as sensitivity of faba bean to medium levels of salinity stress.

According to FAO. 2008, more than 800 million hectares of used lands threw the

world are affected with salt condition (saline and sodic soils). Theses genesis of lands may be

natural or accelerated by using saline irrigation water (Lambers, 2003).

Soil salinity threshold levels depended on a crop species, variety, developmental stage

and environmental factors. The one of the most important a biotic stress factors is soil

FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division 2013 | 08 May 2013١

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6000_BC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_crop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation

INTRODUCTION

-----------------------------------------------------------------2------------------------------------------------------------------

salinity. It causes great effect of development of growth, yields of crops (Chaparzadeh et al.,

2004, Rahnama and Ebrahimzadeh, 2005) and causes great losses in yield crops (Smirnoff,

1998). Seed germination also affected by the excessive content of salt in soil solution,

particularly in case of sensitive plants.

Production of reactive oxygen species forms one of the biochemical response of plants

to a biotic and biotic stress (Rahnama and Ebrahimzadeh, 2005). ROS also produced

during physiological metabolic activity of plants (photosynthesis and respiration). The first

line of defense against ROS in plants is a complex antioxidative system (Dixon and Paiva

1995, Yamasaki et al., 1997). This system consist of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,

catalase, peroxidase and low molecular compounds as ascorbate, glutathione, β-carotene, α-

tocopherol or total phenol compounds (Malencic et al., 2003).

Application of antioxidants is one of the most important ways to increasing salt

tolerance of plants. Treatments of [Salicylic acid (SA), Ascorbic acid (ASA), Tochopherol

(TOCO), Humic acid (HA) and Yeast extract] proved effective in reducing the adverse effect

of salinity on growth, yield and chemical composition of faba bean plants.

Because of that, the current study take place to investigate the applying of some

natural antioxidants as (presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking and spraying together) on

improving the growth observation, yield and it`s components and seeds quality of faba bean,

as well as reducing the harmful effects induced by salinity stress conditions.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 ---------------------------------------------------------------


The review herein considers the previous and current studies on the influence of

salinity stress ant selected antioxidants on vegetative growth characters, yield and it`s

components, biochemical constituents and seed quality of faba bean (vicia faba, L) grown

under salinity stress conditions.

This review will be classified under the following topics:

A: Effect of salinity stress on:-

1- Growth parameters and yield of faba bean plants:

Salt in soil water inhibits plant growth for two reasons. First, it reduces the plant’s

ability to take up water, and this leads to slower growth. This is the osmotic or water-deficit

effect of salinity. Second, it may enter the transpiration stream and eventually injure cells in

the transpiring leaves, further reducing growth. This is the salt-specific or ion-excess effect of

salinity. The two effects give rise to a two-phase growth response to salinity. The salt in the

soil solution reduces leaf growth and, to a lesser extent, root growth (Munns, 2002&2003).

The cellular and metabolic processes involved are in common to drought-affected plants.

Neither Na+ nor Cl- builds up in growing tissues at concentrations that inhibit growth:

meristematic tissues are fed largely in the phloem, from which salt is effectively excluded;

and rapidly elongating cells can accommodate the salt that arrives in the xylem within their

expanding vacuoles.

Rana Munns (2005) reported that growth response results from the toxic effect of salt

inside the plant. The salt taken up by the plant concentrates in old leaves: continued transport

into transpiring leaves over a long period eventually results in very high Na+ and Cl-

concentrations, and the leaves die. The cause of injury is probably the salt load exceeding the

ability of cells to compartmentalize salts in the vacuole. Salts would then build up rapidly in

the cytoplasm and inhibit enzyme activity. Alternatively, they might build up in the cell walls

and dehydrate the cell. The initial growth reduction is caused by the osmotic effect of salt


------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 ---------------------------------------------------------------

outside the roots, and the subsequent growth reduction is caused by the inability to prevent

salt from reaching toxic levels in transpiring leaves.

Stress is known to induced oxidative stress in plant tissues through the increase in

reactive oxygen species. Chloroplast are the major organelles producing the reactive oxygen

species (ROS) such as, the superoxide radicals (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet

oxygen (O-) during photosynthesis (Asada, 1992; Apel and Hirt, 2004).

Greenway and Munns (1980) reported that the effect of salinity on leaf area was

greater than on dry weight, as salt accumulation in the shoot occurs via transpiration stream,

which is highest in old leaves killing them. Salt stress induced injuries which can occur not

only due to osmotic and oxidative effects, but also toxic and nutrient deficiency effects of

salinity.

Ayres and Westcot (1985) indicated that salinity stress delays germination but do not

appreciably reduce the final percentage of germination. However, the effect of salinity on

plant growth is related to the stage of plant development at which salinity is imposed.

Epstein (1985) reported that water salinity is an environmental stress factor that

inhibits growth and yield of glycophytic crop plants in many regions of the world, agreement

with.

Pasternak (1987) indicated that salt stress condition can affect several physiological

processes, from seed germination to plant development. The ability of the plant response to

saline stress can be hardly explained by the fact that salinity imposes both an ionic and

osmotic stress.

Katerji et al. (1992) stead that the yield of the saline treatments is about 28% lower

but without a significant difference between the saline treatments. The yield components

indicate that the decrease in yield is not due to the effect of salinity on the reproductive stage

of the beans because no significant effect is observed on the number of grains per pod and the

number of pods per plant. The decrease in yield appears to be caused by the difference in

weight of the grains. No difference was observed in the height and number of the plants.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Thus, salinity affects the water stress of the plant and its gaseous exchanges: from the

flowering stage onwards systematic differences were observed between the saline treatments

and its control, which lead to a decrease of about 15 to 30% in stomatal conductance,

depending on the salinity level.

In addition, the salinity effect on leaf area and dry matter appeared 20 to 40 days later

and finally caused a decrease of about 15%. The decrease in yield of grains was about 28%,

although the average soil salinity, expressed as ECe, only equaled 2.4 dS/m for the most

saline treatment.

Munns and Cramer (1996) indicated that there are chemical signals coming from

roots in dry or saline soil that reduce leaf growth. These are commonly referred to as root

signals. Abscisic acid is the obvious candidate for this signal, as it is found in xylem sap and

increases after drought and salinity stress. However, there is still no conclusive proof that

abscisic acid (ABA) is the only signal from the roots. Moreover, the origin of the ABA in the

xylem sap is not known, for it moves readily in the phloem and recirculates from leaves to

roots.

Bray (1997) supported that many changes were happened in plants in response to the

osmotic stress and ionic imbalance caused by salinity (Bohnert et al., 1995). In addition, the

oxidative stresses were occurred to result from exposure of plants to osmotic stress that also is

responsible for the damage caused to plants were grown under high concentration of NaCl.

The interaction and input among these components that may finally end in plant death

(Smirnoff, 1993).

Lin and Kao (2000) studied that the increasing concentrations of NaCl reduce root

growth. This reduction is closely correlated with the increase in H2O2 level. Also, they

supported that Hydrogen peroxide content was increased with increasing salinity level.

Gaballah and Gomaa (2004) found that plant dry weight of faba bean was reduced

under salinity stress condition mostly at 6000 ppm. It was reduced by 57.3, 62.0, 59.0, 63.9

and 67.4% in untreated samples of faba bean (Giza Blanka, Giza 674, 717,461 and 634)

respectively.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Sakr et al. (2004) reported that salinity affects all stages of soybean growth and

development, as well as yield of plants. The yield is much more depressed by salt than

vegetative growth. The reduction in seed yield is largely due to a decrease in seed set, which

may be attributed to a decrease in the viability of pollen or in the receptivity of the stigmatic

surface or both.

Demiral and Turkan (2005) resulted that the high concentrations of salt resulting

from brackish groundwater, natural processes or disarrangement in irrigated agriculture result

in inhabitation of plant growth and yield. Also, salinity stress affected seeds germination, is

one of the most critical phases of plant life, as pointed by (Abo-Kassem, 2007), which either

induces a state of dormancy at low levels or completely inhibits germination at higher levels

(Iqbal et al., 2006).

Yamaguchi and Blumwald (2005) Studied that salinity can affect plant physiological

processes resulting in reduced growth and yield. Tolerant genotypes of plants respond to

salinity stress with complex changes in their physiological and molecular status (morsy et al.,

2007).

Pahlavani and mirlohi (2006) reported that genetic information regarding seed

germination could help to increase seedling emergence in saline soils through breeding

programs. Further more, reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide

and hydroxyl radicals are generated (Wahid et al., 2007). (ROS) are highly reactive in the

absence of any protective mechanism. They can hardly destroy normal metabolism through

oxidative damage to essential membrane lipids, proteins and pigments (Di-Baccio et al., 2004

and Cakmak, 2005). High salinity delayed radicals emergence and decreased germination

percentage (Abo-Kassem, 2007).

Wilson et al. (2006) pointed that salinity treatments results in a progressive decline in

plant growth. Also relatively high Na concentration may cause stimulation to the growth of

salt tolerant plants by its effect on generation of turgor and thereby cell expansion

(Marschner, 1995).


------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Yaser et al. ( 2006) reported that under saline conditions, a non-uniform distribution

of ions in the successive leaves within the shoots and between the leaf blade and sheath has

been observed frequently. Salt treatment affects differently early growth stages of plants and

has both osmotic and specific ion effects on plant growth (Dionisio-Sese and Tobita, 2000).

Asin et al. (2007) emphasized that salinity stress caused significantly reduction in

most vegetative growth parameters caused by the combined treatments could be due to the

reduction in the cell size. Also, decrease in growth may due to drastic changes in ion

relationship (Grossmann et al., 2006). More, hormonal control of cell division and

elongation is evident in roots. Several studies have shown that salinity has differential effects

on root elongation rates and lateral root initiation (Rubinigg et al., 2004).

Salter et al. (2007) studied that increasing seawater level reduced the absorption of

water leading to a drop in water content of tested plants. The inhibitory effect of seawater on

growth parameters could be attributed to the osmotic effect of seawater salinity.

Ahmed et al. (2008) reported that growth parameters (shoot length, fresh and dry

weight) of faba bean plants generally affected by salinity stress. Control plants showed

comparatively higher degree of shoot length than stressed plants by 45 and 90 days old plants.

Moreover, fresh and dry weights of control plants were commonly higher than those for water

stressed plants. These results may attributed to the effect of salinity stress on the water content

of the leaves, as suggested by (Hu et al., 2007). Salinity stress may lower the soil water

potential. Water deficit or osmotic also effect in plants might explain the reduction in plant

growth (Munns, 2002). Moreover, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and weight

of seed yield/plant of faba bean plants were higher in control plants more than salt stressed

plants.

Gomaa et al. (2008) showed that the high level of salinity negatively affected shoot

dry weight and leaf area irrespective of the treatment. Salinity can damage the plant through

its osmotic effect (Dorais et al., 2001).


------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Bekheta et al. (2009) improved that irrigation of faba bean seedlings with saline

solutions (2,000 and 3,000 mg/l) resulted in significant reduction in shoot height and shoot

fresh and dry weights compared with tap water. These findings are in agreement with those

obtained in bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris) by (Stoeva and Kaymakanova, 2008).

Sakr and El-Metwally (2009) indicated that salinity stress affect all stages of

saybean growth and yield and its components. The yield is much more depressed by salt and

the highest salinity stress level (9000 mg/l) was the most effective in this regard. The

depression effects of salinity on grain yield may be due to decreasing the leaf area and

number per plant, resulting reduction in the supply of carbon assimilate due to decreasing the

net photosynthetic rate and biomass accumulation.

Abdelhamid (2010) discussed that poor quality of irrigation water may result in an

increase in soil salinity. Salinity became a problem when enough salts accumulate in the root

zone to negatively affect plant growth (Sumner, 1993). Consequently, faba bean plants

subjected to such soil conditions took up high amounts of Na+, whereas the uptake of K+,

Ca2+, and Mg2+ was considerably reduced. More, low Ca2+ /Na+ ratio in a saline medium

plays a significant role in growth inhibition, in addition to causing significant changes in

morphology and anatomy of plants. In addition, salinity had adverse effects on morphological

parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, and shoot/root weight ratio.

Also, he cleared that increasing salt stress resulted in growth reduction in terms of significant

reduction in plant height, branch number per plant, leaf number and leaves, dry weight per

plant, pod number and pods, dry weight per plant, root, and shoot and total dry weight per

plant in both salinity levels compared to control.

Hameda (2011) studied that salinity stress is one of the most important a biotic stress

factors limiting plant growth and productivity. High concentration of both NaCl and Na2So4

hardly reduced growth in length of shoot and root and D. W. of all plant parts. More, crop

growth, green matter and dry matter components were significantly affected with increasing

water salinity. As the salinity was increased the green matter production ranged from 81034

g/pot to 7306 g/pot and dry matter production ranged too from 38.58 g/pot to 21.53 g/pot.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 ---------------------------------------------------------------

High exogenous salt concentration affect seed germination, water deficit, cause ion imbalance

of cellular ions resulting in ion toxicity and osmotic stress.

Sakr et al. (2013) studied that to control the level of ROS and protect cells under

stress conditions, plant tissues contain several enzymes scavenging ROS (SOD, CAT,

peroxidases and glutathione peroxidase), and network of low molecular mass antioxidants

(ascorbate, glutathione, phenolic compounds and tocopherols). Moreover that, the decrease in

growth due to salinity may be attributed to an increase in respiration rate resulting from

higher energy requirements. The reduction in shoot and root dry weight accumulation was in

proportion to the external concentration of salt. This reduction might be attributed to; a

decrease in either leaf number and leaf area of soybean. And/or a decrease in Co2 uptake in

leaves mainly because NaCl treatment, decrease stomatal conductance and consequently less

Co2 is available for carboxylation reaction in the photosynthesis apparatus.

2- Photosynthesis:

Price and Hendry (1991) noticed that during water stress produced by salt stress,

produced of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of chloroplast stromal volume.

Jonas et al. (1992) noted that dry matter accumulation significantly decreased with

increasing salinity under stress conditions where photosynthesis was reduced by closure of the

stomata.

Leung et al. (1994) reported that photosynthesis is a major key in metabolic pathway

in plants, although it's an important target for the salt stress. While the abscisic acid produced

in response to salt stress decreases turgor in guard cells and decrease the CO2 available for

photosynthesis. During salt stress, as well as water deficit, the concentration of CO2 in

chloroplasts decreases because of a reduction in stomatal conductance, in spite of the apparent

stability of CO2 concentration in intercellular spaces. Also, reduction in photosynthetic

carbon assimilation was due to reduced stomatal conductance (Brugnoli and Lauteri, 1991).

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC116459/


------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Allen (1995) reported that ROS can be generated due to salinity stress in the

chloroplast by direct transfer of excitation energy from chlorophyll pigments to produce

singlet oxygen O-, or by univalent oxygen reduction at photosystem I. (Foyer et al., 1994).

Garg et al. (1998) reported that, in most crop species there is considerable reduction

in chlorophyll content due to water deficit. Also, chlorophyll content of leaves decreased in

general under salt stress and the oldest leaves start to develop chlorosis and fall with

prolonged periods of salt stress as reported by (Agastian et al., 2000).

Raza et al. (2006) reported that salt stress induces a great reduction in photosynthesis,

this reduction depends on photosynthesizing tissue (leaf area) and photosynthetic pigments

(Dubey, 2005).

Eraslan et al. (2007) suggested that Carotenoids might play a great role as a free

radical scavenger. Therefore, increasing of carotenoids induced by salinity stress could

enhance plant capacity to reduce the damage caused by ROS, which in turn increased

chlorophyll content of such plants.

Ahmed et al. (2008) stead that control plants showed the highest chlorophyll a+b

content at 90 days age, while stressed plants exhibited commonly reduction in chlorophyll

content at 90 days age. Moreover, stressed plants showed higher values of carotenoid content

than the control faba bean plants at 90 days age.

Khosravinejad and Faboondia (2008) studied that the increase in oxidative stress

caused by salinity stress could be resulted to increase of sodium concentration in plant tissue,

which causes deterioration in chloroplast structure and an associate lose in chlorophyll.

Stoeva and Kaymakanova (2008) reported that treating bean seedlings (Phaseolus

vulgaris) with different concentrations of saline solutions resulted in reduction of the

photosynthetic pigments.

Yildirim et al. (2008) studied that The unchanged effect of salinity stress on

chlorophyll content in some faba bean genotypes may be attributed to its high level of

antioxidant content and may be responded as protection of these genotypes against

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228418



------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 ---------------------------------------------------------------

chlorophyll degradation. In this agreement Sairam et al., (2002) reported that chlorophyll

content is one of the important indicators of salt tolerance in crop plants.

Ashraf (2009) studied that the generation of (ROS) can be specially high, when plants

are exposed to salinity stress (Athar et al., 2008). ROS causes chlorophyll deterioration and

membrane lipid peroxidation. So, accumulation of lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll

retention are two oxidative stress indicators, which used as tested tools for determining salt

tolerance in plants (Yildirim et al., 2008).

Bekheta et al. (2009) showed that irrigation of faba bean seedlings with saline

solutions (2000 and/or 3000 ppm) decreased significantly the photosynthetic pigments of faba

bean leaves (chl. a, chl. b & carotenoids) and this reduction increased with increasing NaCl

concentration. The inhibition of photosynthetic pigments of bean leaves irrigated with NaCl

may be attributed to the inhibition of assimilate translocation.

Cornella and Maria (2011) observed that salt stress decrease the assimilatory

pigments content (with 20% for chl a, 11.8% for chl b and with 37.5% for carotenoids).

Similar results were obtained by Kaydan et al. (2007), they observed that under the influence

of salinity the photosynthetic pigments greatly decreased.

3- Non enzymatic antioxidants:

Tanaka et al. (1994) induced that, the highest salt concentration normally impair the

cellular electron transport within the different subcellular compartments and lead to the

generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which led to enhancing antioxidants system

against oxidative stress induced by salinity stress.

Mckersie et al. (1996) reported that antioxidants have activity; there have been

increasing interest in oxygen- containing free radicals in biological systems and their implied

roles as causative agents in the etiology of variety of chronic disorders. Farther more, many of

studies reported that the ratio of damages induced by oxidative cellular in plants exposed to a

biotic stress is controlled by the capacity of antioxidative systems.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Sharma et al. (1996) demonstrated that SA is required for O3 tolerance by

maintaining the cellular redox state and allowing defense responses. While using an

Arabidopsis genotype that accumulated high levels of SA, it was shown that SA activates an

oxidative burst and a cell death pathway leading to O3 sensitivity. SA plays an important role

in the plant sensitivity to different types of a-biotic stress, as decided by (Rao and Davis,

1999).

Mullineaux and Creissen (1997) reported that plants with the higher accumulation

of antioxidants have a greater resistance to such oxidative damages.

Shirasu et al. (1997) reported that salicylic acid play an essential role in the defense

response against the pathogen attack in many plant species. Also, SA mediates the oxidative

burst the leads to cell damage in the hypersensitive response and acts as a single for the

development of the systemic acquired resistance. Many studies supported an activated role of

SA in modulating the plant response to several a-biotic stresses, as reported by (Yalpani et

al., 1994 and Senaratna et al., 2000).

Dat et al. (1998) studied that treating seedling with exogenous SA increased their

thermo tolerance and heat acclimation. Although, a known effect of SA is to participate in the

increase of the temperature in thermogenic plants, as reported by (Raskin et al., 1987).

Noctor and Foyer (1998) suggested that applying vitamin C increased growth

parameters and enhancing development of plants, which led to regulation of the cell cycle,

hydroxylation of proline and many basic processes of plant growth and development.

Asada (1999) recorded that α-tocopherol is low molecular weight lipophilic

antioxidants, which protect membrane from oxidative damage. Positive correlation between

α-tocopherol and shoot or root growth in the two grass species, as pointed by (Zhang et al.,

2000).

Janda et al. (1999) recorded that pretreatment with SA increased antioxidant

enzymes, which play an important role to induced chilling tolerance.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Matamoros et al. (1999) reported that accumulation of vitamin c found at

concentration of 1-2 Mm in legume nodules. It's positively correlated with nodule

effectiveness, (Dalton et al., 1993). Vitamin C has been proposed for a long time as a

biological antioxidant. It existed in rather high concentrations in many cellular environments,

such as the stroma of chloroplasts where in level is 2.3 × 10-3 M. Moreover, vitamin C posses

significant antioxidant activity in many qualitative studies. Evidenced by the example of 103

M. vitamin C inhibited the photo-oxidation by illuminated spinach chloroplast. Vitamin C

reduces two equivalents of O-2 produce H2O2, derivative dehydro-ascorbic acid and also reacts

with O2 at a relatively fast rate. It plays an essential metabolic role for the operation of the

ASC-GSH pathways. It also has significant effects that do not require the presence of APX.

ASC can directly scavenge ROS and reduce ferric Lb and Lb.

Arrigoni and De Tullio (2000) induced that the exogenous application of ascorbic

acid increased the endogenous ascorbic acid. They concluded that, ascorbic acid plays an

essential role as an antioxidant and protect the plant during oxidative damage by scavenging

free radicals and active oxygen that are generated during salt stress conditions. Further more

that, the inductive role played by vit. C in overcoming the detrimental effects of seawater and

enhancing the capacity of treated plants to scavenge the free radicals produced as a result of

salinity caused by seawater. This was associated by improvement of plant growth, water

stress, carotenoids, endogenous vit. C and antioxidant enzymes activities. These indicated

that, plants treatment with vit. C triggers some unknown physiological processes which

subsequently lead to improvement of seed germination, growth and development of treated.

Bellaire et al. (2000) studied that adaptation to high NaCl levels involves an increase

in the antioxidant capacity such as ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and tocopherol of the cell to

detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Hernadez et al. (2000) indicated that antioxidant glutathione (GSH) content and its

soluble compounds were involved in the salt tolerance. The increase in glutathione content

due to vitamin C treatment enhanced salt tolerance of faba bean, may be hardly due to


------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 ---------------------------------------------------------------

increased GSH synthesis or/and decreased rates of degradation, as associated by (Noctor and

Foyer, 1998).

Mittler (2002) induced that plants synthesis different types of defense system

composed of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and enzymatic antioxidants.

Scavenging system having potential to put out (ROS) in stress tolerance plants, in agreement

with those reported by (Sairam et al., 2005 and Koca et al., 2007).

Pastori and Foyer (2002) reported that such environmental stress may cause an

imbalance between antioxidants defense and the amount of activated oxygen species (AOS)

resulting in oxidative stress.

Silvana et al. (2003) reported that the adaptation to high NaCl (salt tolerance) by

vitamin C involves an increase in the antioxidants capacity (GSH) of the cell to detoxify

reactive oxygen species through both enzymatic and non enzymatic reactions. Also, in

agreement with pervious studies, the adaptation to salt tolerance involves an increase in

betaine and antioxidants (glutathione). In contrast salt stress produces increment in proline

content, as reported by (Smironff, 1993).

Jaleel et al. (2006) studied that to scavenge ROS; plants posses specific mechanisms,

such as activation of antioxidant enzymes and non enzymatic antioxidant such as, carotenoids

and ascorbic acid (Mittler, 2002). Salt tolerance positively correlated with a more efficient

antioxidant system (Noreen and Ashraf, 2008).

Sarwat and El-Sherif (2007) reported that differences in faba bean genotypes due to

salinity stress could be observed through variations in the criteria of osmotic solutes (soluble

carbohydrate, protein and total free amino acids). The increases in free amino acids content

under salinity stress may be related to the breakdown of protein. The ability of some faba

bean genotypes to absorb more water from the saline soil was linked with its ability to

stimulate the synthesis of such osmotic solutes (Kerepesi and Galiba, 2000).


------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 ---------------------------------------------------------------

4: Free proline content: Perez-Alfocea (1993) studied that proline accumulation may contributed to osmotic

adjustment at cellular level .In addition, proline may interact with cellular macromolecules

such as enzymes and stabilize the structure and function of such macromolecules (Smirnoff

and Cumbes, 1989).

Hathout (1996) induced that bio-fertilization of faba bean with yeast decreasing

leaves content of proline, regardless of salinity level in comparison with the non-biofertilized

treatments. Although, plants under high salinity level revealed proline accumulation in their

leaves more than the low salinity levels. (Demir and Kacacaliskan, 2001). More,

accumulation of proline under stress protects cells of tissues (Gadallah, 1999).

Heikal et al. (2000) reported that salt tolerance of Vicia faba L. was correlated with

higher accumulation of ionic and osmotic solutes specially proline in salt-tolerant plants than

that salt-sensitive (Ismail and Azooz et al., 2002).

Zhu (2002) studied that during the course of salinity stress, active soluble

accumulation of osmotic solutes such as proline, soluble carbohydrates, proteins and free

amino acids is claimed to be an effective stress tolerance mechanism. (Jaleel et al., 2008).

Ashraf and Iram (2005 ) studied that the accumulation of proline is an important

indicator of drought and salinity stress tolerance. There was an increase in proline content in

all plant parts.

Ahmed et al. (2008) reported that the free proline content was significantly increased

in stressed plants over faba bean control plants of all varieties. Salt stressed plants (50 mM

NaCl) had higher values of free proline.

Bekheta et al. (2009) showed that saline solutions resulted in significant increases in

proline content of faba bean leaves and that this increment corresponded to increasing salinity

concentration. This finding is in agreement with results of (Stoeva and Kaymakanova,

2008), who reported that saline solutions led to increased proline content of bean seedlings.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 ---------------------------------------------------------------

5- Na+ and K+ content:

Levitt (1980) stated that all resistant plants must possess adaptation originating from

osmo-regulation, by dehydration avoidance which is the basis of their tolerance of the salt

induced osmotic stress. Osmo-regulation can occur in plants by active uptake of inorganic

ions such as (Na, K and Cl) or synthesis of organic solutes such as (sugar, organic acids, free

amino acids and proline) depending on species. Previous results and conclusions were also

supported by (Hasegawa et al., 1986)

Bohra and Doffling (1993) induced that in both sites of high salinity levels i.e., E.C

7.79 and E.C 10.86, plants completely failed to grow in most treatments. Some nutritional

disturbances are expected under saline condition. In presence of excess NaCl in medium, Na

and Cl are accumulated in plant organs, and these saline ions can affect other mineral

elements uptake (K+). More, competes between Na+ and K+ for binding sites essential for

cellular function induced by salinity stress (Tester and Davenport, 2003).

Shukry and El-Bassiouny (2002) summarized the relation between plant growth,

nutrients and enzyme activity, germination and water uptake of v. faba seeds were suppressed

in response to salinity stress which lead to an increase in osmotic potential, Na+, Cl-, proline

and decrease in K+, K+/Na+ ratio and catalase activity.

Silvana et al. (2003) reported that additional ascorbic acid hardly inhibited the

accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in roots, stems and leaves produced by

interactions with damaging active oxygen species, which induced by salinity stress ,but did

not significantly reduce Na+ uptake or plasma membrane leakiness.

Wenxue et al. (2003) reported that the selectivity of high K+/Na+ ratio in plants is

important control mechanism and a selection criterion for salt tolerance. High K+/Na+ ratio is

more important for many species than simply maintaining a low Na+ concentration (Cuin et

al., 2003).


------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Kaya et al. (2007) supported that the higher content of K+, Na+ and K+/Na+ ratio in

roots than in shoots in plants induced by high salinity levels, these result in agreement with

those obtained by (Chartzoulakis et al., 2002).

Morsy et al. (2007) found more that, Accumulation of K+ and limitation of Na+ and

Cl- in root than in shoot has been considered a physiological trait indicator for salt tolerance in

plants. The ability of plants to limit Na+ transport to shoots is important for maintenance of

high growth rates and protection of metabolic processes from Na+ toxicity (Razmjoo et al.,

2008).

Rejili et al. ( 2007) studied that differences in the accumulation patterns of Na+ and

K+ were found under salinity stress. The salt tolerant plants maintained a high K+ content and

higher K+/Na+ ratio compared with the salt sensitivity plants. High K+/Na+ ratio is more

important for many species than simply maintaining a low concentration of Na+ (Cuin et al.,

2003).

Razmjoo et al. (2008) reported that the ability of plant to limit Na+ transport into the

shoot is critically importance of high growth rates and protection of the metabolic processes

in elongation cells from the toxic effects of Na+. This could be attributed to the ability of root

to exclude Na+ from the xylem sap flowing to the shoot, which would imply the better growth

of shoot than root.

Mohamed et al. (2011) reported that treatment with 25% seawater irrigation was found

to reduce values of growth parameters as compared with those of controls. These parameters

were less affected in shoots than in roots. The reduction in root and shoot dry weight in plants

subjected to seawater stress was 15 and 10% lower than the control, respectively. This might

be due to the toxic effect of seawater salinity or increased crucial osmotic pressure at which

the plant would not be able to take up water. Furthermore, seawater salinity may lead to

nutrient balance disorders in the root (Salter et al., 2007). Seawater stress exhibited more

reduction in growth parameters of roots than shoots. This may be attributed to the higher

water content of shoots than those of roots.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 ---------------------------------------------------------------

B. Effects of applying antioxidants on growth, yield observation and

biochemical constituents:-

Kagan (1989) recorded that tocopherols are essential components of biological

membranes where they have both antioxidant and non-antioxidant functions. Chloroplast

membranes of higher plants contain α- tocopherol as the predominant tocopherol isomer, and

are hence well protected against photooxidative damage (Fryer, 1992). There is also evidence

that α-tocopherol quinone, existing solely in chloroplast membranes.

Tattini et al. (1991) reported that humic concentrations stimulated root development

that probably represents the most important effect of humic acids on plant growth, the higher

chlorophyll content, leaf area, and leaf gas exchange found in our research resulted in a less

than expected enhancement in shoot growth and stem diameter.

Stevenson (1994) reported that Humic acid has an important role in agricultural

processes. It increases cation exchange capacity and enhances soil fertility, converting the

mineral elements into forms available to plants.

Abdel-Halim (1995) found that the application of vitamin C on tomato plants caused

significant increase on growth parameters stem length, number of branches, leaves, flowers

and fruit set and dry weight of shoots per plant) as well as total weight, number of fruits and

total yield.

Lulakis and Petras (1995) pointed that water uptake increases nutrient absorbance by

the roots in the presence of humic acid, which enhances the development of lateral roots,

humic acid in broad bean showed a significant increase of 56.6% compared to control

treatment in broad bean roots (Akinci et al., 2009). The increasing of root density resembles

the hormonal activity of plant auxine which also cause increasing root formation and weight

(Canellas et al., 2002).

Arrigoni (1997) reported that the increment in growth and development of faba bean

plants in response to antioxidants treatments might be due to the enhancement of cell division


------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 ---------------------------------------------------------------

and/or cell enlargement, and/or to influence DNA replication, as reported by (Noctor and

Foyer, 1998 and Bartoli et al., 1999).

Arrigoni and De Tullio (2000) found that exogenous ascorbic acid increased the level

of ascorbic acid uptake by different tissues. The additional ascorbic acid (vit. C) is associated

with the partial inhibition of (ROS) production.

Zhang et al. (2000) found that foliar application of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid to

faba bean plants significantly increased yield components as well as yield of seeds and straw

(ton/feddan) as compared with those of the untreated plants. Spraying faba bean plants with

200 mg L-1 α-tocopherol produced the highest values for plant height, number of pods/plant,

100 seeds weight (g) and weight of seeds/plant followed by 400 mg L-1 α-tocopherol. α-

tocopherol and ascorbic acid increased the growth and development in different plant species.

Hammam et al. (2001) cleared that the increments of seed yield/fed. In response to

the applied antioxidants treatments is mainly due to the increases in the number of branches,

pods and seeds/plant and seeds weight/plant. The increases in yield and its components might

be due to the effect of antioxidant on enhancing protein synthesis and delaying senescence, in

agreement with those obtained by (Sahu et al., 1993).

Clapp et al. (2002) cleared that the effects of humic sbstances (HS) on plant growth

development. Root length and development of secondary roots significantly increased due to

HS in nutrient solutions. Some researchers attributed the stimulative effects of HS to higher

uptake of nutrients. Moreover, hormone activity of HS promotes plant growth parameters. A

small fraction of lower molecular weight of HS can be taken up by plants and are considered

to enhance cell membrane permeability and to exhibit hormone-like activity.

Kothule et al. (2003) showed that SA at (200 ppm) was the most effective in

increasing seed yield/plant (58.8 g/plant), seed yield per ha (26.15 q/ha) and harvest index

(48.85%) of soybean plant. In addition, all seed soaking with SA treatment induced

significant increases for all yield and yield components except plant height.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 20 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Moharekar et al. (2003) reported that salicylic acid activated the synthesis of

carotenoids, xanthophylls and the rate of de-epoxidation but decreased the level of

chlorophyll pigments, both in wheat and moong plants also the ratio of chlorophyll a/b, in

wheat plantlets; SA also increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in maize plant

(Khodary, 2004) . Enhancing effect of SA on photosynthetic capacity can be attributed to its

stimulatory effects on Rubisco activity and pigment contents. The application of SA (20

mg/ml) to the foliage of the plants of Brassica napus, improved the chlorophyll contents

(Ghai and Setia, 2002).

Amer (2004) indicated that the application of yeast increased common bean growth,

green pods yield and its component. The improvement of plants growth in response to the

foliar application of active dry yeast may be attributed to its contents of different nutrients,

higher percentage of proteins, higher values of vitamins, especially B. More, spraying

eggplant with the solution of soft bread yeast gave higher yield and marketable fruits than

control plants (Hewedy et al.,1996). On the other hand, foliar application of vitamin C

resulted in higher growth and yield of eggplant. Similar results on the stimulatory effects of

vitamin C on other plants were indicated such as on potato (El-Banna et al., 2006), pepper

(Shehata et al., 2002) and on pea plants (Helal et al., 2005).

Hala et al. (2005) indicated that growth parameters were generally increased

significantly in response to the applied treatments with the different concentrations of α-

tocopherol and ascorbic acid on faba bean plants as compared to the control, maximum results

was obtained in resbonse to 200 mg L1 α-tocopherol. Previous results are in agreement with

those of (Shoming et al., 1999 and Stasolla and Yeung, 1999). The magnitude of increase is

much more pronounced by applying α-tocopherol.

Kolsarici et al. (2005) studied that humic acid caused increases in length and dry

weight and inhanced the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and K+.

Suzuki et al. (2005) reported that applying dry yeast on plants led to enhancing

phytoalexin biosynthesis, expression and activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia


------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 ---------------------------------------------------------------

lyase, and accumulation of the oxylipins JA and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in

different plant cell cultures.

Nahed et al. (2007) founded that foliar application of ascorbic acid significantly

promoted all growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf

area, fresh and dry weights of plants, as well as chemical constituents such as, photosynthetic

pigments, total carbohydrate content than other treatments. Ascorbic acid at 100 ppm was the

most effective treatment in increasing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the

syngonium plant.

Yilmaz (2007) studied that humic substances lead to a greater uptake of nutrients into

the plant root and through the cell membrane.

El-Tohamy et al. (2008) reported that spraying plants by yeast and vitamin C

significantly increased all growth parameters including plant height, number of leaves,

number of branches and fresh weight of plants of eggplant. The treatments also significantly

enhanced eggplant productivity as number of fruits and total yield were significantly

increased in response to the application of the treatments.

Ayman et al. (2009) reported that HA is a suspension, based on potassium-humates,

which can be applied successfully in many areas of plant production as a plant growth

stimulant or soil conditioner for enhancing natural resistance against plant diseases and,

stimulation plant growth through increased cell division, as well as optimized uptake of

nutrients and water. Moreover, HA stimulated the soil microorganisms. Moreover, HA at

concentrations of 6 or 8 ml/L as foliar spray reduced root rot and Alternaria leaf spot diseases

in bean plants (Abd El-Kareem, 2007).

HA stimulate plant growth by the assimilation of major and minor elements, enzyme

activation and/or inhibition (Ulukan, 2008). By increasing plant growth processes within the

leaves an increase in carbohydrates content of the leaves and stems occurs. These

carbohydrates are then transported down the stems into the roots where they are in part


------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 ---------------------------------------------------------------

released from the root to provide nutrients for various soil microorganisms on the rhizoplane

and in the rhizosphere.

Khafaga et al. (2009) reported that SA traits significantly increased with all

treatments except plant height as compared with the control during both seasons. More, SA

treatment significantly increased all yield and yield components of faba bean plants (plant

height, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, seeds weight/

plant(g), pods weight/plant(g), 100 seed weight(g) and seed yield (Kg/faddan). In this respect.

Sener et al. (2009) reported that humic acid promote the conversion of mineral

nutrients into forms available to plants. It also stimulates seed germination and viability, and

it’s the main effect usually in the roots. Humic acid positively affected both germination and

harvesting, enhancing root length and biomass of faba bean plants. More, HA caused

significant increase of fresh (RFW) and dry (DRW) weights by 30.1% and 56.6% of faba

bean roots, respectively and increase the content of Na and K significantly.

Azooz and Youssef (2010) investigated that salicylic acid (SA) is considered as a

hormone-like substance, which plays an important role in the regulation of plant growth and

development. Improvement or modi-fication of plant growth and development can occur by

the direct application of SA to seeds (Arfan et al., 2007). Ion uptake and transport (Wang et

al., 2006), photosynthetic rate, membrane permeability and transpiration (Khan et al., 2003)

could also be affected by SA application.

Cornella and Maria (2011) discovered that the content of chl a increased non-

significantly (with 3.4% from the control lot considered) after seeds presoaking in 0.05 mM

SA solution. A very significant increase of chl a contents, with 35.6% from the control lot,

was observed in the case of treatment with 0.1 mM SA solution. In the case of the chl b

contents a non-significant increase could be observed, with 5.1% from control lot when using

a 0.05 mM SA solution, and a very significant increase, with 47% in the case of treatment

with 0.1 mM SA solution.

Fahmi et al. (2011) discussed that the negative effect of salinity on plant growth has

been attributed to physiological parameters, such as the inhibition of enzyme activities


------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 ---------------------------------------------------------------

particularly those involved in the defense against oxidative stress (Turkan and Demiral,

2009). Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legume-Rhizobium associations are adversely

affected by salinity stress which can preclude legume establishment and growth, or reduce

crop yield. Increasing sea water concentration decreased the average number of nodules.

Thus, nodule formation was sensitive to sea water stress. Sea water inhibits nodule formation

by the inhabitation of initial steps of Rhizobium-legume symbioses. More, nitrogen content

reduction increased with sea water concentration increment. Reduction of N2-fixing activity

by salt stress is usually attributed to a reduction in respiration of the nodules (Kenenil et al.,

2010). The depressive effect of salt stress on N2 fixation by legumes is directly related to the

salt induced decline in dry weight and N content in the shoot. Also, the salt-induced

distortions in nodule structure could be legumes subjected to salt stress. In addition, proline

content in plants inoculated with different isolates showed increment with increasing sea

water stress. The concentration of proline in the plant tissues were generally very low but the

levels were significantly affected by salinity. Also, proline content were about three times

higher in the plants grown at 150 mM salinity compared with control.

Mohamed et al. (2011) recorded that Foliar spray with SA improved all growth

parameters and increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Foliar application of SA,

generally had a positive effect on the growth parameters and water status of roots, shoots and

leaves, whereas transpiration rate was decreased compared to the untreated plants irrigated

with 0 or 25% seawater. Foliar application of SA at different concentrations stimulated the

dry weight of roots and shoots of such plants which is consistent with results in broad bean

plant. The increase in dry weight of roots and shoots of SA treated plants may be explained by

an increased efficiency of water uptake as well as a decrease in transpiration rate. More,

Exogenous application of SA caused in most cases, an increase in chlorophyll a, b,

carotenoids and total pigment contents under non-saline and 25% saline conditions, compared

with the control. Khan et al. (2003) also showed that SA increased photosynthetic rate in

corn and soybean.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 24 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Taha et al. (2011) reported that bread yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered as

a type of biofertilizer which is usually added to soil or as foliar application on vegetable

crops, because its nutrition properties as well as its produce substances (Dinkha and

Khazrge, 1990). Yeast treatment suggested to participate beneficial role in improving growth

of vegetable crops (Hewedy et al., 1996). The yeast extract is rich in macro and micro

elements, Important plant hormones like Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinin which induce

cell division and increasing cell enlargement (Jensen, 2004).The simulative effects of bread

yeast enhanced growth and yield were reported by many investigators on different vegetable

(Sarhan, 2008).

C. Role of non-enzymatic antioxidants on alleviating and mitigation the

harmful effects of salinity stress:-

Studies of the exogenous application of vitamins to Stalinized plants and their role in

stimulation of their growth and development are rare in previous studies. These compounds

were also rare tried to counteract some of the adverse effects of salinity stress. Though,

exogenous addition of such substances to the test organism could lead to growth stimulation

through the activation of some enzymatic reactions, (Shaddad et al., 1990 and Makled,

1995).

Russo and Berlyn (1990) reported that, HA humates (granular and liquid forms) can

reduce plant stress that involved plant diseases as well as enhance plant nutrient uptake. HA

humates are necessary for safe plant nutrition (Stevenson, 1994). In addition, HA can be used

as a growth regulator by regulate endogenous hormone levels (Frgbenro and Agboola,

1993). Humic substances will maximize the efficient use of residual plant nutrients, reduce

fertilizer costs, and help release those plant nutrients presently bound is minerals and salts.

Shaddad et al. (1990) induced that the improvement effect of vit. C on germination

proved the success of using vit C. as pretreatment of Vicia faba L. seeds to reduce the

inhibitory effect of seawater stress on their germination. These results are in agreement with

those obtained by (Arab and Ehsanpour, 2006).


------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki (1993a) investigated that the relationship

between SA, NaCl stress and oxidative stress, they analyzed that expression of the genes

RD29A, PR1, and GPX, whose expression have been reported to increase after NaCl, SA and

oxidative stress, respectively (Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1993b).

Tanaka et al. (1994) studied that antioxidants in the higher plants play an essential

role to struggling environmental stresses. The ability of antioxidants to scavenge the toxic

effects of active oxygen seems to be very important determinant of plant higher tolerance to

these stresses.

Broadbent et al. (1995) reported that SA antioxidant mediated effect of NaCl on the

oxidized state in the glutathione pool that many explain the observed phenotype. Elevated

levels of GSH are associated with increased oxidative stress tolerance. Moreover that,

transgenic plants over-expressing glutathione reductase had both elevated levels of GSH and

increased tolerance to oxidative stress in leaves.

Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist (1996) pointed that relative antioxidant activity of the

tocopherol is due to the methylation pattern and the amount of methy I groups attached to the

phenolic ring of the polar head structure. Hence, α-tocopherol with its three methyl

substituents has the highest antioxidant activity of tocopherols. Vitamin E is a chain-breaking

antioxidant, i.e. it is able to repair oxidizing radicals directly, preventing the chain

propagation step during lipid autoxidation (Serbinova and Packer, 1994). The reaction

between vitamin E and lipid radical occurs in the membrane-water interphase where vitamin

E donates a hydrogen ion to lipid radical with consequent tocopheroxyl radical (Buettner,

1993). In addition, tocopherols act as chemical scavengers of oxygen radicals, especially

singlet oxygen (via irreversible oxidation of tocopherol), and as physical deactivators of

singlet oxygen by charge transfer mechanism (Fryer, 1992). In addition to antioxidant

functions vitamin E has several non-antioxidant functions in membranes. Tocopherols have

been suggested to stabilize membrane structures.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 26 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Rı´os et al. (1997) reported that Overexpression of HAL1 gene in yeast confers a high

salt tolerance level by reducing K+ loss and decreasing intracellular Na+ from the cells upon

salt stress.

Hare et al. (1998) contended that when there is an injury to plant tissue, proline

content increases. Probably in seedling pre-treatment with vitamin C under saline stress

condition, where seedling growth is greater and plant status better, damage is less and

therefore proline levels are barely increased with respected to the control seedlings (Gibon et

al., 1997 and Larher et al., 1996).

Rao and Davis (1999) suggested that SA seems to be so important for the plant

protection against the oxidative stress generated by O3, thus an excessive SA accumulation

can induce a programmed cell death pathway, leading to a hypersensitive reaction in response

to O3.

Mikolajczk et al (2000) reported that salicylic acid (SA) is directly involved in the

changes taking place in the plant under salt and osmotic stresses. The osmotic stress can

induce the activation of a SA induced protein kinase. Also, in Arabidopsis SA has been

proposed to have a dual role (Sharma et al., 1996).

Munne-Bosch (2001) suggested that the increase in photosynthetic pigments in faba

bean leaves may be due to the role of antioxidants (α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) in

protecting chloroplast from oxidative damage induced by environmental stress such as

salinity stress. Ascorbic acid increased photosynthetic efficiency, leaf area and delayed leaf

sensences, as reported also by (Sahu et al., 1993; Ghourab and Wahdan, 2000).

Anuradha and Rao (2001) found that the promoting of growth by vitamin C under

salt stress conditions was associated with enhanced levels of nucleic acids and soluble

proteins.

Omar et al. (2001) studied that SA is involved in the plant response to salt and

osmotic stress by playing a major role in the ROS-mediated damage caused by high salt and

osmotic stress conditions. Also, they concluded that SA greatly potentiates the effects of salt


------------------------------------------------------------------ 27 ---------------------------------------------------------------

and osmotic stresses by enhancing ROS generation during photosynthesis and germination of

Arabidopsis. High NaCl enhanced the production of ROS and that somehow SA could be

involved in the increased ROS. This role of SA in the generation of ROS could explain the

increased tolerance of seedlings to NaCl. Increasing NaCl concentrations increased the

peroxidation of lipids in plants. Oxidative damage can be assessed by monitoring changes in

lipid peroxidation (Rao et al., 1997; Rao and Davis, 1999). Therefore, considerably a

molecular marker for SA accumulation. Plants are capable of removing ROS using several

antioxidant enzymes (Rao and Davis, 1999). They also showed that the addition of chemical

agents can reduce ROS levels, moreover reduces the damaging effect of salt and osmotic

stress, supporting the hypothesis that increased ROS is the primary cause of the seedling

lethality under these stressing conditions.

Qian et al. (2001) studied that tolerance to sodium accumulation may be more related

to the K+/Na+ ratio in the cell than to the absolute Na+ concentration. So this gradual increase

in Na+ may not have caused any injuries, but more probably maintains Na+ balance between

cytoplasm and vacuole (Subbarao et al., 2001).

Shalata and Neumann (2001) reported that Ascorbic acid (ASA) is small water

soluble antioxidants molecule which acts as primary substrate in the cyclic pathway for

enzymatic detoxification and neutralization of singlet oxygen, hydrogen and peroxide

superoxide radicals generated by stress (Noctor and Foyer, 1998).

Bahr and Gomaa (2002) recorded that bio-fertilization of faba bean varieties with

yeast (Rhodotorula sp.) increased K-content for all varieties when compared to the

uninoculated treatments. Although, they found that inoculation of triticale with yeast

increased nutrient elements content. Further, leaves K-content was decreased with the

increasing salinity level. An observed decrease in leave Na-content due to inoculation with

Rhodotorula sp. compared to the uninoculation treatments. It was found that increasing

salinity level was accompanied by an increase in leaves Na+ content to reach its maximum

value with 6000 ppm. The reduction of k+ concentration in plant tissue observed with

increased salinity could be due to the interaction (Na*K) at the uptake and transport level


------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 ---------------------------------------------------------------

reduction of K uptake in plants by Na is a competitive process, reported by (Grattan and

Grieve, 1999).

Kaya et al. (2003) induced that, root growth was more sensitive and adversely

affected as compared to shoot growth under salinity conditions. The same results about

reduction of plant growth as affected by seawater stress were found in many plants (Hajer et

al., 2006; Alqurainy, 2007 and Long et al., 2008).

Krishna (2003) studied that the effect of vitamin C on barley leaf cell under normal

conditions, but damage induced by salt stress on nuclei and chloroplasts was significantly

reduced by vitamin C treatment.

El Mergawi and Abdel-Wahed (2004) found that SA (0, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mM) sprayed

on faba bean cv. Giza 2 increased growth parameters. The increase in fresh weight of faba

bean in response to SA could be attributed to the role of those growth regulators in decreasing

the rate of water loss caused by salinity stress (El-Hakem, 2008). The effect of salicylic acid

on the physiological processes is variable, promoting some processes and inhibiting others

depending on its concentration, plant species and environmental conditions.

Khodary (2004) recorded that SA might alleviate the imposed salt stress, either via

osmotic adjustment or by conferring desiccation resistance to plant cells as reported by other

investigators (Hussein et al., 2007 and Gunes et al., 2007).

Khan et al. (2006) reported that Carotenoids are known to act as efficient quenchers

of free radical caused by ROS. Thus, increasing of carotenoids in plants treated with seawater

and/or vit. C could be enhanced the capacity of these plants to minimize the damage caused

by ROS. Therefor, chlorophyll content of plants treated with vit. C was increased, that could

result from the protection effect of vit. C and carotenoids to the photosynthetic apparatus from

seawater induced oxidative stress.

Aydin et al. ( 2007) found that the increase in dry weight is probably referred to the

role of the applied plant growth regulators and antioxidants (Kaydan et al., 2007).


------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 ---------------------------------------------------------------

Fahad (2007) reported that pre-treatment of faba been seeds with vitamin C led to

enhanced seedling tolerance to condition of saline stress during germination, as evidenced by

the greater growth of vitamin C versus seedlings evaluated through such parameters as length,

RWC and chlorophyll content. Also, during the germination period of faba bean plant, a

considerable increase was observed in proline levels (up to 340%) subjected to sodium

chloride treatment. bean is a betaine and proline accumulating plant and it is sensitive to stress

induced by sodium chloride. Also, pre-treatment with vitamin C led to a significant increase

in betaine levels in vitamin C, such an increase may be attributed to the fact that the addition

of this precursor (vitamin C) promotes betaine formation by stimulating its biosynthesis as

discussed by (Hitz et al., 1982). The significant increase of this osmolyte (proline and

petaine) in plant tissue from seeds pre-treatment with vitamin C would help to explain the

increase in tolerance to salinity. The accumulation recorded in seedling starting from the forth

day could be responsible for the enhanced growth observed in vitamin C versus seedling pre-

treated with 100 ml of 150 mm NaCl, as well as for preventing the decrease in chlorophyll

content in the vitamin C group. Generally, the formation of a compatible osmolyte such as

proline and betaine, capable of stabilizing membranes and proteins are responsible for the

increase in tolerance against saline stress. The interaction between osmolyte and antioxidants

in halophytism index (HIB) and halophytism class (HCB) by vitamin C treatments was hardly

profitable in plant improvement the tolerance to salt stress.

Gunes et al. (2007) concluded that the observed increase in dry weight of salt stressed

faba bean in response to SA treatment may be related to the induction of antioxidant response

and protective role of membranes that increase the tolerance of plant to damage. The

stimulation effect of SA on the endogens ascorbic acid might play an important role as an

antioxidant and protect the faba bean plants from the oxidative damage by scavenging ROS

that are generated during salt stress conditions (Arrigoni and De Tullio, 2000 and Athar et

al., 2008).

Shah (2007) investigated that irrigation with seawater was affected photosynthetic

pigment of vicia faba L. Hassawi leaves. Fewer than 10% seawater level, the content of ch.a


------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 ---------------------------------------------------------------

and chl.b was more or less unchanged. While, at higher levels of sea water, a significant

decrease was observed. The reduction in chl.b was higher (about 44%) than chl.a (about 30%)

below the control at the highest seawater level. The inhibitory effect of seawater stress on

photosynthetic pigments was completely alleviated as result of vit. C treatments. The

reduction in meristem activity as well as cell elongation may cause by the changes in water

status under seawater stress. Moreover, at the higher seawater levels, the values of pigments

were higher than those of control plants. In agreement with those obtained by (Beltagi, 2008).

Athar et al. (2008) studied that the effects of seawater stress on faba bean plants

(growth parameters, WC and RWC) were treated by seed soaking or shoot spraying with 100

ppm vit. C were also observed by (Azooz, 2004 and Alqurainy, 2007). Also, they founded

that, vit. C could be accelerated cell division and cell enlargement of treated plants. Shoot

spraying with vit. C was more effective in improving of growth parameters of treated plants

which was associated with increasing of their WC, RWC of leaves and reduction in

transpiration rate. It can be concluded that the beneficial effect of vit. C on growth parameters

of vicia faba L. Hassawi has been related to the efficiency of their water uptake and

utilization. The reviews of studies are in agreement with these suggestions, which cleared

that, the increase of WC and RWC was associated with a decrease in transpiration rate.

Furthermore, it could be obtained that, the effectiveness of vit. C depends on its mode of

application, which may enhance the endogenous level of vit. C and water status of treated

plants.

Bassuony et al. (2008) reported that many studies have been reported that vitamin C

when used with optimal concentration exhibited beneficial effect on growth and yield of some

crop plants grown under saline conditions (Khan et al., 2006). Moreover, they reported that,

vit. C can play an inductive role in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity on plant growth

and metabolism in many plants (Gupta and Datta, 2004).

Shi and Zhu (2008) associated that salicylic acid (SA) is considered as a hormone

like substance, which play an essential role in regulation a number of physiological processes

and increase protection against biotic and a-biotic stresses in plant. The protective function of


------------------------------------------------------------------ 31 ---------------------------------------------------------------

SA includes the regulation of ROS and antioxidant enzymes (Khan et al., 2003). The main

role of defense mechanism induced by SA to alleviate salt stress in plants was studied by

(Afzal et al., 2006; Eraslan et al., 2007 and Hussein et al., 2007).

Akinci et al. (2009) showed that K+ content was clearly higher than Na+ found in

broad bean roots in the presence of humic acid. The reason for the increase of K+ is humic

acid, which stimulates the permeability of cell membranes.

Khafaga et al. (2009) reported that parameters of faba bean growth (number of

branches, fresh and dry weight and leaf area) are significantly increased while faba bean

seeds were soaked in salicylic acid (200 ppm) as compared with the control plants.

Meanwhile, SA as foliar application significantly increase all yield and yield components

(number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, seeds weight/plant, pods weight/plant, 100 seed

weight and seed yield) of faba bean plants under saline conditions at Siwa oasis. Finally, they

concluded that application of SA as foliar treatment or seed soaking and their interaction

alleviated the harmful effect of salt stress on Vicia faba growth and yield by decreasing the

water loss induced by stress and/or increasing the water and ions uptake.

Azooz (2009) reported that SA treatment had a pronounced ameliorative as well as,

growth promoting effect under both saline and non-saline conditions. The main effect of SA

might be related to the observable increase in WC, RWC and photosynthetic pigments and

leaf area. Accordingly, the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus was increased due to SA

treatments (Khan et al., 2003 and Yildirim et al., 2008), which increased the biosynthesis of

osmotic solutes under salinity stress. These osmolytes might increase the osmotic pressure of

cytoplasm and enhance water flow into the different plant organs and tissues. SA treatment

reduced Na+, while increased K+ and K+/Na+ . This indicates that seed priming with SA

induced a reduction of Na+ absorption and toxicity. Therefore, this could explain the

mitigation effect of SA on faba bean growth.

Mohamed and Mohamed (2009) reported that seeds soaking in 100 ppm vit. C

increased their percentage of germination. The inductive role of vit. C in seed germination is

attributed to its antioxidant activity. It is noticeable that the inhibitory effect imposed by


------------------------------------------------------------------ 32 ---------------------------------------------------------------

seawater irrigation was completely alleviated at the mild (20%), while the highest (30%)

seawater level; the maximum germination percentage was 83.3%. The inhibitory effect of

seawater on seed germination may be partially osmotic due to declining solute potential or ion

toxicity due to accumulation of some ions in the seeds, which can alter some physiological

processes such as enzyme activation (Croser et al., 2001; Hajer et al., 2006 and Jaleel et al.,

2007). Moreover that, no significant differences were found in growth parameters (fresh and

dry weights of root and shoot) and water status of plants irrigated with 10% seawater.

However, a significant decrease was observed at the higher seawater levels. Seawater salinity

caused more inhibition in roots growth than in shoots. So, root/shoot ratios (on the basis of

fresh weight) were increased with increased of seawater level.

There is recent evidence of interaction between PS II with α-tocopherol and α-

tocopherol quinone (Kruk, 2000). Complexation of tocopherol with free fatty acids and

lysophospholipids protects membrane structures against their deleterious effects (Kagan,

2000). In addition, several other non-antioxidant functions of a-tocopherol have been

described such as protein kinase C inhibition, inhibition of cell proliferation (Azzi and

Stocker, 2000). Among the latter, antioxidant compounds of low molecular weight such as α-

tocopherols, play an important role in protecting chloroplastic membranes from the

deleterious effects of lipid peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen (Fryer, 1992).

Cornella and Maria (2011) studying that the carotenoid pigments content in the case

of treatment with 0.05 mM SA solution, the results show that the accumulation of these

pigments in the leaves of wheat seedling on the 21th day of germination, increased very

significantly, with 20%, in comparison with the same parameter determined from the salt

stressed lot. The treatment with 0.1 mM SA solution significantly increased this pigment

contents, with 44%, from salt stressed lot. Zhao et al. (1995) obtained similar results in

soybean plants, so treatment with SA, increased pigments content as well as the rate of

photosynthesis. Sinha et al. (1993) pointed out that chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of

maize leaves were increased upon treatment with SA.


------------------------------------------------------------------ 33 ---------------------------------------------------------------

More, they observed that under salt stress, with or without SA treatments the proline

content increased very significantly, but in case of SA treated seedling leaves the increase of

proline content was higher that in untreated leaves. For the salt stressed leaves the increase

was with 302.3% higher in comparison with control lot. The treatment with 0.1mM SA

alleviated the effect of salt stress and had a protective effect, in this condition the increase was

higher (with 205.3%) in comparison with salt stressed wheat seedlings.

Mohamed et al. (2011) studied that application of foliar SA at 1.0 mM was found to

be more effective in increasing such fractions of pigments either under 0 (control) or 25%

seawater application (Jaleel et al., 2008a). The inducer effect of SA was greater with 1 than

0.5 mM treatment.

Exogenously applied SA has been shown to be an essential signal molecule involved

in both local defense reactions and induction of systemic resistance response of plants after

salt stress (Loake and Grant, 2007). It has been shown that SA treatment increased

resistance to abiotic stresses of many crop plants (Wang et al., 2006 and Borsani et al.,

2001).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

---------------------------------------------------------------- 34 -------------------------------------------------------------------


This work includes 3 parts; the first part was pot experiment, the second part was field

experiment and the third part was seed quality tests.

Experiment 1:-

Pot experiment Three Pot experiments (seeds presoaking only, plant foliar spraying only or

presoaking and foliar spraying together) were performed twice during the two growing

seasons of (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in Research Unit Seed Technology, Field Crops

Institute, Agric. Res. Center, to investigated the influence of some antioxidant materials on

the harmful effects of different salinity stress levels on vegetative growth parameters, yield

and its components, biochemical constituents, nutrient element contents and protein

percentage of faba bean plant (vicia faba, L.) cv. Sakha 1.

Seeds sowing were carried out on the 20th November in the two growing seasons in

pots. Plastic pots of 40 cm diameter were filled with 10 kg of air dried loamy soil. Faba bean

seeds were sown at the rate of 8 seeds/pot. The experimental units were fertilized with

calcium super phosphate (15.5% P2O5), nitrogen in the form of urea (46.5% N) and

potassium sulphate (K2O). Harvesting was in Marsh 1th in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

The experiments under study:- 1- Presoaking experiment. The sterilized seeds were soaked for 12 hours in any of selected

antioxidant used before sowing.

2- Foliar spraying experiment. Plants were sprayed with any of selected antioxidants used at

two physiological stages (25 and 35 days after sowing), wetting agent (tween 20) at

0.05% was added to antioxidants before spraying.

3- Presoaking and foliar spraying together experiment. The sterilized seeds were soaked for

12 hours in any of selected antioxidant used before sowing and plants were sprayed with


---------------------------------------------------------------- 35 -------------------------------------------------------------------

the same selected antioxidants used at two physiological stages (25 and 35 days after

sowing).

Preparation salinity:- Four appropriate amounts of artificial sea water were used by dissolving known weight of

natural salt crust, in tap water. The source of salt crust was from the salterns of Rashid, El-

Beheira Governorate, Egypt.

The appropriate amount of salt for each salinity level was calculated, dissolved in the

proper amount of tap water and used for experimental investigation.

The five salinity levels used:- 1- Tap water (320 mg/l).

2- 2000 (mg/l).

3- 4000 (mg/l).

4- 6000 (mg/l).

5- 8000 (mg/l).

Antioxidant materials:- The selected antioxidants materials were used in three experiments (presoaking only,

foliar spraying only or presoaking and foliar spraying together).

The selected antioxidant materials:- 1- Tap water (control).

2- Salicylic acid (SA) at (250 mg/l).

Salicylic acid (SA) is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta

hydroxy acid. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis

and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. Salicylic

acid has the formula C6H4(OH)COOH, where the OH group is ortho to the carboxyl

group. It is also known as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. It is poorly soluble in water (2 g/L at 20

°C).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohydroxybenzoic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_hydroxy_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_substitution_patterns

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid


---------------------------------------------------------------- 36 -------------------------------------------------------------------

3- Ascorbic acid (ASA) at (250 mg/l).

ASA is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a

white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give

mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form ("vitamer") of vitamin C. It was

originally called L-hexuronic acid.

4- α –Tocopherol (TOCO) at (100 mg/l).

Tocopherols (Vitamin E) are a class of chemical compounds of which many have

vitamin E activity. It is a series of organic compounds consisting of various methylated

phenols. Tocopherols forms, determined by the number and position of methyl groups on

the chromanol ring.

5- Humic acid (HA) at (1000 mg/l).

Humic acid (HA) is a principal component of humic substances, which are the major

organic constituents of soil (humus), peat, coal, many upland streams, dystrophic lakes

and ocean water. It is produced by biodegradation of dead organic matter. It is a complex

mixture of many different acids containing carboxyl and phenolate groups. The functional

groups that contribute most to surface charge and reactivity of humic substances are

phenolic and carboxylic groups.

6- Yeast extracts (2000 mg/l).

This experiment contained 5 salinity levels and 6 antioxidant materials. Then the

experiment consisted of 30 treatments. Each treatment replicated 3 times.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophic_lake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyl

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol


---------------------------------------------------------------- 37 -------------------------------------------------------------------

Table (A): Chemical analysis of yeast extract after Mahmoued (2001).

Amino acid mg ⁄100g dry weight Vitamins and Carbohydrates mg ⁄100g dry weight

Arginine 1.99 Vit.B1 2.23 Histidine 2.63 Vit.B2 1.33 Isoleucine 2.31 Vit.B6 1.25 Leucine 3.09 Vit.12 0.15 Lysine 2.95 Thimain 2.71 Methionine 0.72 Riboflavin 4.96 Phenyl alanine 2.01 Inositol 0.26 Threonine 2.09 Biotin 0.09 Tryptophan 0.45 Nicotinic acid 39.88 Valine 2.19 Panthothenic acid 19.56 Glutamic acid 2.00 P amino benzoic acid 9.23 Serine 1.59 Folic acid 4.36 Aspartic acid 1.33 Pyridoxine 2.90 Cystine 0.23 Total carbohydrates 23.20 Proline 1.53 Tyrosine 1.49 Glucose 13.33

Studied Characteristics:-

A- Vegetative growth observations: Two samples were taken at 2 different physiological stages (45 and 90 day from sowing)

in both seasons at each sample date, five plants from each treatment were randomly taken to

study the following characters:

1- Shoot length (cm). Shoot length was measured for each plant of the samples from the

soil surface to the top of the plants.

2- Root length (cm).

3- Shoot fresh weight (g).

4- Shoot dry weight (g).

5- Root fresh weight (g).

6- Root dry weight (g).


---------------------------------------------------------------- 38 -------------------------------------------------------------------

7- Total Leaf area (cm2/plant) after 90 days from sowing. It was measured from the

following formula out lined by Wallace and Munger (1965):

Fresh weight leaves Leaf area (cm2) = -------------------------- X leaf area disks (cm2).

Fresh weight disks

B- Yield and it`s components: At harvest time, five plants were randomly taken to estimate the following characters.

1- Number of pods / plant.

2- Pods weight / plant (g).

3- Number of seeds / plant.

4- Seeds weight / plant (g).

5- Hundred Seed weight (g).

C- Biochemical constituents:- Chemical determinations were estimated in leaves of faba bean plants in sampling

date, i.e. 75 days after sowing.

1- Photosynthetic pigments:

Fresh leaf samples (0.5gm from the 4rd terminal leaf) were extracted by methanol for

24h at laboratory temperature after adding a trace from sodium carbonate (Robinson et al.,

1983), then chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically

(spekol Π at lengths wave 452, 650, 665 nm) and calculated by equation introduced by

Mackinney (1941).

Chl a = (16.5 x OD665) – (8.3 x OD650) = mg/L.

Chl b = (33.8 x OD650) – (12.5 x OD665) = mg/L.

Carotenoids = (4.2 x OD452.5) – (0.0264 x Chl a) – (0.496 x Chl b) = mg/L.

The amounts of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were calculated as mg per gram of

leaves fresh weight.


---------------------------------------------------------------- 39 -------------------------------------------------------------------

2- Non-enzymatic antioxidant contents: 2.1- Proline concentration:

According to the method of Bates et al., (1973). Approx. 300 mg of fresh leaf tissues

were homogenized in 10 ml of 3% (w/v) aqueous sulphosalicylic acid and filtered. To 2 ml of

the filtrate, 2 ml of acid ninhydrin was added, followed by the addition of 2 ml of glacial

acetic acid and boiling for 60 min. The mixture was extracted with toluene and free proline

was quantified spectrophotometrically at 520 nm from the organic phase.

2.2- Total ascorbic acid:

(Vitamin C) content was determined by using the die 2, 6dichlorophenol indophenol.

Method as described by Ranganna (1979) mg/100 g fresh weight.

2.3- Total phenols:

The assay was based on the method of Toivonen and Stan (2004), samples containing

10 mg. of each extract were hydrolyzed in 1.2 M of Hcl and 50 % MeoH by heating at 80 Co

for 3h after centrifugation at 18000 g 0.1 ml portions of supernatants were mixed with 0.1 ml

of folin- ciocattean reagent and 0.5 ml of 20 % Na2 CO3 and allowed to stand in the dark for

min. Absorbance was measured at 725 nm with Gallic acid a standard and the total phenolic

content was calculated as milligrams of Gallic acid equivalent per kilogram of dry weight of

extract.

3: Nutrient element contents: Potasium and sodium:

Potasium and sodium were estimated Flamephotometrically using Jenway

Flamephotometer (Peterburgski, 1968). Sodium and potassium percentage of shoot and root

faba bean plant. Sodium / potassium ratio of shoot and root faba bean plant were measured.

4- Seeds protein percentage:

Protein percentage was estimated by Micro-Kjeldahl method in broad bean dry seeds.

Percentage of protein was calculated by multiplying the percentage of total nitrogen by the factor of


---------------------------------------------------------------- 40 -------------------------------------------------------------------

6.25 (A.O.A.C., 1980).

0.014 Total volume of sample

% N = V. of acid used x acid normality x ------------------ x -------------------------------x 100 Sample weight Volume of used sample

% Protein = % Nitrogen x 6.25 It could be mention that all chemicals determinations were made only in the second

season.

Experiment 2:-

Field experiment The experiment under study was carried out within the period of November-Marsh

2010/2011 in Tag El-Ezz Research Station, Dakahlia Governorate, Agric. Res. Center.,

Ministry of Agric. Egypt to investigate the role of action of some selected antioxidants on the

harmful effect of soil salt stress on faba bean plant. Faba bean seeds (cv Sakha 1) kindly were

supplied. Two different soil areas differ in their soil salt stress were chosen.

1- The first salt soil area equal (1900 mg/l).

2- The second salt soil area equal (3200 mg/l).

Each area was divided into six groups represented by the different applied antioxidants

and Tap water. Uniform seeds were presoaked for 12 hours before sowing in any of

antioxidants i.e. Salicylic acid (250 mg/l), Ascorbic acid (250 mg/l), α–Tocopherol (100

mg/l), Humic acid (1000 mg/l) or Yeast extract (2000 mg/l) as well as tap water.

Culture Practices: Seed planting was achieved on both sides of ridges at 25 cm between hills and 60 cm

between ridges which expressed 112000 plants / fad. Plot area was 10.5m2 (3 × 3.5m)

included five ridges.

The experimental units were fertilized with calcium super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) 200

kg/fad and were added to soil during tillage operation. 48 kg k2o/fad of potassium sulphate

(48%k2o) was added to soil in two equal portions, before the first and second irrigations.


---------------------------------------------------------------- 41 -------------------------------------------------------------------

Nitrogen in the form of ammonium sulphate (20%N) at the rate of 15 kg N/fad as starter dose

and was added before the first irrigation. However, other agricultural practices were

performed as commonly followed in the district. Harvesting was in Marsh 15th.

Faba bean plants were sprayed with the same selected antioxidant which used in

presoaking at 30 and 45 days from sowing. The applied antioxidants were used after adding

tween 20 as a wetting agent (0.05 %). Each treatment was replicated 3 times and arranged in a

complete randomized block design.

Studied Characteristics:

A- Vegetative growth observations:- During the growing period (75 days after sowing), randomized samples of ten plants

were obtained from each experimental unit to estimate the following characteristics;

1- Plant height (cm): Plant height was measured for each plant of the samples from the


2- Plant fresh weight (g).

3- Plant dry weight (g).

4- Total Leaf area (cm2/plant) measured after 75 days from sowing. It was measured

from the following formula out lined by Wallace and Munger (1965):

Fresh weight leaves Leaf area (cm2) = --------------------------- X leaf area disks (cm2).

Fresh weight disks

B- Yield and its components: At harvest time, ten plants were randomly taken to estimate the following characters.

1- No. of pods/plant.

2- Weight of pods/plant (g).

3- Weight of seeds/plant (g).

4- Seed yield (Ardab/fad): plot area was harvested to estimated seed yield (Ardab/fad).


---------------------------------------------------------------- 42 -------------------------------------------------------------------

Mechanical and chemical analysis of soil: Soil Samples were taken before phosphorus application in two depths of 0-15 and 15-

30 cm from the soil surface. Samples were completely mixed and chemically analyzed

according to Piper (1950). *Results of the chemical and physical properties of the

experimental field area in 2010/2011 season are presented in Table (B).

Table (B): Soil and Water Analysis Inst., Mansoura Lab., Agric. R. Center (ARC).

Statistical analysis:- All data were subjected to statistical analysis by the technique of analysis of variance

(ANOVA) of randomized complete block design for treatment salinity with treatment

antioxidants as a split plot on salinity according to Gomez and Gomez (1984).The

Characters Season 2010/2011

Salinity soil Normal soil Chemical properties Soluble cations meq /L. Na+ 2.34 0.83 K+ 0.13 0.26 Ca++ + mg++ 2.14 1.13 Soluble anions meq/ L. HCo3 0.34 0.62 Cl 2.36 1.03 SO4 1.81 0.56 PH 7.85 8.44 EC (dsm-1)in soil water 2.23 0.42 O.M.% 1.79 1.93 K(ppm available) 246.00 236.1 N( ppm available) 34 15.0 P2 O5 ( ppm available) 7.4 11.58 Physical properties Sand (%) 27.9 21.00 Silt (%) 27.6 36.00 Clay (%) 39.5 48.00 CaCo3 (%) 2.51 0.0 Texture class Clay Clay


---------------------------------------------------------------- 43 -------------------------------------------------------------------

differences among treatment means were tested at 5% levels of significance, according to

revised new L.S.D. test, as mentioned by Snedecor and Cochran (1980).

Laboratory experiment

A laboratory experiment was taken place under the laboratory condition of Research

Unit Seed Technology, Field Crops Research Institute. The aim of this investigation was to

estimate seed quality produced from the pots experiments.

Random sample of seeds per each treatment were sown on top filter paper in sterilized

Petri-dishes (14-cm diameter). Each Petri-dish contained 10 seeds, and four Petri-dishes kept

close together and incubated at 25 C and 100% relative humidity, then three replications were

used to evaluate every seed test done on each treatment.

1- Germination percentage.

It was measured according to the method outlined in the rules for seed testing (ISTA,

1999) and defined as the total number of normal seedlings after 8 days as the following:

Number of normal seedlings Germination percentage = --------------------------------------- x 100 Number of seeds

2- Speed of germination index. S= [N1/1+N2/2+N3/3…………………..…….Nn/n] × 100/1 (Khandakar and Brad

bear, 1983). N1, N2, N3…...Nn, proportion of seeds which germinated on day 1, 2, 3 …..N

3- Plumule and Radicle length (cm).

Five normal seedlings from each replicate were taken randomly to measure Plumule

and Radicle length (cm) at the final count.

4- Seedling vigor index.


---------------------------------------------------------------- 44 -------------------------------------------------------------------

Seedling vigor index = Seedling dry weight x Germination percentage (Bewly and

Black, 1982).

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 ------------------------------------------------------------

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Pot experiment Three experiments (presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying

together) were taken place to investigate the effect of different salinity levels (320, 2000,

4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l) and applied antioxidants [Salicylic acid (SA at 250 mg/l),

Ascorbic acid (ASA at 250 mg/l), Tochopherol (TOCO at 100 mg/l), Humic acid (HA at 1000

mg/l) and Yeast extract (2000 mg/l)] as well as their interactions on vegetative growth

observation, yield and its components, Biochemical constituents, nutrient element contents

and protein percentage of faba bean plant (vicia faba, L.) cv. Sakha 1 grown in pots during the

two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

Vegetative Growth parameters of faba bean plants:-

Data presented in Tables (1─ 7) show the effect of salinity stress levels (320, 2000,

4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l) and applied antioxidants (SA, ASA, TOCO, HA and Yeast) as

well as their interactions in three pot experiments (presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking

and foliar spraying together) by two different physiological stages (45 or 90) days from

sowing on growth parameters as (Shoot length, Root length, Shoots fresh / dry weight, Root

fresh / dry weight and Leaf area index) during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and

2011/2012).

All pot experiments under this study indicated that all salinity stress levels decreased

all growth observation of faba bean plants, and the level (8000 mg/l) was the most effective in

this respect followed by (6000, 4000 and 2000) mg/l respectively, when compared with

unstressed plants (control treatment at 320 mg/l) through the different physiological stages

(45 and 90) days during the two experimental seasons.

In both seasons, all application of antioxidants materials were applied in all pot

experiments by the two physiological stages (45 or 90) days from sowing markedly increased

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 ------------------------------------------------------------

shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weight and total leaf area when compared

with the untreated plants (control).

The most effective antioxidants materials in this respect in all pot experiments by (45

or 90) days from sowing was ASA at (250 mg/l) which recorded the highest values of all

vegetative growth observation of faba bean plants.

More, data cleared that presoaking and foliar spraying together recorded the highest

values of alleviating and mitigate the harmful effects of salinity stress.

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (1a): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

1st Sample after 45 days from sowing Treatments Antioxidants

Salinity Levels (mg/L)

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 24.93 21.36 16.56 13.89 11.77 17.70 25.98 21.41 16.65 15.21 11.95 18.24

SA (250 mg/l) 32.51 28.22 23.88 20.95 18.19 24.75 33.14 28.83 24.22 20.95 18.76 25.18

ASA (250 mg/l) 35.20 30.97 26.55 23.55 20.67 27.39 36.76 31.08 27.09 22.73 20.19 27.57

TOCO (100 mg/l) 28.73 24.80 20.73 18.26 15.67 21.64 29.18 24.72 21.02 18.80 16.03 21.95

HA (1000 mg/l) 29.69 25.89 22.07 19.47 16.63 22.75 27.52 25.70 21.62 19.21 16.77 22.16

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 30.52 27.05 23.84 21.09 17.70 24.04 30.67 27.09 23.53 20.26 18.21 23.95

Mean 30.26 26.38 22.27 19.54 16.77 30.54 26.47 22.36 19.53 16.99

New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.74 Antioxidants: 0.34

Interaction: 1.37

Salinity: 0.78 Antioxidants: 0.58

Interaction: 2.61

2nd Sample after 90 days from sowing

T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 47.16 42.77 38.28 33.02 29.07 38.06 49.24 42.89 38.83 33.87 30.18 39.00

SA (250 mg/l) 63.52 56.85 51.87 46.28 41.44 51.99 65.69 57.83 54.55 47.72 43.13 53.78

ASA (250 mg/l) 68.65 61.97 55.51 48.87 44.47 55.89 71.14 63.55 58.09 49.98 44.84 57.52

TOCO (100 mg/l) 57.55 51.98 48.03 41.12 36.66 47.07 60.51 52.52 49.09 41.99 38.62 48.55

HA (1000 mg/l) 59.12 53.58 49.22 42.10 37.90 48.38 61.29 54.11 50.78 43.05 39.51 49.75

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 61.23 54.78 51.61 44.08 40.71 50.48 62.66 56.10 53.59 44.79 42.28 51.88

Mean 59.54 53.66 49.09 42.58 38.38 61.76 54.50 50.82 43.57 39.76

New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.49 Antioxidants: 0.32

Interaction: 0.84 Salinity: 0.52 Antioxidants: 0.42

Interaction: 1.11

SA: Salicylic acid ASA: Ascorbic acid TOCO: Tocopherol HA: Hamic acid Yeast: Yeast extract

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (1b): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

1st Sample after 45 days from sowing Treatments Antioxidants


320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 24.91 21.14 17.19 13.58 11.16 17.60 26.13 21.20 18.02 15.43 11.77 18.51

SA (250 mg/l) 32.38 28.44 24.41 20.41 18.49 24.83 33.10 28.46 24.60 21.17 19.14 25.29

ASA (250 mg/l) 34.25 30.84 26.46 22.81 20.14 26.90 36.20 30.61 27.02 22.80 20.24 27.37

TOCO (100 mg/l) 29.41 25.34 21.22 17.61 16.43 22.00 29.54 24.65 20.93 18.28 16.26 21.93

HA (1000 mg/l) 30.50 26.72 22.07 19.19 17.36 23.17 30.44 25.96 21.51 19.21 16.87 22.80

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 31.52 28.02 24.42 20.79 18.46 24.64 31.86 27.32 23.40 20.56 18.61 24.35

Mean 30.50 26.75 22.63 19.07 17.01 31.21 26.37 22.58 19.58 17.15

New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.67 Antioxidants: 0.27 Interaction: 1.10

Salinity: 0.45 Antioxidants: 0.23 Interaction: 0.71


T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 47.94 43.10 38.09 32.39 28.38 37.98 48.84 43.69 38.91 32.99 28.72 38.63

SA (250 mg/l) 63.28 56.57 52.69 45.55 41.61 51.94 64.62 57.87 53.77 46.81 42.21 53.06

ASA (250 mg/l) 67.39 61.95 56.36 47.77 43.86 55.47 69.61 63.03 57.76 49.17 43.97 56.71

TOCO (100 mg/l) 57.09 51.96 46.69 40.73 36.46 46.59 57.91 52.74 47.74 41.69 37.40 47.50

HA (1000 mg/l) 58.66 53.81 48.25 41.51 37.83 48.01 59.80 53.58 48.99 42.42 38.25 48.61

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 61.79 55.60 49.54 43.52 40.32 50.15 62.05 56.94 51.22 44.63 40.37 51.04

Mean 59.36 53.83 48.60 41.91 38.08 60.47 54.64 49.73 42.95 38.49



SA: Salicylic acid ASA: Ascorbic acid TOCO: Tocopherol HA: Humic acid Yeast: Yeast extract

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (1c): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

1st Sample after 45 days from sowing

Treatments Antioxidants

Salinity Levels (mg/L) 320 2000 4000 6000 8000

Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000

Mean Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 25.30 21.29 17.43 13.67 11.36 17.81 26.11 21.69 18.39 14.97 11.19 18.47

SA (250 mg/l) 35.30 31.54 26.98 22.61 19.41 27.17 35.70 30.91 26.72 22.73 20.29 27.27

ASA (250 mg/l) 37.06 34.23 29.58 25.60 22.38 29.77 37.02 34.49 30.25 24.70 21.77 29.65

TOCO (100 mg/l) 32.33 29.60 23.56 20.42 17.35 24.65 31.41 28.47 24.35 20.47 17.63 24.47

HA (1000 mg/l) 33.48 30.17 24.68 21.90 18.42 25.73 31.79 29.35 25.10 21.16 18.54 25.19

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 35.28 31.73 26.29 23.19 19.69 27.24 34.56 31.05 27.18 22.44 19.71 26.99

Mean 33.13 29.76 24.75 21.23 18.10 32.77 29.33 25.33 21.08 18.19




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 49.66 44.55 39.28 33.42 29.70 39.32 52.32 46.43 39.87 34.47 30.58 40.73

SA (250 mg/l) 66.77 61.78 56.73 49.13 44.83 55.85 68.31 62.74 57.65 50.95 46.83 57.30

ASA (250 mg/l) 72.75 64.42 60.62 52.01 47.96 59.55 74.49 65.61 61.73 53.20 48.91 60.79

TOCO (100 mg/l) 61.27 55.73 51.04 43.89 40.36 50.46 63.30 57.76 51.51 45.50 42.02 52.02

HA (1000 mg/l) 62.87 56.37 54.07 45.25 42.30 52.17 64.82 58.86 53.42 46.36 42.91 53.27

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 64.46 59.81 55.07 47.37 43.60 54.06 66.29 61.24 55.08 49.35 44.71 55.33

Mean 62.96 57.11 52.80 45.18 41.46 64.92 58.77 53.21 46.64 42.66




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (2a): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 8.57 7.71 6.44 5.36 4.25 6.47 9.72 7.68 5.72 4.98 4.14 6.45

SA (250 mg/l) 11.56 9.25 8.55 7.51 6.49 8.67 12.63 11.21 8.38 7.75 6.48 9.29

ASA (250 mg/l) 13.53 11.04 9.61 8.33 7.59 10.02 14.81 13.03 10.30 8.93 7.53 10.92

TOCO (100 mg/l) 10.99 8.94 7.45 6.57 5.94 7.98 11.37 10.51 8.04 6.68 5.65 8.45

HA (1000 mg/l) 12.62 10.56 9.31 7.95 7.26 9.54 13.40 11.92 9.75 8.37 7.11 10.11

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 11.71 9.36 8.43 7.45 6.37 8.66 12.47 11.11 8.41 7.79 6.32 9.22

Mean 11.50 9.48 8.30 7.20 6.32 12.40 10.91 8.43 7.42 6.21




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 14.94 12.50 9.80 7.47 6.18 10.18 18.47 15.91 12.26 8.82 6.11 12.31

SA (250 mg/l) 20.25 16.79 13.61 11.24 9.68 14.31 23.72 21.53 17.80 13.88 10.49 17.48

ASA (250 mg/l) 22.29 18.66 15.16 12.99 11.03 16.03 25.28 23.42 19.22 15.12 11.30 18.87

TOCO (100 mg/l) 18.48 15.57 12.11 10.56 9.02 13.15 21.49 19.47 15.49 10.42 9.57 15.29

HA (1000 mg/l) 21.87 17.50 14.27 12.31 10.68 15.33 24.71 22.01 17.96 14.37 11.17 18.04

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 20.05 16.62 13.36 10.96 9.72 14.14 23.17 20.64 17.09 13.52 10.25 16.93

Mean 19.65 16.27 13.05 10.92 9.39 22.81 20.50 16.64 12.69 9.82



SA: Salicylic acid ASA: Ascorbic acid TOCO Tocopherol HA: Humic acid Yeast: Yeast extract

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (2b): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 9.19 7.68 5.40 4.55 3.93 6.15 9.61 8.14 6.35 4.34 3.90 6.47

SA (250 mg/l) 12.33 9.67 8.68 7.54 6.90 9.02 12.91 11.06 8.30 7.79 6.22 9.26

ASA (250 mg/l) 13.70 11.20 9.73 8.48 7.51 10.12 14.41 12.93 10.20 8.69 7.53 10.75

TOCO (100 mg/l) 11.34 8.89 7.61 6.90 5.91 8.13 11.69 10.10 7.94 6.39 5.77 8.38

HA (1000 mg/l) 13.31 10.84 9.29 8.68 7.21 9.87 13.80 12.12 9.42 8.12 7.32 10.16

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 12.05 9.54 8.70 7.40 6.76 8.89 12.70 11.01 8.21 7.52 6.10 9.11

Mean 11.99 9.64 8.24 7.26 6.37 12.52 10.89 8.40 7.14 6.14




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 14.30 11.70 9.30 7.28 5.97 9.71 18.13 15.82 12.45 8.76 6.58 12.35

SA (250 mg/l) 19.51 16.82 14.27 11.41 10.00 14.40 23.65 21.68 18.56 13.48 10.25 17.52

ASA (250 mg/l) 20.97 19.28 15.76 12.76 10.94 15.94 25.36 23.42 20.03 14.76 10.97 18.91

TOCO (100 mg/l) 17.33 15.18 12.18 9.64 8.83 12.63 21.77 18.76 16.14 11.76 9.27 15.54

HA (1000 mg/l) 20.15 18.27 14.77 11.44 10.76 15.08 23.83 22.43 18.98 13.59 10.66 17.90

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 18.75 16.62 14.02 10.81 9.87 14.01 22.46 20.78 17.95 12.94 10.18 16.86

Mean 18.50 16.31 13.38 10.56 9.40 22.53 20.48 17.35 12.55 9.65




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (2c): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root length/cm) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 9.96 6.69 5.63 4.64 3.79 6.14 11.04 8.52 6.54 5.29 4.34 7.15

SA (250 mg/l) 13.35 10.48 9.54 8.55 7.26 9.84 15.55 12.58 9.80 8.70 7.67 10.86

ASA (250 mg/l) 14.89 12.00 10.63 9.40 7.76 10.94 17.78 14.34 11.63 9.59 8.49 12.37

TOCO (100 mg/l) 12.10 9.80 8.44 7.61 6.40 8.87 14.21 11.36 9.16 7.46 6.69 9.78

HA (1000 mg/l) 14.16 11.17 10.32 9.43 7.49 10.51 16.58 13.56 10.72 9.45 8.44 11.75

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 12.96 10.47 9.43 8.36 6.99 9.64 15.56 12.42 9.47 8.64 7.32 10.68

Mean 12.90 10.10 9.00 8.00 6.62 15.12 12.13 9.55 8.19 7.16




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 16.15 13.22 9.69 7.67 6.65 10.68 19.14 17.14 12.44 9.26 6.47 12.89

SA (250 mg/l) 22.54 20.05 16.37 13.18 11.13 16.65 25.53 24.72 20.85 15.05 11.23 19.48

ASA (250 mg/l) 24.43 21.20 18.18 14.72 12.46 18.20 28.10 25.27 22.79 16.50 11.94 20.92

TOCO (100 mg/l) 20.39 17.77 14.46 11.76 10.33 14.94 24.75 21.83 18.76 11.60 9.95 17.38

HA (1000 mg/l) 23.20 20.46 16.68 13.69 12.06 17.22 27.16 24.82 21.71 14.94 11.51 20.03

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 21.72 19.14 15.82 12.78 11.19 16.13 25.14 24.06 20.48 14.78 11.06 19.10

Mean 21.41 18.64 15.20 12.30 10.64 24.97 22.97 19.51 13.69 10.36




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (3a): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 22.83 20.12 16.50 13.36 11.41 16.84 26.47 20.86 17.13 14.40 12.32 18.24

SA (250 mg/l) 29.91 26.69 22.64 20.17 17.58 23.40 35.26 31.45 26.17 22.04 18.80 26.74

ASA (250 mg/l) 32.70 30.23 25.42 21.61 19.53 25.90 38.57 33.77 28.53 24.23 21.06 29.23

TOCO (100 mg/l) 27.76 24.86 21.52 17.27 15.67 21.42 31.75 26.69 22.33 18.24 15.93 22.99

HA (1000 mg/l) 28.55 25.10 21.25 17.19 16.16 21.65 33.23 28.68 23.44 19.88 16.80 24.41

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 30.51 27.26 23.28 20.59 17.72 23.87 36.24 31.34 26.17 22.43 18.44 26.92

Mean 28.71 25.71 21.77 18.37 16.35 33.59 28.80 23.96 20.20 17.23




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 42.44 36.43 30.54 23.41 17.43 30.05 45.93 39.49 30.65 23.46 17.73 31.45

SA (250 mg/l) 63.14 55.69 49.53 38.52 28.55 47.09 66.19 60.79 52.41 41.83 32.09 50.66

ASA (250 mg/l) 68.14 58.16 51.61 41.09 31.02 50.00 71.05 64.34 55.09 44.23 34.77 53.90

TOCO (100 mg/l) 54.91 46.64 43.84 33.84 26.13 41.07 60.02 53.76 48.06 36.93 28.13 45.38

HA (1000 mg/l) 53.11 47.19 44.35 35.05 25.77 41.09 61.10 56.40 49.14 38.27 29.56 46.89

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 60.13 52.76 46.81 38.22 28.55 45.29 63.78 59.28 51.82 40.00 32.12 49.40

Mean 56.98 49.48 44.45 35.02 26.24 61.35 55.68 47.86 37.45 29.07




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (3b): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 22.54 18.92 16.19 13.14 10.75 16.31 25.02 22.06 17.18 13.37 11.46 17.82

SA (250 mg/l) 29.10 25.91 21.69 19.25 16.47 22.48 32.93 29.49 23.90 20.57 17.50 24.88

ASA (250 mg/l) 31.51 28.94 24.49 20.45 18.57 24.79 35.87 31.60 25.70 21.87 18.73 26.75

TOCO (100 mg/l) 26.40 24.29 21.06 16.52 15.06 20.67 29.46 27.10 21.23 17.86 15.18 22.17

HA (1000 mg/l) 26.24 24.12 20.68 15.65 14.69 20.28 30.58 27.41 22.12 18.46 15.88 22.89

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 28.21 25.22 21.84 18.16 17.14 22.11 32.59 30.65 22.94 20.09 17.02 24.66

Mean 27.33 24.57 20.99 17.20 15.45 31.08 28.05 22.18 18.70 15.96




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 42.44 36.43 30.54 23.41 17.43 30.05 45.25 39.12 31.26 23.19 17.88 31.34

SA (250 mg/l) 63.14 55.69 49.53 38.52 28.55 47.09 64.14 58.13 50.75 41.05 32.32 49.28

ASA (250 mg/l) 68.14 58.16 51.61 41.09 31.02 50.00 69.52 62.97 53.09 43.54 35.32 52.89

TOCO (100 mg/l) 54.91 46.64 43.84 33.84 26.13 41.07 59.92 53.15 47.28 36.68 28.67 45.14

HA (1000 mg/l) 53.11 47.19 44.35 35.05 25.77 41.09 61.52 54.50 48.03 38.40 30.07 46.50

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 60.13 52.76 46.81 38.22 28.55 45.29 63.97 57.27 49.98 40.70 31.76 48.74

Mean 56.98 49.48 44.45 35.02 26.24 60.72 54.19 46.73 37.26 29.34




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (3c): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 22.58 19.45 16.00 13.99 11.14 16.63 26.21 21.87 17.21 13.84 11.34 18.09

SA (250 mg/l) 35.95 32.74 29.87 25.83 22.24 29.33 39.01 34.43 29.13 24.85 21.38 29.76

ASA (250 mg/l) 39.72 36.29 31.72 27.91 24.10 31.95 41.30 37.11 31.57 27.01 23.25 32.05

TOCO (100 mg/l) 32.83 30.31 27.14 23.63 19.87 26.76 34.48 29.86 24.91 21.45 18.76 25.89

HA (1000 mg/l) 33.13 29.46 25.75 22.70 18.03 25.81 36.42 31.43 26.08 22.54 19.36 27.17

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 34.81 31.72 29.54 25.29 20.92 28.46 38.27 33.35 28.43 23.66 21.08 28.96

Mean 33.17 30.00 26.67 23.23 19.38 35.95 31.34 26.22 22.23 19.20




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 43.21 36.69 30.28 23.13 17.84 30.23 45.56 41.16 33.05 25.16 18.11 32.61

SA (250 mg/l) 64.77 58.50 51.93 41.49 31.58 49.65 70.48 62.78 55.54 45.25 35.32 53.87

ASA (250 mg/l) 69.51 61.78 54.36 44.92 34.35 52.98 74.06 65.84 58.68 47.95 37.95 56.90

TOCO (100 mg/l) 56.98 49.56 47.46 36.53 29.46 44.00 65.47 58.08 51.03 40.99 31.06 49.33

HA (1000 mg/l) 56.85 51.10 46.04 36.31 28.95 43.85 67.06 59.13 53.49 41.96 31.96 50.72

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 62.58 56.63 50.92 41.03 31.35 48.50 69.11 61.99 54.30 43.89 34.45 52.75

Mean 58.98 52.38 46.83 37.24 28.92 65.29 58.16 51.02 40.87 31.48




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (4a): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 3.25 3.07 2.69 2.34 2.09 2.69 3.30 3.05 2.74 2.45 2.19 2.75

SA (250 mg/l) 3.86 3.61 3.37 2.88 2.65 3.27 4.14 3.89 3.57 3.31 3.04 3.59

ASA (250 mg/l) 4.10 3.87 3.50 2.99 2.87 3.47 4.32 4.09 3.76 3.39 3.16 3.74

TOCO (100 mg/l) 3.51 3.23 3.10 2.63 2.33 2.96 3.84 3.58 3.32 2.89 2.63 3.25

HA (1000 mg/l) 3.58 3.40 3.18 2.75 2.43 3.07 3.92 3.66 3.37 2.99 2.71 3.33

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 3.72 3.55 3.28 2.85 2.55 3.19 4.13 3.79 3.55 3.33 2.84 3.53

Mean 3.67 3.46 3.19 2.74 2.49 3.94 3.68 3.39 3.06 2.76




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 5.07 4.34 3.69 3.17 2.60 3.77 6.20 5.64 4.56 3.80 3.16 4.67

SA (250 mg/l) 6.33 6.06 5.59 4.28 3.78 5.21 8.20 7.42 6.33 5.64 4.97 6.51

ASA (250 mg/l) 6.57 6.16 5.76 4.49 3.93 5.38 8.58 7.54 6.54 5.85 5.20 6.74

TOCO (100 mg/l) 5.79 5.44 5.17 3.91 3.34 4.73 7.56 6.62 5.67 5.29 4.49 5.93

HA (1000 mg/l) 5.93 5.59 5.35 4.01 3.42 4.86 7.73 6.79 5.86 5.46 4.61 6.09

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 6.19 5.85 5.50 4.18 3.72 5.09 7.94 7.25 6.18 5.58 4.81 6.35

Mean 5.98 5.57 5.18 4.01 3.47 7.70 6.88 5.86 5.27 4.54




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (4b): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 3.20 2.92 2.63 2.29 2.08 2.62 3.31 3.05 2.74 2.40 2.11 2.72

SA (250 mg/l) 3.84 3.55 3.24 2.83 2.58 3.21 4.08 3.82 3.53 3.25 2.95 3.53

ASA (250 mg/l) 4.03 3.78 3.42 2.91 2.79 3.39 4.26 4.01 3.69 3.32 3.11 3.68

TOCO (100 mg/l) 3.45 3.30 3.04 2.56 2.32 2.93 3.74 3.53 3.24 2.85 2.58 3.19

HA (1000 mg/l) 3.54 3.08 3.06 2.70 2.46 2.97 3.80 3.57 3.33 2.97 2.65 3.26

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 3.70 3.17 3.22 2.78 2.55 3.08 4.02 3.73 3.49 3.22 2.77 3.45

Mean 3.63 3.30 3.10 2.68 2.46 3.87 3.62 3.34 3.00 2.70




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 5.06 4.30 3.57 3.07 2.47 3.69 6.28 5.64 4.68 3.81 3.17 4.72

SA (250 mg/l) 6.18 5.87 5.34 4.12 3.62 5.03 8.08 7.38 6.29 5.56 4.87 6.44

ASA (250 mg/l) 6.36 6.01 5.58 4.29 3.78 5.20 8.43 7.53 6.46 5.70 5.10 6.64

TOCO (100 mg/l) 5.70 5.24 4.99 3.80 3.21 4.59 7.48 6.57 5.66 5.20 4.41 5.86

HA (1000 mg/l) 5.82 5.44 5.08 3.90 3.30 4.71 7.54 6.87 5.88 5.37 4.49 6.03

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 6.02 5.65 5.23 4.02 3.51 4.89 7.84 7.25 6.14 5.53 4.72 6.30

Mean 5.86 5.42 4.97 3.87 3.32 7.61 6.87 5.85 5.20 4.46




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (4c): Growth parameters of faba bean (Shoot dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 3.27 3.00 2.64 2.43 2.15 2.70 3.37 3.10 2.74 2.42 2.15 2.76

SA (250 mg/l) 4.07 3.84 3.50 3.11 2.82 3.47 4.44 4.17 3.79 3.51 3.21 3.82

ASA (250 mg/l) 4.32 4.08 3.74 3.27 3.07 3.70 4.61 4.28 3.98 3.63 3.32 3.96

TOCO (100 mg/l) 3.70 3.56 3.29 2.83 2.53 3.18 4.02 3.77 3.52 3.12 2.78 3.44

HA (1000 mg/l) 3.79 3.63 3.37 2.92 2.66 3.27 4.17 3.86 3.61 3.19 2.97 3.56

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 3.97 3.73 3.46 3.01 2.77 3.39 4.34 4.10 3.72 3.43 3.21 3.76

Mean 3.85 3.64 3.33 2.93 2.67 4.16 3.88 3.56 3.22 2.94




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 5.11 4.39 3.68 3.18 2.56 3.78 6.34 5.73 4.70 3.78 3.21 4.75

SA (250 mg/l) 6.76 6.27 5.88 4.68 4.17 5.55 8.49 7.83 6.79 6.00 5.23 6.87

ASA (250 mg/l) 7.05 6.54 6.15 4.83 4.28 5.77 8.72 8.04 7.01 6.14 5.52 7.09

TOCO (100 mg/l) 6.27 5.92 5.58 4.27 3.67 5.14 7.94 7.25 6.23 5.48 4.87 6.35

HA (1000 mg/l) 6.54 6.06 5.68 4.44 3.79 5.30 8.07 7.41 6.34 5.58 4.98 6.48

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 6.62 6.19 5.80 4.59 3.99 5.44 8.25 7.75 6.68 5.86 5.13 6.73

Mean 6.39 5.90 5.46 4.33 3.74 7.97 7.34 6.29 5.47 4.82




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (5a): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 3.29 2.87 2.47 2.03 1.78 2.49 3.18 2.86 2.43 2.08 1.74 2.46

SA (250 mg/l) 4.51 4.13 3.68 3.24 2.62 3.64 4.71 4.40 3.91 3.25 2.68 3.79

ASA (250 mg/l) 4.77 4.49 3.94 3.50 2.78 3.90 5.13 4.94 4.21 3.57 2.92 4.15

TOCO (100 mg/l) 4.04 3.72 3.31 2.92 2.34 3.27 4.21 3.72 3.10 2.73 2.25 3.20

HA (1000 mg/l) 4.39 4.15 3.89 3.39 2.66 3.70 4.81 4.55 3.99 3.25 2.78 3.88

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 4.24 4.07 3.58 3.06 2.51 3.49 4.69 4.36 3.74 3.19 2.64 3.72

Mean 4.21 3.91 3.48 3.02 2.45 4.46 4.14 3.56 3.01 2.50




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 5.30 4.80 4.20 3.30 2.67 4.05 6.37 5.81 5.18 4.45 3.58 5.08

SA (250 mg/l) 7.00 6.66 6.17 5.42 4.86 6.02 8.08 7.80 7.24 6.48 5.89 7.10

ASA (250 mg/l) 7.49 7.06 6.47 5.71 5.11 6.37 8.69 8.25 7.45 6.85 6.21 7.49

TOCO (100 mg/l) 6.66 6.19 5.75 5.00 4.48 5.62 7.65 7.19 6.76 5.93 5.51 6.61

HA (1000 mg/l) 7.16 6.79 6.26 5.70 5.00 6.18 8.35 8.10 7.27 6.72 6.09 7.31

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 6.90 6.58 6.01 5.42 4.74 5.93 7.90 7.75 7.05 6.31 5.87 6.98

Mean 6.75 6.35 5.81 5.09 4.48 7.84 7.48 6.83 6.12 5.53




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (5b): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 3.21 2.95 2.60 2.11 1.72 2.52 3.43 3.00 2.55 2.15 1.76 2.58

SA (250 mg/l) 4.50 4.13 3.65 3.09 2.71 3.62 4.69 4.40 3.84 3.30 2.72 3.79

ASA (250 mg/l) 4.75 4.15 4.03 3.76 2.92 3.92 5.16 5.05 4.31 3.75 2.96 4.25

TOCO (100 mg/l) 4.10 3.83 3.57 2.88 2.38 3.35 4.00 3.80 3.23 2.96 2.30 3.26

HA (1000 mg/l) 4.69 4.32 3.80 3.74 2.80 3.87 4.84 4.69 4.03 3.61 2.78 3.99

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 4.35 4.07 3.65 3.22 2.72 3.60 4.70 4.56 3.84 3.28 2.58 3.79

Mean 4.27 3.91 3.55 3.13 2.54 4.47 4.25 3.63 3.18 2.52




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 5.37 4.78 4.14 3.16 2.63 4.02 6.34 5.86 5.17 4.33 3.72 5.08

SA (250 mg/l) 7.04 6.71 5.93 5.24 4.72 5.93 8.12 7.87 7.02 6.16 5.62 6.96

ASA (250 mg/l) 7.46 7.07 6.15 5.63 4.87 6.24 8.71 8.35 7.30 6.65 5.84 7.37

TOCO (100 mg/l) 6.77 6.34 5.64 4.98 4.39 5.62 7.76 7.25 6.64 5.82 5.27 6.55

HA (1000 mg/l) 7.38 6.90 6.08 5.49 4.87 6.14 8.64 8.17 7.06 6.35 5.72 7.19

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 7.16 6.71 5.91 5.21 4.77 5.95 8.29 7.86 6.89 6.07 5.60 6.94

Mean 6.86 6.42 5.64 4.95 4.38 7.98 7.56 6.68 5.90 5.30




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (5c): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root fresh wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 3.23 2.84 2.43 1.95 1.65 2.42 3.36 3.01 2.49 2.15 1.75 2.55

SA (250 mg/l) 4.72 4.50 4.17 3.37 2.76 3.90 4.95 4.74 4.35 3.62 2.94 4.12

ASA (250 mg/l) 4.94 4.63 4.35 3.68 2.97 4.11 5.28 4.95 4.62 4.03 3.16 4.41

TOCO (100 mg/l) 4.17 3.80 3.49 3.16 2.53 3.43 4.16 3.82 3.26 3.10 2.66 3.40

HA (1000 mg/l) 4.77 4.60 4.19 3.65 2.85 4.01 5.08 4.74 4.32 3.87 3.05 4.21

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 4.59 4.27 3.97 3.45 2.65 3.79 4.86 4.67 4.23 3.75 2.86 4.07

Mean 4.40 4.11 3.77 3.21 2.57 4.62 4.32 3.88 3.42 2.74




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 5.51 5.03 4.23 3.71 3.44 4.38 6.41 6.13 5.30 4.55 3.76 5.23

SA (250 mg/l) 7.72 7.16 6.72 6.04 5.26 6.58 8.70 8.15 7.66 6.82 6.17 7.50

ASA (250 mg/l) 7.91 7.49 6.86 6.22 5.35 6.77 9.02 8.66 7.94 7.08 6.32 7.80

TOCO (100 mg/l) 7.11 6.76 6.26 5.75 4.87 6.15 8.14 7.67 7.10 6.71 5.89 7.10

HA (1000 mg/l) 7.76 7.18 6.80 6.11 5.09 6.59 8.89 8.29 7.92 7.03 6.16 7.66

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 7.63 7.04 6.60 6.04 5.03 6.47 8.67 8.15 7.71 6.91 6.11 7.51

Mean 7.27 6.78 6.25 5.65 4.84 8.31 7.84 7.27 6.52 5.74




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (6a): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 1.12 1.06 0.95 0.90 0.82 0.97 1.11 1.08 1.03 0.99 0.94 1.03

SA (250 mg/l) 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.04 1.00 1.11 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.06 1.16

ASA (250 mg/l) 1.28 1.23 1.14 1.08 1.04 1.15 1.28 1.23 1.20 1.15 1.09 1.19

TOCO (100 mg/l) 1.18 1.13 1.04 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.20 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.02 1.11

HA (1000 mg/l) 1.24 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.03 1.14 1.26 1.21 1.18 1.13 1.07 1.17

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 1.22 1.17 1.14 1.04 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.04 1.14

Mean 1.21 1.16 1.09 1.02 0.98 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.04




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 1.51 1.36 1.24 1.13 1.04 1.26 2.09 1.89 1.76 1.57 1.41 1.74

SA (250 mg/l) 1.84 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.39 1.63 2.44 2.31 2.24 2.09 1.93 2.20

ASA (250 mg/l) 1.92 1.87 1.72 1.61 1.45 1.71 2.54 2.46 2.30 2.18 2.04 2.30

TOCO (100 mg/l) 1.70 1.65 1.49 1.39 1.28 1.50 2.32 2.26 2.15 1.98 1.89 2.12

HA (1000 mg/l) 1.86 1.82 1.67 1.55 1.37 1.65 2.47 2.35 2.23 2.09 1.94 2.22

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 1.78 1.72 1.58 1.48 1.37 1.59 2.38 2.29 2.18 2.06 1.91 2.16

Mean 1.77 1.69 1.56 1.45 1.32 2.37 2.26 2.14 2.00 1.85




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (6b): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 1.08 1.03 0.95 0.86 0.80 0.94 1.13 1.09 1.04 0.98 0.94 1.04

SA (250 mg/l) 1.20 1.15 1.11 1.06 1.02 1.11 1.23 1.17 1.14 1.11 1.07 1.14

ASA (250 mg/l) 1.26 1.22 1.14 1.08 1.04 1.15 1.27 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.18

TOCO (100 mg/l) 1.16 1.12 1.05 0.99 0.95 1.05 1.18 1.13 1.10 1.09 1.02 1.10

HA (1000 mg/l) 1.23 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.02 1.13 1.25 1.17 1.16 1.11 1.07 1.15

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.04 0.99 1.10 1.22 1.16 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.13

Mean 1.19 1.15 1.08 1.02 0.97 1.21 1.16 1.13 1.09 1.04




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 1.45 1.30 1.17 1.05 0.97 1.19 2.01 1.88 1.68 1.56 1.45 1.72

SA (250 mg/l) 1.72 1.58 1.48 1.40 1.28 1.49 2.40 2.25 2.15 2.09 1.94 2.17

ASA (250 mg/l) 1.83 1.71 1.59 1.51 1.35 1.60 2.50 2.38 2.25 2.18 2.02 2.27

TOCO (100 mg/l) 1.61 1.46 1.34 1.24 1.20 1.37 2.28 2.16 2.08 1.89 1.86 2.05

HA (1000 mg/l) 1.74 1.65 1.52 1.44 1.28 1.53 2.36 2.33 2.21 2.16 1.97 2.21

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 1.66 1.55 1.44 1.35 1.23 1.45 2.40 2.24 2.11 2.02 1.91 2.14

Mean 1.67 1.54 1.42 1.33 1.22 2.33 2.21 2.08 1.98 1.86




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (6c): Growth parameters of faba bean (Root dry wt. g/plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking and Foliar spraying) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).




320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 1.13 1.08 0.98 0.91 0.82 0.98 1.11 1.07 1.00 0.95 0.91 1.01

SA (250 mg/l) 1.27 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.05 1.16 1.28 1.25 1.20 1.11 1.09 1.19

ASA (250 mg/l) 1.41 1.26 1.22 1.15 1.08 1.22 1.31 1.27 1.24 1.15 1.11 1.22

TOCO (100 mg/l) 1.25 1.17 1.09 1.04 1.01 1.11 1.23 1.17 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.12

HA (1000 mg/l) 1.29 1.25 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.19 1.30 1.26 1.20 1.12 1.09 1.19

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.03 1.15 1.28 1.23 1.17 1.11 1.06 1.17

Mean 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.07 1.01 1.25 1.21 1.15 1.09 1.05




T A 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Tap water 1.44 1.28 1.17 1.07 1.00 1.19 2.05 1.91 1.80 1.62 1.43 1.76

SA (250 mg/l) 1.88 1.75 1.61 1.59 1.42 1.65 2.52 2.44 2.31 2.19 2.02 2.30

ASA (250 mg/l) 1.98 1.84 1.73 1.66 1.48 1.74 2.65 2.51 2.38 2.27 2.09 2.38

TOCO (100 mg/l) 1.74 1.64 1.54 1.38 1.24 1.51 2.41 2.33 2.22 2.03 1.92 2.18

HA (1000 mg/l) 1.91 1.81 1.73 1.58 1.39 1.68 2.55 2.44 2.28 2.16 2.00 2.29

Yeast (2000 mg/l) 1.78 1.70 1.65 1.55 1.27 1.59 2.51 2.39 2.25 2.14 1.93 2.24

Mean 1.79 1.67 1.57 1.47 1.30 2.45 2.34 2.21 2.07 1.90




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (7): Growth parameters of faba bean (Total Leaf Area cm2/ plant) grown under salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

Presoaking

Treat. Anti.


Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000


Tap water 566.07 511.70 436.87 360.57 265.60 428.16 563.97 493.07 418.30 331.70 243.00 410.01 SA (250 mg/l) 683.73 622.43 553.40 484.47 420.13 552.83 687.50 624.93 565.37 495.63 428.30 560.35 ASA (250 mg/l) 729.57 650.97 582.47 515.07 435.83 582.78 718.90 649.50 591.10 521.40 448.03 585.79 TOCO (100 mg/l) 627.20 562.50 508.33 417.23 347.87 492.63 651.23 579.63 522.80 436.30 373.13 512.62 HA (1000 mg/l) 642.43 581.03 523.90 436.90 364.47 509.75 662.70 595.17 533.90 451.53 391.37 526.93 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 674.80 608.70 545.07 474.93 403.63 541.43 691.33 606.80 553.70 479.63 414.10 549.11

Mean 653.97 589.56 525.01 448.20 372.92 662.61 591.52 530.86 452.70 382.99



Foliar spraying


Mean 646.51 576.49 517.84 443.14 369.93 650.46 585.43 524.38 449.20 387.63



Presoaking and Foliar spraying


Mean 674.50 610.29 548.91 478.42 408.53 684.10 623.54 558.74 484.72 406.99




RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 ------------------------------------------------------------

Yield and it`s components of faba bean plant:-

Data recorded in Tables (8 ─ 12) show the effect of salinity stress levels (320, 2000,

4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l), selected antioxidants materials [SA(250mg/l) , ASA(250mg/l),

TOCO(100mg/l), HA(1000mg/l) and Yeast(2000mg/l)] applied as (Presoaking, foliar

spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying together) and their combination on yield and its

components [No. of pods/plant, pods weight/plant (g), No. of seeds/plant, seeds weight/plant

(g) and 100 seed weight (g)] of faba bean plant grown in pots throughout the two growing

seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

Salinity level 8000 (mg/l) followed by 6000 (mg/l), 4000 (mg/l) and 2000 (mg/l),

respectively recorded the lowest values of yield and it`s components, when compared with

the control treatment (320 mg/l) during the two growing seasons.

Unstressed plants (control) treated with application of antioxidants (SA, ASA,

TOCO, HA and Yeast) recorded the highest degrees of yield components than stressed plants

grown under salinity stress levels during the two growing seasons.

Generally, application of ASA (250 mg/l) applied in experiments (presoaking, foliar

spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying together) recorded the highest degree of yield and

it`s components, when compared with the other antioxidants application during the two

growing seasons.

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 67 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (8): No. of pods / plant as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

(Presoaking) Treat.

Anti.

Salinity Levels (mg/L) 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012

Tap water 11.51 10.07 8.65 7.03 5.41 8.53 10.67 9.02 7.34 5.71 4.56 7.46 SA (250 mg/l) 15.58 14.09 12.66 10.93 8.47 12.35 15.09 13.55 11.23 9.60 7.25 11.34 ASA (250 mg/l) 17.25 15.61 13.38 11.59 9.10 13.39 17.17 15.05 12.42 10.11 7.97 12.54 TOCO (100 mg/l) 13.37 12.64 11.06 9.55 7.48 10.82 12.86 11.58 9.94 8.14 6.42 9.79 HA (1000 mg/l) 14.51 13.07 11.54 9.97 7.71 11.36 13.42 12.30 10.69 9.04 6.84 10.46 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 15.05 13.89 12.22 10.66 8.12 11.99 14.73 13.26 11.05 9.36 7.15 11.11 Mean 14.55 13.23 11.59 9.96 7.72 13.99 12.46 10.45 8.66 6.70

New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.24 Anti.: 0.12 Inter.: 0.32 Salinity: 0.25 Anti.: 0.10 Inter.: 0.24

(Foliar spraying) Tap water 11.49 10.26 8.61 7.06 5.51 8.59 10.34 9.08 7.35 5.22 4.59 7.32 SA (250 mg/l) 15.02 13.95 12.56 10.73 8.76 12.20 13.66 12.41 10.44 9.18 6.93 10.52 ASA (250 mg/l) 16.75 15.39 13.61 11.92 9.40 13.41 16.01 13.41 11.20 9.56 7.44 11.52 TOCO (100 mg/l) 13.59 12.48 10.94 9.66 7.15 10.76 11.84 10.68 9.18 7.70 6.29 9.14 HA (1000 mg/l) 13.95 12.92 11.50 10.06 7.49 11.18 12.46 10.96 9.53 8.39 6.54 9.58 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 14.83 13.61 12.42 10.58 8.47 11.98 13.38 11.60 10.08 9.22 6.74 10.20 Mean 14.27 13.10 11.61 10.00 7.80 12.95 11.36 9.63 8.21 6.42


(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 11.75 10.36 8.58 7.26 5.78 8.75 10.32 9.09 7.60 6.17 5.02 7.64 SA (250 mg/l) 17.43 15.84 13.71 11.77 9.79 13.71 15.87 14.89 12.58 10.50 8.44 12.46 ASA (250 mg/l) 19.03 17.23 14.67 12.98 10.33 14.85 18.43 16.63 13.58 11.82 9.06 13.90 TOCO (100 mg/l) 15.22 13.56 11.65 9.83 7.81 11.61 13.61 12.55 10.64 8.52 6.48 10.36 HA (1000 mg/l) 15.73 13.98 12.31 10.64 8.65 12.26 14.27 13.39 11.50 9.36 7.37 11.18 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 17.24 15.46 13.68 11.74 9.33 13.49 15.50 14.55 12.40 10.56 8.18 12.24 Mean 16.07 14.41 12.43 10.70 8.62 14.67 13.52 11.38 9.49 7.43 New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.38 Anti.: 0.20 Inter.: 0.67 Salinity: 0.09 Anti.: 0.08 Inter.: 0.18


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (9): Pods weight / plant (g) as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

(Presoaking) Treat. Anti.


320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Season 2010/2011 Season 2011/2012



(Foliar spraying) Tap water 24.39 22.68 19.28 16.17 13.75 19.25 19.14 16.25 13.64 10.82 9.23 13.82 SA (250 mg/l) 31.17 28.85 26.04 22.80 19.21 25.61 27.01 23.40 20.50 18.05 13.31 20.45 ASA (250 mg/l) 33.76 31.37 27.85 24.76 20.99 27.75 29.45 25.43 22.32 20.00 14.67 22.37 TOCO (100 mg/l) 27.44 25.80 23.03 19.74 16.28 22.46 21.76 20.36 16.50 14.51 11.55 16.94 HA (1000 mg/l) 28.64 26.97 24.10 20.52 17.54 23.55 22.97 21.72 18.10 15.81 12.56 18.23 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 30.54 28.55 25.22 22.21 18.53 25.01 26.22 22.89 20.24 18.21 13.13 20.14 Mean 29.32 27.37 24.25 21.03 17.72 24.43 21.68 18.55 16.23 12.41

New LSD 5% Salinity:0.76 Anti.: 0.3 Inter.: 1.22 Salinity: 0.29 Anti.: 0.21 Inter.: 0.51



RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (10): Seeds weight / plant (g) as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).



Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000




(Foliar spraying) Tap water 15.38 13.78 12.34 10.19 8.47 12.03 11.47 10.31 8.14 6.12 5.05 8.22 SA (250 mg/l) 23.11 20.72 18.31 16.03 13.29 18.29 18.34 15.60 13.15 11.69 9.12 13.58 ASA (250 mg/l) 25.31 22.81 20.12 17.41 14.36 20.00 20.69 17.64 14.43 12.90 9.81 15.09 TOCO (100 mg/l) 19.85 17.75 15.40 13.49 10.86 15.47 15.20 13.35 11.27 9.51 7.96 11.46 HA (1000 mg/l) 20.98 18.82 16.72 14.17 11.95 16.53 16.36 13.82 11.78 10.23 8.47 12.13 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 22.47 20.49 17.59 15.35 12.79 17.74 17.69 14.87 12.82 11.17 8.82 13.07 Mean 21.18 19.06 16.75 14.44 11.95 16.63 14.27 11.93 10.27 8.21 New LSD 5% Salinity:0.67 Anti.: 0.21 Inter.: 0.56 Salinity: 0.26 Anti.: 0.14 Inter.: 0.35

(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 14.99 14.06 12.39 10.40 8.81 12.13 12.07 10.32 8.35 7.01 6.14 8.78 SA (250 mg/l) 25.38 23.62 20.59 18.37 15.30 20.65 22.43 20.77 17.03 13.37 11.08 16.94 ASA (250 mg/l) 27.37 26.27 23.42 20.02 16.92 22.80 25.06 22.04 18.35 15.47 11.84 18.55 TOCO (100 mg/l) 22.54 19.17 17.61 14.85 11.90 17.21 19.08 17.33 13.84 11.16 8.48 13.98 HA (1000 mg/l) 23.57 20.22 18.36 16.33 12.83 18.26 20.25 18.54 14.81 11.54 9.44 14.92 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 25.26 23.21 20.22 17.33 13.95 19.99 21.43 20.14 15.68 12.51 10.27 16.01 Mean 23.19 21.09 18.77 16.22 13.29 20.05 18.19 14.68 11.84 9.54 New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.33 Anti.:0.25 Inter.: 0.66 Salinity: 0.28 Anti.: 0.20 Inter.: 0.50


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (11): No. of Seeds / plant as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

(Presoaking) Treatments Antioxidants


Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000




(Foliar spraying) Tap water 21.46 19.35 16.98 14.37 12.91 17.01 17.79 16.52 14.42 11.75 10.76 14.25 SA (250 mg/l) 29.60 26.13 24.17 21.37 18.65 23.98 25.13 22.79 20.33 18.17 15.57 20.40 ASA (250 mg/l) 31.64 28.07 25.21 23.30 19.50 25.54 27.63 24.74 21.20 19.70 16.94 22.04 TOCO (100 mg/l) 25.43 23.05 20.92 18.98 16.18 20.91 21.52 19.72 17.63 15.70 13.30 17.57 HA (1000 mg/l) 27.77 24.02 21.73 19.96 16.83 22.06 22.74 20.42 18.18 16.73 13.99 18.41 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 28.84 25.17 23.26 20.90 17.67 23.17 24.33 21.84 19.62 17.27 15.14 19.64 Mean 27.46 24.30 22.05 19.81 16.96 23.19 21.01 18.56 16.55 14.28 New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.59 Anti.: 0.27 Inter.: 0.59 Salinity: 0.50 Anti.: 0.17 Inter.: 0.45



RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (12): 100 Seed weight (g) as affected by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) and their interactions during the two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012).

(Presoaking)

Treat. Anti.


Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000


Tap water 64.47 60.92 57.27 54.38 51.43 57.69 67.49 63.47 60.76 59.06 54.30 61.02 SA (250 mg/l) 74.26 71.61 68.21 64.27 60.30 67.73 74.62 72.57 71.04 67.15 63.20 69.72 ASA (250 mg/l) 75.81 74.16 69.86 66.44 62.22 69.70 76.27 73.86 71.83 68.79 65.05 71.16 TOCO (100 mg/l) 69.82 68.43 65.28 61.92 57.66 64.62 72.12 68.33 66.10 63.59 61.05 66.24 HA (1000 mg/l) 71.62 69.00 66.65 63.06 58.83 65.83 73.44 69.80 67.18 65.28 61.69 67.48 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 73.23 70.26 67.57 63.26 59.64 66.79 74.59 71.48 69.33 66.07 62.54 68.80 Mean 71.54 69.06 65.81 62.22 58.35 73.09 69.92 67.71 64.99 61.31 New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.74 Anti.: 0.32 Inter.: 1.48 Salinity: 0.65 Anti.: 0.31 Inter.: 1.01

(Foliar spraying) Tap water 63.35 60.41 56.40 52.94 49.91 56.60 65.10 61.83 59.88 57.20 55.32 59.87 SA (250 mg/l) 72.40 70.28 67.21 62.93 58.43 66.25 73.75 70.20 67.75 65.03 63.02 67.95 ASA (250 mg/l) 74.18 71.46 68.58 65.02 60.61 67.97 75.50 72.22 69.21 66.41 63.77 69.42 TOCO (100 mg/l) 68.91 65.93 62.34 59.72 55.53 62.49 70.63 67.40 64.39 61.58 60.46 64.89 HA (1000 mg/l) 70.12 67.44 62.89 64.15 56.29 64.18 72.20 68.26 65.55 63.41 61.54 66.19 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 71.12 69.44 65.23 61.84 57.42 65.01 73.60 69.45 67.08 64.02 62.53 67.34 Mean 70.01 67.49 63.78 61.10 56.37 71.80 68.23 65.64 62.94 61.11 New LSD 5% Salinity: 0.9 Anti.: 0.6 Inter.: 2.42 Salinity: 1.04 Anti.: 0.25 Inter.: 1.05



RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 ------------------------------------------------------------

Biochemical constituents in faba bean plant:-

1- Photosynthetic pigments:

Data presented in Tables (13 & 14) and Fig. (1-3) show the effect of salinity stress

levels (320, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l) and selected antioxidants materials (SA, ASA,

TOCO, HA and Yeast) applied as (Presoaking only, foliar spray only or presoaking and

foliar spray together) as well as their interactions on photosynthetic pigments contents

(chlorophyll (A), chlorophyll (B) and carotenoids contents (mg/g f.wt.) in the shoots of faba

bean plant.

Stressed plants grown under salinity stress levels recorded lowest values of

chlorophyll A or B and carotenoids when compared with control treatment (320 mg/l). More,

Salinity level 8000 (mg/l) recorded the great reduction followed by 6000, 4000 and 2000

(mg/l) respectively.

All application of antioxidants recorded significant values of photosynthetic

pigments against untreated plants (Tap water). In this regard, ASA (250 mg/l) followed by

SA (250 mg/l) recorded the highest values.

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (13): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on chlorophyll (A) and chlorophyll (B) content (mg/g f.wt) in leaves of faba bean plant.



320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean chlorophyll A (mg/g f. wt) Read % chlorophyll B (mg/g f. wt) Read %

Tap water 0.731 0.684 0.578 0.444 0.354 0.558 100 0.281 0.268 0.234 0.204 0.184 0.234 100 SA (250 mg/l) 0.812 0.744 0.661 0.563 0.444 0.645 116 0.372 0.355 0.313 0.276 0.247 0.313 134 ASA (250 mg/l) 0.822 0.774 0.684 0.572 0.463 0.663 119 0.387 0.365 0.321 0.291 0.261 0.325 139 TOCO (100 mg/l) 0.765 0.709 0.629 0.511 0.401 0.603 108 0.346 0.315 0.289 0.256 0.223 0.286 122 HA (1000 mg/l) 0.772 0.714 0.631 0.425 0.411 0.591 106 0.351 0.335 0.297 0.269 0.231 0.297 127 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 0.794 0.731 0.654 0.548 0.428 0.631 113 0.368 0.345 0.308 0.277 0.241 0.308 132

Mean Read 0.783 0.726 0.640 0.511 0.417 0.351 0.331 0.294 0.262 0.231

% 100 93 82 65 53 100 94 84 75 66

(Foliar spraying) Tap water 0.723 0.672 0.569 0.445 0.341 0.55 100 0.277 0.249 0.222 0.198 0.177 0.225 100 SA (250 mg/l) 0.783 0.738 0.659 0.558 0.439 0.635 115 0.348 0.328 0.304 0.268 0.233 0.296 132 ASA (250 mg/l) 0.81 0.759 0.672 0.568 0.456 0.653 119 0.378 0.347 0.321 0.285 0.251 0.316 140 TOCO (100 mg/l) 0.743 0.7 0.621 0.504 0.393 0.592 108 0.316 0.305 0.267 0.243 0.211 0.268 119 HA (1000 mg/l) 0.749 0.711 0.622 0.522 0.403 0.601 109 0.332 0.314 0.273 0.255 0.218 0.278 124 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 0.761 0.722 0.647 0.538 0.411 0.616 112 0.341 0.322 0.288 0.261 0.227 0.288 128

Mean 0.762 0.717 0.632 0.523 0.407 0.332 0.311 0.279 0.252 0.220

% 100 94 83 69 53 100 94 84 76 66

(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 0.732 0.661 0.571 0.441 0.362 0.553 100 0.279 0.266 0.231 0.21 0.186 0.234 100 SA (250 mg/l) 0.911 0.856 0.785 0.683 0.568 0.761 138 0.388 0.361 0.328 0.294 0.252 0.325 139 ASA (250 mg/l) 0.932 0.889 0.793 0.698 0.583 0.779 141 0.395 0.379 0.339 0.312 0.285 0.342 146 TOCO (100 mg/l) 0.862 0.812 0.741 0.632 0.529 0.715 129 0.353 0.331 0.297 0.268 0.237 0.297 127 HA (1000 mg/l) 0.871 0.823 0.749 0.639 0.533 0.723 131 0.362 0.338 0.307 0.275 0.241 0.305 130 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 0.89 0.848 0.774 0.664 0.555 0.746 135 0.377 0.356 0.318 0.291 0.249 0.318 136

Mean 0.866 0.815 0.736 0.626 0.522 0.359 0.339 0.303 0.275 0.242

% 100 94 85 72 60 100 94 84 77 67


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 ------------------------------------------------------------

Fig (1): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar

spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on chlorophyll (A) content in leaves of faba bean plant.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

320mg/l 2000mg/l 4000mg/l 6000mg/l 8000mg/lchlo

roph

yll A

(mg/

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Presoaking and Foliar sprayingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1


roph

yll A

(mg/

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

00.20.40.60.8

1


roph

yll A

(mg/

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP SAASATOCOHAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on chlorophyll (B) content (mg/g f.wt) in leaves of faba bean plant.

0

0.10.2

0.3

0.40.5


roph

yll B

(mg/

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

320mg/l 2000mg/l 4000mg/l 6000mg/l 8000mg/l

chlo

roph

yll B

(mg/

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

00.10.20.30.40.5


roph

yll B

(mg/

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels


SAASATOCOHAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (14): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on carotenoids content (mg/g. f. wt) in the leaves of faba bean plant.

(Presoaking) Treat.

Anti.


320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Read %

Tap water 0.221 0.210 0.191 0.172 0.164 0.192 100 SA (250 mg/l) 0.293 0.266 0.241 0.222 0.205 0.245 128 ASA (250 mg/l) 0.324 0.271 0.249 0.231 0.211 0.257 134 TOCO (100 mg/l) 0.276 0.247 0.231 0.212 0.193 0.232 121 HA (1000 mg/l) 0.283 0.249 0.229 0.215 0.195 0.234 122 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 0.288 0.261 0.258 0.220 0.200 0.245 128

Mean Read 0.281 0.251 0.233 0.212 0.195 % 100 89 83 75 69

(Foliar spraying) Tap water 0.219 0.205 0.186 0.171 0.161 0.188 100 SA (250 mg/l) 0.275 0.259 0.236 0.220 0.199 0.238 127 ASA (250 mg/l) 0.312 0.268 0.243 0.230 0.207 0.252 134 TOCO (100 mg/l) 0.265 0.241 0.227 0.204 0.191 0.226 120 HA (1000 mg/l) 0.268 0.237 0.221 0.211 0.192 0.226 120 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 0.292 0.255 0.238 0.217 0.197 0.240 128

Mean Read 0.272 0.244 0.225 0.209 0.191 % 100 90 83 77 70

(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 0.222 0.211 0.188 0.174 0.158 0.191 100 SA (250 mg/l) 0.311 0.276 0.256 0.237 0.214 0.259 136 ASA (250 mg/l) 0.335 0.289 0.267 0.242 0.223 0.271 142 TOCO (100 mg/l) 0.286 0.254 0.239 0.214 0.197 0.238 125 HA (1000 mg/l) 0.291 0.259 0.241 0.219 0.199 0.242 127 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 0.306 0.268 0.251 0.234 0.216 0.255 134

Mean Read 0.292 0.260 0.240 0.220 0.201 % 100 89 82 75 69


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on carotenoids content (mg/g. f. wt) in the leaves of faba bean plant.

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35


caro

teno

ids c

onte

nt

(mg/

g. f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35


caro

teno

ids c

onte

nt(m

g/g.

f. w

t)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35

0.4


caro

teno

ids c

onte

nt(m

g/g.

f. w

t)

Salinity Levels


SAASATOCOHAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 78 ------------------------------------------------------------

2- Proline, ascorbic and phenols contents:

Data in Tables (15-17) and Fig. (4-6) show the effect of salinity stress levels (320,

2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l) and selected antioxidants (SA, ASA, TOCO, HA and Yeast

extract) applied as (Presoaking only - Foliar spray only - Soaking and foliar spray together)

as well as their interactions on proline, ascorbic acid and phenols contents in the leaves of

faba bean plant.

All salinity stress levels recorded highest values of proline, ascorbic and phenols,

when compared with un stressed treatment (320 mg/l). The most effective in this respect was

salinity level 8000 (mg/l).

All application of antioxidants were used at (presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking

and foliar spraying) recorded highest values against untreated plants as control (Tap water).

More, the most effective in this respect was ASA (250 mg/l).

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (15): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on proline content (mg/g. f. wt) of faba bean fresh leaves.

(Presoaking) Treat.

Anti.


320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Read %


Mean Read 2.63 3.29 4.38 4.93 5.94 % 100 125 167 187 226


Mean Read 2.67 3.27 4.34 4.91 5.90 % 100 122 163 184 221


Mean Read 2.80 3.35 4.48 5.17 6.11 % 100 120 160 185 218


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on proline content (mg/g. f. wt) of faba bean fresh leaves.

01234567

320mg/l 2000mg/l 4000mg/l 6000mg/l 8000mg/lProl

ine

cont

ent (

mg/

g. f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

01234567


ine

cont

ent (

mg/

g. f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

012345678


ine

cont

ent (

mg/

g. f.

wt)

Salinity Levels


SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (16): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on ascorbic acid content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

(Presoaking) Treat.

Anti.


320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Read %


Mean Read 87.84 98.94 115.66 131.92 162.03

% 100 113 132 150 184 (Foliar spraying)

Tap water 77.36 88.03 100.37 118.36 135.22 103.87 100 SA (250 mg/l) 86.22 96.23 120.45 135.02 159.93 119.57 115 ASA (250 mg/l) 94.88 104.38 131.49 141.27 171.28 128.66 124 TOCO (100 mg/l) 81.29 93.27 110.36 123.27 157.21 113.08 109 HA (1000 mg/l) 80.15 96 117.38 128.93 155.38 115.57 111 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 88.27 101.24 121.34 139.29 164.37 122.90 118

Mean Read 84.70 96.53 116.90 131.02 157.23

% 100 114 138 155 186 (Presoaking and Foliar spraying)


Mean Read 95.48 113.38 133.71 149.78 167.76

% 100 119 140 157 176


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on ascorbic acid content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

0

50

100

150

200


ASA

(mg/

100

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

0

50

100

150

200


ASA

(mg/

100

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Foliar sprayingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

0

50

100

150

200


ASA

(mg/

100

g f.

wt)

Salinity Levels

Presoaking and Foliar sprayingTAP SAASATOCOHAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (17): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on total phenol content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

(Presoaking) Treat.

Anti.


320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Read %


Mean Read 33.93 42.20 49.86 60.74 69.28

% 100 124 147 179 204


Mean Read 32.64 41.44 51.88 59.34 67.62

% 100 127 159 182 207


Mean Read 38.94 49.84 57.17 67.05 75.25

% 100 128 147 172 193


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on total phenol content (mg/ 100g f. wt) of faba bean leaves.

0

20

40

60

80

100

320mg/l 2000mg/l 4000mg/l 6000mg/l 8000mg/lPhen

ol co

nten

t (m

g/ 1

00g

f. w

t)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

0

20

40

60

80

100


Phen

ol co

nten

t(m

g/ 1

00g

f. w

t)

Salinity Levels

Foliar sprayingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

0

20

40

60

80

100

320mg/l 2000mg/l 4000mg/l 6000mg/l 8000mg/lPhen

ol co

nten

t (m

g/ 1

00g

f. w

t)

Salinity Levels


SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 ------------------------------------------------------------

3- Na+ and K+ contents: Data presented in Tables (18&19) and Fig. (7-10) show the influence of salinity

stress levels (320, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l) and selected antioxidants (SA, ASA,

TOCO, HA and Yeast ) applied as (Presoaking only, foliar spray only or presoaking and

foliar spray together) as well as their interactions on Na+ and K+ contents in shoots and roots

of faba bean plant.

All salinity levels increased Na+ values compared with un stressed treatment (control

at 320 mg/l). The most effective treatment in this regard was level 8000 (mg/l) followed by

6000, 4000 and 2000 (mg/l), respectively.

All applications of antioxidants materials decreased Na+ level against plants treated

with control (Tap water) at (presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying)

experiments. More, the best result was regarding to application of ASA (250 mg/l) by

presoaking and foliar spraying experiment.

4- Na+/K+ ratio. Data indicated in Table (20) and Fig. (11&12) showed that all salinity levels

increased Na+/K+ ratio compared with untreated treatment (control at 320 mg/l). The most

effective salinity level in this respect was 8000 (mg/l). Na+/K+ ratio recorded higher degree

in roots than shoots.

All applied antioxidants used as (presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking and foliar

spraying together) decreasing Na+/K+ ratio against plants treated with control (Tap water).

The most effective antioxidant in this regard was ASA (250 mg/l) followed by SA (250

mg/l) in all experiments.

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (18): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+ and K+ content (mg/g. DW) in shoots of faba bean plant.



320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Na+ (mg/g. DW) Read % K+ (mg/g. DW) Read %


Mean Read 1.15 1.27 1.38 1.59 1.81 2.78 2.34 1.77 1.66 1.50

% 100 110 120 138 157 100 84 64 60 54


Mean Read 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.65 1.88 2.69 2.27 1.75 1.65 1.49

% 100 109 118 138 157 100 84 65 61 55


Mean Read 1.09 1.19 1.32 1.51 1.72 2.82 2.41 1.85 1.71 1.56

% 100 109 121 139 158 100 85 66 61 55


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 ------------------------------------------------------------

Fig (7): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+ content (mg/g. DW) in shoots of faba bean plant.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5


Na+

con

tent

(mg/

g. D

W)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP SAASA

TOCOHAYEAST

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5


Na+

cont

ent (

mg/

g. D

W)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5


Na+

cont

ent (

mg/

g. D

W)

Salinity Levels


SAASATOCOHAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on K+ content (mg/g. DW) in shoots of faba bean plant.

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5


K+co

nten

t (m

g/g.

DW

)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

00.5

11.5

22.5

3


K+co

nten

t (m

g/g.

DW

)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5


K+co

nten

t (m

g/g.

DW

)

Salinity Levels


SAASA

TOCO

HAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (19): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on Na+ and K+ content (mg/g. DW) in roots of faba bean plant.



320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Na+ (mg/g. DW) Read % K+ (mg/g. DW) Read %


Mean Read 1.92 2.16 2.61 2.98 3.56 2.21 1.72 1.20 0.95 0.72

% 100 112 136 155 185 100 78 54 43 33


Mean Read 1.97 2.17 2.65 3.12 3.55 2.16 1.69 1.22 0.96 0.77

% 100 111 135 158 181 100 78 56 44 36


Mean Read 1.85 2.11 2.43 2.77 3.32 2.27 1.84 1.28 1.05 0.80

% 100 114 131 150 180 100 81 56 46 35


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on Na+ content (mg/g. DW) in roots of faba bean plant.

0

1

2

3

4

5


Na+

con

tent

(mg/

g. D

W)

Salinity levels

Pre-SoakingTap

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

Yeast

0

1

2

3

4

5


Na+

con

tent

(mg/

g. D

W)

Salinity levels

Foliar sprayingTap

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

Yeast

0

1

2

3

4

5


Na+

con

tent

(mg/

g. D

W)

Salinity levels

Presoaking and Foliar sprayingTap

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

Yeast

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying) as well as their interactions on K+ content (mg/g. DW) in roots of faba bean plant.

0

0.51

1.5

22.5


K+co

nten

t (m

g/g.

DW

)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

00.5

11.5

22.5

320mg/l 2000mg/l 4000mg/l 6000mg/l 8000mg/lK+co

nten

t (m

g/g.

DW

)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

00.5

11.5

22.5

320mg/l 2000mg/l 4000mg/l 6000mg/l 8000mg/lK+co

nten

t (m

g/g.

DW

)

Salinity Levels


SAASATOCOHAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (20): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+/K+ ratio in shoots and roots of faba bean plant.



320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Na+/K+ ratio (Shoots) Read % Na+/K+ ratio (Roots) Read %


Mean Read 0.42 0.55 0.78 0.96 1.22 0.87 1.28 2.20 3.21 5.06

% 100 131 186 229 290 100 147 253 369 582


Mean Read 0.45 0.58 0.81 1.01 1.28 0.91 1.30 2.19 3.31 4.76

% 100 129 180 224 284 100 143 241 364 523


Mean Read 0.39 0.50 0.71 0.90 1.13 0.82 1.18 1.91 2.73 4.35

% 100 128 182 231 290 100 144 233 333 530


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+/K+ ratio in shoots of faba bean plant.

00.25

0.50.75

11.25

1.51.75


Na+ /

K+ra

tio in

shoo

ts

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

YEAST

00.25

0.50.75

11.25

1.51.75

2


Na+

/K+

ratio

in sh

oots

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP SA

ASATOCOHA

YEAST

00.25

0.50.75

11.25

1.51.75


Na+

/K+

ratio

in sh

oots

Salinity Levels

Presoaking and Foliar sprayingTAP SAASATOCOHAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Na+/K+ ratio in roots of faba bean plant.

012345678


Na+

/K+

ratio

in ro

ots

Salinity levels

Pre-SoakingTap

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

Yeast

012345678


Na+

/K+

ratio

in ro

ots

Salinity levels

Foliar sprayingTap

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

Yeast

012345678


Na+

/K+

ratio

in ro

ots

Salinity levels

Presoaking and Foliar sprayingTap

SA

ASA

TOCO

HA

Yeast

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 ------------------------------------------------------------

5- Protein percentage (%):

Data in tables (21) and Fig. (13) present the effect of salinity stress levels (320, 2000,

4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l) and selected antioxidants (SA, ASA, TOCO, HA and Yeast)

applied as (Presoaking only - foliar spray only - Presoaking and foliar spray together) as well

as their interactions on protein percentage of faba bean seeds.

Unstressed treatment (320 mg/l) record highest degree of protein percentage when

compared with all salinity stress levels.

All application of antioxidants increase values of protein percentage against plants

treated with control (Tap water). The most effective application in this respect belong to ASA

(250 mg/l).

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (21): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as (Presoaking, Foliar spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Protein percentage (%) of faba bean plant.

(Presoaking) Treat.

Anti.


320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Read %

Tap water 22.65 20.21 19.23 17.43 15.65 19.03 100 SA (250 mg/l) 26.54 24.34 23.74 22.94 20.23 23.56 124 ASA (250 mg/l) 27.98 25.43 24.77 24.32 21.65 24.83 130 TOCO (100 mg/l) 26.11 23.57 22.36 21.26 19.94 22.65 119 HA (1000 mg/l) 25.98 23.39 22.12 21.18 19.23 22.38 118 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 26.74 24.48 23.28 22.84 20.83 23.63 124 Mean Read 26.00 23.57 22.58 21.66 19.59 % 100 91 87 83 75


Mean Read 25.90 23.69 21.37 20.82 19.43

% 100 91 83 80 75


Mean Read 26.52 24.72 23.46 22.34 20.98

% 100 93 88 84 79


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 ------------------------------------------------------------


spraying or Presoaking and Foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on Protein percentage (%) of faba bean plant.

05

1015202530


Prot

ein

perc

enta

ge (%

)

Salinity Levels

Pre-SoakingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

05

1015202530


Prot

ein

perc

enta

ge (%

)

Salinity Levels

Foliar SprayingTAP

SAASATOCOHAYEAST

05

1015202530


Prot

ein

perc

enta

ge (%

)

Salinity Levels


SAASATOCO

HAYEAST

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 ------------------------------------------------------------

Field experiment

Growth parameters of faba bean plant:

It could be seen in Table (22), the highest reduction of growth parameters (plant

length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and total leaf area index) were recorded by the

area of soil salt (3200 mg/l) when compared with the area (1900 mg/l).

More, a significant increase in growth parameters of faba bean plants due to applied

selected antioxidants (SA, ASA, TOCO, HA and Yeast) compared with plants treated with

control (Tap water) when applied as (presoaking only, foliar spraying only or presoaking and

foliar spraying together) on faba bean plants grown under salinity stress in the two selected

area (1900 and 3200 mg/l). In this regard, ASA (250 mg/l) recorded the highest values of

growth parameters of faba bean plants.

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (22): Growth parameters of faba bean (Plant height/cm, Plant fresh weight/g, Plant dry weight/g, Total Leaf Area cm2/ plant) at 75 days from sowing as influenced by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants and their interactions during the growing season 2010/2011.


Plant height/cm Plant fresh weight (g) Plant dry weight (g) Leaf Area (cm2/plant) 1900 3200 Mean 1900 3200 Mean 1900 3200 Mean 1900 3200 Mean

Tap water 56.93 48.41 52.67 48.84 40.13 44.49 5.58 4.29 4.94 590.37 486.00 538.19 SA(250 mg/l) 72.96 60.67 66.82 71.75 57.95 64.85 7.85 5.79 6.82 667.23 592.90 630.07 ASA(250 mg/l) 75.81 63.74 69.78 78.38 61.41 69.90 8.13 6.00 7.07 696.80 608.03 652.42 TOCO (100 mg/l) 68.30 57.02 62.66 64.84 51.88 58.36 7.29 5.22 6.26 648.07 563.47 605.77 HA (1000 mg/l) 69.18 56.05 62.62 66.87 53.63 60.25 7.42 5.34 6.38 651.73 574.60 613.17

Yeast (2000mg/l) 71.34 58.98 65.16 71.75 57.16 64.46 7.68 5.69 6.69 670.10 591.00 630.55 Mean 69.09 57.48 67.07 53.69 7.33 5.39 654.05 569.33

New LSD 5% Sa.: 2.02 Anti.: 0.77 Inter.: 1.35

Sa.: 1.09 Anti.: 1.12 Inter.: 1.87

Sa.: 0.12 Anti.: 0.10 Inter.: 0.16

Sa.: 7.30 Anti.: 5.74 Inter.: 10.49

(Foliar spraying) Tap water 55.03 46.12 50.58 46.33 40.05 43.19 5.44 4.19 4.82 578.53 478.03 528.28 SA(250 mg/l) 71.73 58.39 65.06 68.33 55.37 61.85 7.65 5.50 6.58 665.60 589.57 627.59 ASA(250 mg/l) 74.68 62.80 68.74 74.06 60.16 67.11 7.91 5.77 6.84 690.10 599.90 645.00 TOCO (100 mg/l) 67.12 54.89 61.01 63.75 51.29 57.52 7.21 5.05 6.13 645.20 562.63 603.92 HA (1000 mg/l) 67.71 55.72 61.72 64.37 52.65 58.51 7.29 5.12 6.21 650.73 566.43 608.58 Yeast (2000mg/l) 70.49 58.58 64.54 67.06 54.65 60.86 7.48 5.36 6.42 656.43 580.20 618.32 Mean 67.79 56.08 63.98 52.36 7.16 5.17 647.77 562.79


Sa.: 0.82 Anti.: 1.13 Inter.: 1.88

Sa.: 0.28 Anti.: 0.07 Inter.: 0.11

Sa.: 5.24 Anti.: 3.88 Inter.: 6.49

(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 55.93 47.19 51.56 50.79 41.47 46.13 5.72 4.24 4.98 582.73 484.23 533.48 SA(250 mg/l) 75.42 63.34 69.38 75.06 61.77 68.42 8.10 6.02 7.06 692.60 608.33 650.47 ASA(250 mg/l) 78.38 67.40 72.89 79.73 64.29 72.01 8.33 6.23 7.28 709.93 621.47 665.70 TOCO (100 mg/l) 70.86 60.52 65.69 68.06 55.90 61.98 7.54 5.52 6.53 667.47 581.43 624.45 HA (1000 mg/l) 71.50 60.01 65.76 69.86 57.05 63.46 7.71 5.60 6.66 673.93 589.50 631.72 Yeast (2000mg/l) 74.02 62.89 68.46 73.35 60.46 66.91 7.97 5.98 6.98 683.10 599.93 641.52 Mean 71.02 60.23 69.48 56.82 7.56 5.60 668.29 580.82


Sa.: 0.59 Anti.: 1.04 Inter.: 1.90

Sa.: 0.04 Anti.: 0.08 Inter.: 0.12

Sa.: 10.33 Anti.: 5.37 Inter.: 12.50


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 ------------------------------------------------------------

Yield of faba bean plant and its components:

Data in Table (23&24) indicated that the selected soil salt area (3200 mg/l) recorded

lowest values of yield and it`s components of faba bean plants against selected area (1900

mg/l).

Applied selected antioxidants materials (SA, ASA, TOCO, HA and Yeast)

significantly enhanced yield and its components of faba bean plant as (No. of pods/plant,

Weight of pods/plant, Weight of seeds/plant and Seed yield (Ardab/fad), when compared with

plants treated with control (Tap water) throughout the growing seasons. Regarding, the best

degrees were recorded by application of ASA (250 mg/l).

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (23): Yield parameters of faba bean as (No. of pods/plant, Weight of pods/plant, No. of seeds/plant, Weight of seeds/plant and Seed yield (Ardab/fad) as influenced by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants and their interactions during the growing season 2010/2011.


No. of pods/plant Weight of pods/plant No. of seeds/plant Weight of seeds/plant

1900 3200 Mean 1900 3200 Mean 1900 3200 Mean 1900 3200 Mean

Tap water 9.46 6.54 8.00 22.22 16.38 19.30 25.19 20.60 22.90 16.91 11.10 14.01 SA (250 mg/l) 15.22 12.11 13.67 31.83 25.53 28.68 35.30 30.04 32.67 23.51 18.75 21.13 ASA (250 mg/l) 17.84 13.59 15.72 34.80 28.18 31.49 38.37 33.31 35.84 26.83 21.65 24.24 TO (100 mg/l) 12.67 10.94 11.81 27.33 21.86 24.60 31.60 27.22 29.41 20.40 15.71 18.06 HA (1000 mg/l) 13.04 11.39 12.22 28.60 22.41 25.51 32.37 28.10 30.24 21.54 16.12 18.83 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 14.68 11.96 13.32 30.75 24.78 27.77 34.47 30.06 32.27 23.40 18.34 20.87 Mean 13.82 11.09 29.26 23.19 32.88 28.22 22.10 16.95

New LSD 5% Sa.: 0.29 Anti.:0.36 Inter.: 0.60

Sa.: 1.01 Anti.: 0.66 Inter.: 1.54

Sa.: 0.32 Anti.: 0.51 Inter.: 1.18

Sa.: 0.54 Anti.: 0.59 Inter.: 1.38

(Foliar spraying) Tap water 10.01 6.65 8.33 22.25 16.21 19.23 25.58 19.99 22.79 16.45 10.48 13.47 SA (250 mg/l) 15.53 12.26 13.90 29.61 23.44 26.53 34.35 28.50 31.43 22.32 17.97 20.15 ASA (250 mg/l) 17.07 13.71 15.39 33.16 25.63 29.40 36.74 31.05 33.90 25.31 18.74 22.03 TO (100 mg/l) 12.66 10.76 11.71 26.85 20.60 23.73 30.52 25.95 28.24 19.38 15.00 17.19 HA (1000 mg/l) 13.46 11.47 12.47 27.60 21.42 24.51 31.65 27.29 29.47 20.24 15.88 18.06 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 14.19 11.82 13.01 29.23 23.54 26.39 33.15 29.27 31.21 22.14 17.60 19.87 Mean 13.82 11.11 28.12 21.81 32.00 27.01 20.97 15.95


Sa.: 0.49 Anti.: 0.51 Inter.: 1.19

Sa.: 0.79 Anti.: 0.50 Inter.: 0.94

Sa.: 0.35 Anti.: 0.49 Inter.: 0.86

(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 10.25 7.18 8.72 23.36 16.67 20.02 25.90 20.77 23.34 18.28 11.67 14.98 SA (250 mg/l) 17.77 13.62 15.70 35.96 29.05 32.51 38.65 34.21 36.43 28.53 22.06 25.30 ASA (250 mg/l) 19.35 15.15 17.25 39.18 31.76 35.47 41.83 36.48 39.16 31.08 24.34 27.71 TO (100 mg/l) 14.41 11.70 13.06 30.62 25.84 28.23 34.89 29.80 32.35 25.56 19.77 22.67 HA (1000 mg/l) 15.05 12.23 13.64 31.96 26.91 29.44 35.69 30.80 33.25 26.57 20.73 23.65 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 16.51 13.23 14.87 34.41 28.47 31.44 37.74 32.43 35.09 27.84 22.09 24.97 Mean 15.56 12.19 32.58 26.45 35.78 30.75 26.31 20.11


Sa.: 0.89 Anti.: 0.60 Inter.: 1.10

Sa.: 1.28 Anti.: 0.66 Inter.: 1.53

Sa.: 1.14 Anti.: 0.58 Inter.: 1.34


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (24): Yield parameters of faba bean as (100 seed weight and seed yield (Ardab/fad) as influenced by salinity stress levels, applied antioxidants and their interactions during the growing season 2010/2011.


100 seed weight Seed yield (Ardab/fad)

1900 3200 Mean 1900 3200 Mean

Tap water 67.93 65.75 66.84 8.94 6.78 7.86 SA (250 mg/l) 78.21 75.18 76.70 11.66 9.63 10.65 ASA (250 mg/l) 80.14 77.31 78.73 12.10 10.04 11.07 TO (100 mg/l) 74.51 71.89 73.20 10.92 9.18 10.05 HA (1000 mg/l) 75.63 72.67 74.15 11.19 9.42 10.31 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 77.09 74.42 75.76 11.58 9.63 10.61 Mean 75.59 72.87 11.07 9.11


(Foliar spraying) Tap water 70.17 64.30 67.24 9.03 6.54 7.79 SA (250 mg/l) 79.21 75.04 77.13 11.46 9.50 10.48 ASA (250 mg/l) 80.68 76.62 78.65 11.84 9.81 10.83 TO (100 mg/l) 76.85 73.34 75.10 10.97 9.06 10.02 HA (1000 mg/l) 77.17 74.55 75.86 11.21 9.28 10.25 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 78.19 75.79 76.99 11.34 9.44 10.39 Mean 77.05 73.27 10.98 8.94


(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 71.90 63.81 67.86 9.04 6.98 8.01 SA (250 mg/l) 81.65 75.98 78.82 12.23 10.26 11.25 ASA (250 mg/l) 83.32 77.26 80.29 12.65 10.67 11.66 TO (100 mg/l) 77.40 74.01 75.71 11.79 9.75 10.77 HA (1000 mg/l) 79.14 75.16 77.15 11.96 10.02 10.99 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 80.82 76.61 78.72 12.19 10.16 11.18 Mean 79.04 73.81 11.64 9.64



RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 ------------------------------------------------------------


Quality of faba bean seeds:

Data presented in Tables (25&26) show that the effect of salinity stress levels (320,

2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg/l) , applied antioxidants materials [SA(250 mg/l) , ASA (250

mg/l), TOCO (100 mg/l), HA (1000 mg/l) and Yeast extract (2000 mg/l)] as (presoaking,

foliar spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying together) as well as their interactions on

germination percentage, speed of germination index, plumule and radical length and seedling

vigor index of faba bean seeds.

All salinity stress levels decreased faba bean seeds quality such as germination

percentage, speed of germination index, plumule and radical length and seedling vigor index

when compared with unstressed treatments (320 mg/l as control). Regarding, salinity stress

level 8000 (mg/l) recorded the great reduction of faba bean seeds quality.

Data indicated that applied selected antioxidants declare highest values of faba bean

seeds quality in contrast to untreated plants (Tap water).

It could be show that applied antioxidants increased all seeds quality of faba bean

seeds grown under salinity stress compared with untreated plants.

Concerning that, it is clear that applied antioxidants play a great role in mitigate the

harmful effects of salinity stress on faba bean seeds quality.

RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (25): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as well as their interactions on germination percentage and speed of germination index of faba bean seeds.



320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean

Germination percentage Read % Speed of germination index Read %

Tap water 81 52 43 33 24 46.6 100 42.5 38.2 32.1 22.8 15.4 30.2 100 SA (250 mg/l) 91 69 56 43 32 58.2 125 48.8 44.3 38.7 29.6 23.9 37.1 123 ASA (250 mg/l) 94 71 58 46 34 60.6 130 49.8 45.4 39.4 31.1 24.8 38.1 126 TOCO (100 mg/l) 88 64 52 40 29 54.6 117 44.8 40.3 35.5 25.9 20.0 33.3 110 HA (1000 mg/l) 90 68 55 41 31 57 122 45.5 42.6 36.6 27.1 22.2 34.8 115 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 93 70 59 44 33 59.8 128 47.4 44.8 38.1 30.7 22.6 36.7 122

Mean Read 89.5 65.7 53.8 41.2 30.5 46.5 42.6 36.7 27.9 21.5

% 100 73 60 46 34 100 92 79 60 46

(Foliar spraying) Tap water 80 53 41 34 25 46.6 100 41.2 37.8 31.2 23.1 14.8 29.6 100 SA (250 mg/l) 90 66 55 42 29 56.4 121 47.6 42.1 37.8 30.0 22.1 35.9 121 ASA (250 mg/l) 92 69 58 44 31 58.8 126 50.0 44.3 38.7 32.1 24.1 37.8 128 TOCO (100 mg/l) 86 65 51 40 28 54 116 43.7 40.1 34.6 26.2 19.3 32.8 111 HA (1000 mg/l) 91 66 54 41 30 56.4 121 44.4 41.5 35.8 26.5 21.4 33.9 115 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 94 72 62 45 35 61.6 132 48.7 45.3 37.9 31.2 21.8 37.0 125

Mean Read 88.8 65.2 53.5 41.0 29.7 45.9 41.9 36.0 28.2 20.6

% 100 73 60 46 33 100 91 78 61 45

(Presoaking and Foliar spraying) Tap water 83 54 43 33 26 47.8 100 40.9 37.3 30.4 24.1 15.4 29.6 100 SA (250 mg/l) 93 72 61 46 34 61.2 128 48.8 44.3 39.9 33.2 24.5 38.1 129 ASA (250 mg/l) 94 73 64 47 35 62.6 131 48.7 45.3 39.7 33.2 25.8 38.5 130 TOCO (100 mg/l) 87 70 57 44 31 57.8 121 44.6 42.3 36.6 27.8 22.3 34.7 117 HA (1000 mg/l) 92 71 58 45 33 59.8 125 45.5 43.4 36.8 28.4 22.6 35.3 119 Yeast (2000 mg/l) 94 75 65 46 34 62.8 131 49.0 47.1 37.8 32.4 25.3 38.3 129

Mean Read 90.5 69.2 58.0 43.5 32.2 46.3 43.3 36.9 29.9 22.7

% 100 76 64 48 36 100 94 80 65 49


RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 ------------------------------------------------------------

Table (26): Effect of salinity stress levels and applied antioxidants as well as their interactions on plumule/radical length (cm) and seedling vigor index of faba bean seeds.



320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean 320 2000 4000 6000 8000 Mean Plumule and radical length

(cm) Read % Seedling vigor index Read %


Mean Read 21.8 19.9 15.6 13.0 10.6 39.3 32.6 24.6 17.6 13.1

% 100 91 72 60 49 100 83 63 45 33


Mean Read 21.4 19.2 15.3 12.2 10.6 37.1 32.9 24.3 17.2 12.1

% 100 90 71 57 50 100 89 65 46 33


Mean Read 22.8 20.4 16.7 12.8 11.3 40.4 35.5 28.0 20.7 14.8

% 100 89 73 56 50 100 88 69 51 37


DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 106 -----------------------------------------------------------

DISCUSSION

POT EXPERIMENT


1: Vegetative growth parameters:-

1.1- Shoot and root length:

Data presents in Table (1&2) at ( presoaking only treatment, spraying only treatment

or presoaking and spraying together treatment) experiments showed that shoot length of faba

bean samples at 45 and 90 days from sowing . Generally, control plants at (320 ppm) showed

comparatively higher degree of shoot length than all stressed plants by 45 and 90 days old

plants during the two growing seasons.

Plants growing under saline conditions are stressed basically in three ways; (1)

reduced water potential in the root zone causing water deficit, (2) phytotoxicity of ions such

as Na+ and Cl-, and (3) nutrient imbalance by depression in uptake and/or shoot transport

(Marschner, 1995).

Salinity became a basic problem when sufficient salts accumulate in the root zone to

negatively affect plant growth. Excess salts in the root zone prevent plant roots from

withdrawing water from the surrounding soil. This lowers the amount of water available to

the plant, regardless of the amount of water actually in the root zone (Abdelhamid, 2010).

Accordingly, faba bean plants subjected to such soil conditions absorbs high amounts of Na+,

whereas the uptake of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2

+ was considerably reduced. The low Ca2+/Na+ ratio

in a saline medium plays a significant role in growth inhibition, in addition to causing

significant changes in morphology and anatomy of plants.

The effect of salinity on plant growth is related to the stage of plant development at

which salinity is imposed (Ayres and Westcot, 1985). The reduction in most vegetative

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 107 -----------------------------------------------------------

growth parameters especially plant growth, may caused by the reduction in the cell size which

might be attributed to changes in osmotic cell enlargement dependent on solute accumulation

(Asin et al., 2007), or due to drastic changes in ion relationship (Grossmann et al., 2006).

High salinity causes both hyper-ionic and hyper-osmotic stress and can lead to plant demise

(Wilson et al., 2006). Moreover, salt treatment affects differently early growth stages of

plants and has both osmotic and specific ion effects on plant growth (Dionisio-Sese and

Tobita, 2000).

There are chemical signals coming from roots in dry or saline soil that reduce leaf

growth. These are commonly referred to as root signals. Abscisic acid is the obvious

candidate for this signal, as it is found in xylem sap and increases after drought and salinity

stress (Munns and Cramer, 1996).

The inhibitory effect of salinity stress on root growth may be attributed to the

increasing concentrations of NaCl. This reduction is closely correlated with the increase in

H2O2 level. While, salinity stress levels increased, the hydrogen peroxide content was

increased and root growth decreased (Lin and Kao, 2000). Moreover, salt stress increased the

accumulation in roots, stems and leaves of lipid peroxidation products produced by

interactions with damaging active oxygen specie (Silvana et al., 2003). More, hormonal

control of cell division and elongation is evident in roots. Salinity has differential effects on

root elongation rates and lateral root initiation (Rubinigg et al., 2004).

More, the reduction in growth is generally the consequences of several physiological

responses including modication of ion balance, water status, mineral nutrition, stomatal

behavior, photosynthetic efficiency and carbon allocation and utilization (Greenway and

Munns, 1980). In salt-sensitive plant, shoot and root growth is permanently reduced within

hours of salt stress and this does not appear to depend on Na+ concentrations in the growing

tissues, but rather is a response to the osmolatity of the external solution (Munns et al., 2003).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 108 -----------------------------------------------------------

The decrease in growth due to salinity may be attributed to an increase in respiration rate

resulting from higher energy requirements (Sakr et al., 2013).

1.2- Shoot and root fresh and dry weights:

Tables (3-6) presents the growth parameters ( shoots fresh and dry weights) of faba

bean plants by 45 and 90 days old plants in experimental pots ( presoaking, spraying or

presoaking and spraying together). All plants grown under salinity stress showed shorter

degree of fresh and dry weights compared with unstressed plants (control at 320 ppm).

These results may attributed to the effect of salinity stress on the water content of the

leaves, as suggested by (Hu et al., 2007). Salinity stress may lower the soil water potential.

Water deficit or osmotic also effect in plants might explain the reduction in plant growth

(Munns, 2002). Salinity can damage the plant through its osmotic effect, which is equivalent

to a decrease in water activity through specific toxic effects of ions and by disturbing the

uptake of essential nutrients (Dorais et al., 2001). High level of salinity negatively affected

shoot dry weight of the treatment. Salinity can damage the plant through its osmotic effect,

which is equivalent to a decrease in water activity through specific toxic effects of ions and by

disturbing the uptake of essential nutrients (Dorais et al., 2001 and Gomaa et al., 2008).

The ability of the plant response to saline stress can be hardly explained by the fact

that salinity imposes both an ionic and osmotic stress, which causes reduction in roots growth

and weights (Pasternak, 1987). More in these respect, salinity was reportedly found to reduce

shoot and root weights. In Phaseolus vulgaris, concentrations of 0.05 mol/L (50 mM NaCl)

caused stunted growth due to salt-induced reduction in photosynthates (Brugnoli and

Lauteri, 1991).

More, the reduction in shoot and root dry weight accumulation was in proportion to the

external concentration of salt. This reduction might be attributed to; a decrease in either leaf

number and leaf area of soybean. And/or a decrease in Co2 uptake in leaves mainly because

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 109 -----------------------------------------------------------

NaCl treatment, decrease stomatal conductance and consequently less Co2 is available for

carboxylation reaction in the photosynthesis apparatus (Sakr et al., 2013).

1.3- Total leaf area/plant:

Results presents in Table (7) indicated that unstressed plants (control at 320 ppm)

recorded comparatively higher degree of total leaf area per plant while compared with

stressed plants grown under salinity stress levels by 45 and 90 days old plants during the two

growing seasons.

The effect of salinity on leaf area was greater, as salt accumulation in the shoot occurs

via transpiration stream, which is highest in old leaves killing them. Salt stress induced

injuries which can occur not only due to osmotic and oxidative effects, but also toxic and

nutrient deficiency effects of salinity (Greenway and Munns, 1980 and Dorais et al., 2001).

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are

generated due to salinity stress conditions (Wahid et al., 2007). ROS are highly reactive in

the absence of any protective mechanism. They can hardly destroy normal metabolism

through oxidative damage to essential membrane lipids, proteins and pigments. These may led

to slightly decreases in total leaf area per plant (Di-Baccio et al., 2004 and Cakmak, 2005).

2- Yield and its components:-

Tables (8-12) recorded the yield parameters (No. of pods/plant, W. of pods/plant, No.

of seeds/plant, W. of seeds/plant and 100 seed weight). Generally, unstressed plants (control)

showed comparatively higher values than stressed plants grown under salinity stress levels

during the two growing seasons.

Water salinity caused by soil salinity is an environmental stress factor that inhibits

growth and yield of glycophytic crop plants in many regions of the world, agreement with

(Epstein, 1985).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 110 -----------------------------------------------------------

The salinity effect on leaf are and dry matter and finally caused a decreased of about

15%. The decrease in yield of grains was about 28%. The yield depression confirms the low

salt tolerance of broad bean. So the reduction in yield is mainly caused by a difference in the

weight of grains corresponds with the observation that the water stress was significantly

affected before the stage of flowering and fruit setting.

More, Salinity stress does not even necessarily have to occur during reproductive

growth stages in order to exert its effects on plant reproduction and seed yield. The effects of

the different stress conditions may be attributed to physiological and metabolic changes,

which affect yield development(Hameda, 2011).

Salinity stress may led to competes between Na+ and K+ for binding sites essential for

cellular function. The latter implication of these two macronutrients in salinity is thought be

to one of the factors responsible for reduction in the biomass and yield components (Tester

and Davenport, 2003).

The yield depression confirms the low salt tolerance of broad beans. The observation

that the decrease in yield is mainly caused by a difference in the weight of the grains

corresponds with the observation that the water stress was not significantly affected before the

stage of flowering and fruit setting (Katerji et al., 1992).

More, The reduction in seed yield is largely due to a decrease in seed set, which may

be attributed to a decrease in the viability of pollen or in the receptivity of the stigmatic

surface or both as pointed by (Sakr et al., 2004). The depression effects of salinity on grain

yield may be due to decreasing the leaf area and number per plant, resulting reduction in the

supply of carbon assimilate due to decreasing the net photosynthetic rate and biomass

accumulation (Sakr and El-Metwally, 2009).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 111 -----------------------------------------------------------

3- Photosynthetic pigments:-

Data presents in Tables (13-14) showed that stressed plants grown under salinity stress

levels recorded lowest values of chlorophyll A or B and carotenoids while compared with

control plants.

The increase in oxidative stress could be resulted to increase of sodium concentration

in plant tissue, which causes deterioration in chloroplast structure and an associate lose in

chlorophyll, this leads to a decrease in chlorophyll, while carotenoid increased

(Khosravinejad and Faboondia, 2008).

Dry matter accumulation significantly decreased with increasing salinity under stress

conditions where photosynthesis was reduced by closure of the stomata, which decreased the

supply of carbon dioxide and thas growth (Jonas et al., 1992). During water stress produced

by salt stress, produced of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of chloroplast stromal

volume are also thought to play an essential role in inhibiting and limited photosynthesis

(Price and Hendry, 1991).

ROS can be generated in the chloroplast by direct transfer of excitation energy from

chlorophyll to produce singlet oxygen, or by univalent oxygen reduction at photosystem I.

(Foyer et al., 1994). ROS causes chlorophyll deterioration and membrane lipid peroxidation.

So, accumulation of lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll retention are two oxidative stress

indicators, which used as tested tools for determining salt tolerance in plants (Yildirim et al.,

2008).

Moreover, carotenoids might play a great role as a free radical scavenger. Therefore,

increasing of carotenoids induced by salinity stress could enhance plant capacity to reduce the

damage caused by ROS, which in turn increased chlorophyll content of such plants. This

could be due to the protection effect of carotenoids to the photosynthetic apparatus from

salinity induced oxidative stress (Eraslan et al., 2007). The inhibition of photosynthetic



DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 112 -----------------------------------------------------------

pigments of bean leaves irrigated with NaCl may be attributed to the inhibition of assimilate

translocation (Kaydan et al., 2007; Bekheta et al., 2009 and Cornella and Maria, 2011).

The decline in photosynthesis observed with increasing salinity could be attributed to

stomatal factors. During salt stress, as well as water deficit, the concentration of CO2 in

chloroplasts decreases because of a reduction in stomatal conductance, in spite of the apparent

stability of CO2 concentration in intercellular spaces. Also, reduction in photosynthetic carbon

assimilation was due to educed stomatal conductance. Since, transpiration rate followed the

same trend as photosynthesis. It was also observed that the stomatal conductance of plants

declined with age and was very low as salinity intensified (Brugnoli and Lauteri, 1991).

4- Proline accumulation:

Data presents in Table (15) showed that stressed plants grown under salinity stress

recorded highest values of total free proline against control plants.

The accumulation of proline under stress protects the cell by balancing the osmotic

pressure of cytosol with that of vacuole and external environment (Gadallah, 1999). Proline

may play a great role as enzyme stabilizing agent under NaCl salinity stress (Demir and

Kacacaliskan, 2001).

During the course of salinity stress, active soluble accumulation of osmotic solutes

such as proline is seems to be an effective stress tolerance mechanism. The adaptability of

plant species to high salt concentrations in soil by lowing tissue osmotic potential was

accompanied by accumulation of these osmotic solutes (proline) as suggested by (Zhu, 2002

and Jaleel et al., 2008).

Moreover, proline may interact with cellular macromolecules such as enzymes and

stabilize the structure and function of such macromolecules (Smirnoff and Cumbes, 1989).

Proline concentration were higher three times at 150 mM salinity while compared with

untreated plants. Salt stress results in the formation of specific proteins in legumes, the

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 113 -----------------------------------------------------------

production of 41 kind of protein was increased at least 10-fold in salt stress. Proline seems to

play multiple roles in plant stress tolerance. It act as a mediator of osmotic adjustment, protect

macromolecules during dehydration and serves as a hydroxyl radical scavenger (Fahmi et al.,

2011).

5- Activity of non-enzymatic antioxidants (Ascorbic acid and Total phenol):-

Data presents in Tables (16&17) showed that salinity stress levels increase values of

non-enzymatic antioxidants of stressed plants against untreated plants.

Highest salt concentration normally impair the cellular electron transport within the

different sub-cellular compartments and lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species

(ROS) such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. ROS let

to enhancing antioxidants system defense by increasing the accumulation of non-enzymatic

antioxidants such as proline, vitamin c and tocopherol (Tanaka et al., 1994).

Adaptation to high NaCl levels involves an increase in the antioxidant capacity such

as ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and tocopherol of the cell to detoxify reactive oxygen species

(ROS) as maintained by (Bellaire et al., 2000).

Moreover, damages induced by oxidative cellular in plants exposed to abiotic stress is

controlled by the capacity of antioxidative systems. Primary components of oxidative systems

include ascorbate, carotenoids, glutathione, vitamin E (Tocopherols), flavonoids, phenolic

acids, alkaloids, polyamines, chlorophy11, amino acids and amines and miscellaneous

compounds (Mckersie et al., 1996).

Salicylic acid (SA) mediates the oxidative burst the leads to cell damage in the

hypersensitive response and acts as a single for the development of the systemic acquired

resistance. Many studies supported an activated role of (SA) in modulating the plant response

to several abiotic stresses, as reported by (Yalpani et al., 1994 and Senaratna et al., 2000).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 114 -----------------------------------------------------------

The inductive role played by ascorbic acid (vit. C) in overcoming the detrimental

effects of seawater and enhancing the capacity of treated plants to scavenge the free radicals

produced as a result of salinity caused by seawater. This was associated by improvement of

plant growth, water stress, carotenoids, endogenous vit. C and antioxidant enzymes activities

(Arrigoni and De Tullio, 2000).

More, plants posses specific mechanisms, such as activation of antioxidant enzymes

and non enzymatic antioxidant such as, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. Scavenging system

having potential to put out (ROS) in stress tolerance plants (Mittler 2002, Sairam et al., 2005

and Koca et al., 2007).

6- Na+ and K+ content and Na+/ K+ ratio:-

Data in Tables (18-20) indicated that stressed plants showed the highest degrees of

Na+ under salinity stress compared with untreated plants. While, showed the lowest degrees of

K+ against control faba bean plants.

In presence of excess NaCl in medium, Na and Cl are accumulated in plant organs,

and these saline ions can affect other mineral elements uptake (K+) through competitive

interactions or by affecting the ion selectively if membrane, which causes nutrient

deficiencies in plants (Bohra and Doffling, 1993).

Salt stress conditions increased the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in

roots, stems and leaves produced by interactions with damaging active oxygen species. More,

applying ascorbic acid did not significantly reduce Na+ uptake or plasma membrane leakiness

(Silvana et al., 2003).

Germination and water uptake of v. faba seeds were suppressed in response to salinity

stress which lead to an increase in osmotic potential, Na+, Cl-, proline and decrease in K+, K+/

Na+ ratio and catalase activity.

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 115 -----------------------------------------------------------

The higher content of K+, Na+ and K+/Na+ ratio in roots than in shoots has been

considered a physiological trial indicator of salt tolerance in plants (Chartzoulakis et al.,

2002 and Kaya et al., 2007).

B: Effect of applying non-enzymatic antioxidants on growth, yield

parameters and biochemical constituents:-

Data presents in tables at ( presoaked, spraying or presoaked and spraying)

experiments showed that growth and yield parameters of faba bean samples at 45 and 90 days

from sowing . Generally, plants treated with antioxidants ( SA, ASA, TO, HA and Yeast)

recorded comparatively higher degree of growth observation and yield and its components

than control plants by 45 and 90 days old plants during the two growing seasons.

The increases in yield and its components might be due to the effect of antioxidant on

enhancing protein synthesis and delaying senescence, in agreement with those obtained by

(Saha et al., 1993). The increase in dry weight is probably referred to the role of the applied

plant growth regulators and antioxidants in improving the nutrient uptake from the soil and

subsequently increasing the plant growth, or increasing the photosynthetic rate (Aydin et al.,

2007 and Kaydan et al., 2007).

1- Salicylic acid (SA):

The increase in fresh weight of faba bean in response to Salicylic acid could be

attributed to the role of these growth regulators in decreasing the rate of water loss caused by

stress. While the increase in dry weight is probably referred to the role of the applied plant

growth regulators in improving the nutrient uptake from the soil and subsequently increasing

the plant growth of salt stressed plants (Aydin et al., 2007) and/or increasing the

photosynthetic rate (Kaydan et al., 2007 and Khafaga et al., 2009).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 116 -----------------------------------------------------------

The increase in dry weight of roots and shoots of SA treated plants may be explained

by an increased efficiency of water uptake as well as a decrease in transpiration rate

(Mohamed et al., 2011).

More, SA plays an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development.

Improvement or modification of plant growth and development can occur by the direct

application of SA to seeds (Arfan et al., 2007). Ion uptake and transport (Wang et al., 2006),

photosynthetic rate, membrane permeability and transpiration (Khan et al., 2003) could also

be affected by SA application.

Enhancing effect of SA on photosynthetic capacity can be attributed to its stimulatory

effects on activity and pigment contents. The application of SA (20 mg/ml) to the foliage of

the plants of Brassica napus, improved the chlorophyll contents (Ghai and Setia, 2002).

2- Ascorbic acid (ASA) and Tocopherol (TOCO):

The increment in growth and development of faba bean plants in response to

antioxidants treatments (vitamin C) might be due to the enhancement of cell division and/or

cell enlargement, and/or to influence DNA replication (Arrigoni, 1997; Foyer, 1998 and

Bartoli et al., 1999).The application of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on faba bean plants

significantly increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents, which enhancing

growth and yield observation (Hala et al., 2005).

Foliar application of ascorbic acid increased content of nucleic acid, act as a co-

enzyme in the enzymatic reaction by which carbohydrate, protein are metabolized and

involved in photosynthesis and respiration. Ascorbate has bean implicate in regulation of cell

division. Cell wall ascorbate and cell wall localized ascorbate oxidase has been implicated in

content of growth, high ascorbate oxidase activity is associated with rapidly expanding cells.

The effect of ascorbic acid on plant growth and yield may be due to substantial role of

ascorbic acid in many metabolic and physiological processes (Nahed et al., 2007).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 117 -----------------------------------------------------------

3- Humic acid (HA):

Hamic substances lead to a greater uptake of nutrients into the plant root and through

the cell membrane. Also, hamic acid enhances the development of lateral roots. The

increasing of root density resembles the hormonal activity of plant auxine which also cause

increasing root formation and weight (Canellas et al., 2002).

Ayman et al. (2009) studied that the increment in growth parameter and yield may be

due to that HA are extremely important component because they constitute a stable fraction of

carbon, thas regulating the carbon cycle and release of nutrients, including nitrogen,

phosphorus, and sulfur, which decreasing the need for inorganic fertilizer for plant growth.

HA stimulate plant growth by the assimilation of major and minor elements, enzyme

activation and/or inhibition, changes in membrane permeability, protein synthesis and finally

the activation of biomass production (Ulukan, 2008).

Positive correlations between the humus content of the soil, plant yields and product

quality. Indirect effects due to applying humus content are those factors which provide energy

for the beneficial organisms within the soil, influence the soil's water holding capacity,

influence the soil's structure, release of plant nutrients from soft minerals, increased

availability of trace minerals, and in general improved soil fertility. Direct effects include

those changes in plant metabolism that occur following the uptake of organic

macromolecules, such as humic acids, fulvic acids. Once these compounds enter plant cells

several biochemical changes occur in membranes and various cytoplasm components of plant

cells.

More, hamates (granular and liquid forms) can reduce plant stress that involved plant

diseases as well as enhance plant nutrient uptake. HA contributes significantly to water

retention and metal/solute binding and release, and they are necessary for safe plant nutrition.

HA can be used as a growth regulator by regulate endogenous hormone levels (Russo and

Berlyn, 1990 and Frgbenro and Agboola, 1993). Applications of HA can be timed to

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 118 -----------------------------------------------------------

activate vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, or filling and ripening of fruits. HA improves

plant cell permeability. This means that the plant cells absorbs more nutrients so fulvic acid is

a great additive to fertilizers (Tattini et al., 1991).

4- Yeast extract:

Yeast increased common bean growth, green pods yield and its component. It is

known that yeast is considered as a natural source of cytokines that stimulates cell division

and enlargement as well as the synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and chlorophyll. It also

contains sugar, proteins, amino acids and vitamins. More, the improvement of plants growth

in response to the foliar application of active dry yeast may be attributed to its contents of

different nutrients, higher percentage of proteins, higher values of vitamins, especially B

which may play an important role in improving growth plant and its parameters of faba bean

plants (Amer, 2004). More, Hewedy et al. (1996) found that spraying eggplant with the

solution of soft bread yeast gave higher yield and marketable fruits than control plants.

Taha et al. (2011) reported that bread yeast as foliar application on vegetable crops,

led to enhancing substances like growth regulators such as gibberellins and auxins and its

ability to produce a group of enzymes (Dinkha and Khazrge, 1990). The enhancement in the

characteristics of the vegetative shoot growth may attribute to the ability of yeast to increase

the production of stimulants for plant growth, especially Gibberellins, Auxins and Cytokines

which work to improve the plant cell division and its growth. More, enhanced yield by yeast

extract may be due to its content of Cytokines and the high content of vitamin B5 and

minerals yeast composition might be play a considerable role in orientation and translocation

of metabolites from leaves in to the productive organs. Also it might play a role in the

synthesis of protein, and nucleic acid (Sarhan, 2008).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 119 -----------------------------------------------------------

C: Role of non-enzymatic antioxidants on alleviating and mitigation the

harmful effects of salinity stress:-

Antioxidants are the first line to defense against damages by free radicals. They are

very important for maintaining optimum health of plant cells. Scavenging of active oxygen in

plants by antioxidants included several antioxidants enzymes, peptides and metabolites.

Though, their activation is known to increase upon exposure to oxidative stress. Antioxidants

designed in chemical substances, which added in small quantities to materials, react rapidly

with the free radical intermediates of an auto oxidation chain and stop it from progressing

(Tanaka et al., 1994).

1- Salicylic acid (SA):

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohormone and is found in plants with roles in

plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport. SA

also induces specific changes in leaf anatomy and chloroplast structure. SA is involved in

endogenous signaling, mediating in plant defense against pathogens. It plays a role in the

resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins. It is

involved in the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in which a pathogenic attack on one part

of the plant induces resistance in other parts.

During the relationship between SA, NaCl stress and oxidative stress, the expression of

the genes RD29A, PR1, and GPX have been reported to increase after NaCl, SA and

oxidative stress, respectively. RD29A gene expression is induced by NaCl and osmotic

stresses and encodes a protein with potential protective function during desiccation

(Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1993a).

SA antioxidant mediated effect of NaCl on the oxidized state in the glutathione pool

that many explain the observed phenotype. Elevated levels of GSH are associated with

increased oxidative stress tolerance. Moreover that, transgenic plants over-expressing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytohormone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis-related_protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_acquired_resistance

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 120 -----------------------------------------------------------

glutathione reductase had both elevated levels of GSH and increased tolerance to oxidative

stress in leaves (Broadbent et al., 1995).

The osmotic stress can induce the activation of a SA induced protein kinase. Also, in

Arabidopsis SA has been proposed to have a dual role, SA is very important for the induction

of antioxidant defenses and maintaining the redox state of the glutathione pool (Sharma et

al., 1996 and Mikolajczk et al., 2000).

SA greatly potentiates the effects of salt and osmotic stresses by enhancing ROS

generation during photosynthesis and germination of Arabidopsis. High NaCl enhanced the

production of ROS and that somehow SA could be involved in the increased ROS. This role

of SA in the generation of ROS could explain the increased tolerance of seedlings to NaCl

(Omar et al., 2001).

The increase in fresh weight of faba bean in response to SA could be attributed to the

role of those growth regulators in decreasing the rate of water loss caused by salinity stress

(El-Hakem, 2008).

SA might alleviate the imposed salt stress, either via osmotic adjustment or by

conferring desiccation resistance to plant cells as reported by other investigators (Gunes et

al., 2007).

The increase in dry weight of salt stressed faba bean in response to SA treatment may

be related to the induction of antioxidant response and protective role of membranes that

increase the tolerance of plant to damage. The stimulation effect of SA on the endogens

ascorbic acid might play an important role as an antioxidant and protect the faba bean plants

from the oxidative damage by scavenging ROS that are generated during salt stress conditions

(Arrigoni and De Tullio 2000, Gunes et al., 2007 and Athar et al., 2008).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 121 -----------------------------------------------------------

SA as foliar spraying treatment or seed soaking and their interaction alleviated the

harmful effect of salt stress on Vicia faba growth and yield by decreasing the water loss

induced by stress and/or increasing the water and ions uptake (Khafaga et al., 2009).

SA treatment reduced Na+, while increased K+ and K+/Na+ . This indicates that seed

priming with SA induced a reduction of Na+ absorption and toxicity. Therefore, this could

explain the mitigation effect of SA on faba bean growth. Moreover that, the antagonistic

relation between Na+ and K+ as a result of SA treatment indicates that, SA could play an

essential role in modifying K+/Na+ selectivity under salt stress, which is reflected in lowing

membrane damage and higher water content under salinity stress (Khan et al., 2003;

Yildirim et al., 2008 and Azooz, 2009).

Moreover that, More, the effectiveness of SA in inducing seawater stress tolerance

depends upon the concentration of SA applied. Plants treated with SA had lower Cl- and Na+,

while K+ had a reverse pattern under salt stress, osmotic adjustment is usually achieved by the

uptake of inorganic ions such as Na+, Cl- and K+ from the growth media. This effect includes

the stimulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and regulation of osmotic adjustment through

accumulation of osmotic solutes and regulation of absorption and distribution of inorganic

ions (Mohamed et al., 2011). Protection of plants from oxidative damage by SA is associated

with an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and a decrease in the level of ROS and lipid

peroxidation (Wang et al., 2006).

More, SA as an internal signal molecule that interacts with reactive oxygen species

(ROS) signal pathways and could regulate physiological adaptation to some environmental

stresses, including oxidation damage (Borsani et al., 2001).

2- Ascorbic acid (ASA):

Ascorbate usually acts as an antioxidant. It typically reacts with oxidants of the

reactive oxygen species, such as the hydroxyl radical formed from hydrogen peroxide. Such

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 122 -----------------------------------------------------------

radicals are damaging to animals and plants at the molecular level due to their possible

interaction with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Sometimes these radicals initiate chain

reactions. Ascorbate can terminate these chain radical reactions by electron transfer. Ascorbic

acid is special because it can transfer a single electron, owing to the stability of its own radical

ion called "semidehydroascorbate", dehydroascorbate. The net reaction is:

RO • + C6H7O6− → ROH + C6H6O6

• -

The oxidized forms of ascorbate are relatively unreactive and do not cause cellular

damage. However, being a good electron donor, excess ascorbate in the presence of free metal

ions can not only promote but also initiate free radical reactions, thas making it a potentially

dangerous pro-oxidative compound in certain metabolic contexts (Davies et al., 1991).

Using vit C. as pretreatment of Vicia faba L. seeds led to reduce the inhibitory effect

of seawater stress on their germination and enhancing seedling growth (Shaddad et al., 1990

and Arab and Ehsanpour, 2006).

Increasing photosynthetic pigments in faba bean leaves may be due to the role of

antioxidants (α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) in protecting chloroplast from oxidative damage

induced by environmental stress such as salinity stress. Ascorbic acid increased

photosynthetic efficiency, leaf area and delayed leaf sensences, as reported also by (Saha et

al., 1993; Ghourab and Wahdan, 2000).

Growth development by vitamin C under salinity stress conditions was correlated with

increased levels of nucleic acids and soluble proteins (Anuradha and Rao, 2001).

Ascorbic acid (ASA) is small water soluble antioxidants molecule which acts as

primary substrate in the cyclic pathway for enzymatic detoxification and neutralization of

singlet oxygen, hydrogen and peroxide superoxide radicals generated by stress (Noctor and

Foyer, 1998 and Shalata and Neumann, 2001).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transfer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_ion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroascorbate

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 123 -----------------------------------------------------------

Chlorophyll content of plants treated with vit. C was increased, that could result from

the protection effect of vit. C and carotenoids to the photosynthetic apparatus from seawater

induced oxidative stress. the reduction observed in chlorophyll content under seawater

irrigation could be as a result of inhabitation of chlorophyll biosynthesis or increased of its

degradation (Khan et al., 2006).

Also, pre-treatment with vitamin C led to a significant increase in betaine levels in

vitamin C, such an increase may be attributed to the fact that the addition of this precursor

(vitamin C) promotes betaine formation by stimulating its biosynthesis as discussed by (Hitz

et al., 1982). The significant increase of this osmolyte (proline and petaine) in plant tissue

from seeds pre-treatment with vitamin C would help to explain the increase in tolerance to

salinity. Although, increases in osmolyte during germination because its biosynthetic

precursor, vitamin C could activate BADH, the accumulation of these osmolyte seems to

correlate with greater tolerance against stress (Fahad, 2007).

Vitamin C could be accelerated cell division and cell enlargement of treated plants.

Shoot spraying with vit. C was more effective in improving of growth parameters of treated

plants which was associated with increasing of their WC, RWC of leaves and reduction in

transpiration rate. It can be concluded that the beneficial effect of vit. C on growth parameters

of vicia faba L. Hassawi has been related to the efficiency of their water uptake and

utilization. Moreover, the effectiveness of vit. C depends on its mode of application, which

may enhance the endogenous level of vit. C and water status of treated plants (Athar et al.,

2008).

More, vit. C can play an inductive role in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity on

plant growth and metabolism in many plants. Ascorbic acid has been suggested as a bio-

regulator of plant growth and development, as studied by (Gupta and Datta, 2003).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 124 -----------------------------------------------------------

3- Tocopherol (TOCO):

Tocopherols (Vitamin E) exists in eight different forms, four tocopherols and four

tocotrienols. All feature a chromanol ring, with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen

atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for penetration into

biological membranes.

Tocopherols are essential components of biological membranes where they have both

antioxidant and non-antioxidant functions (Kagan, 1989). proportional antioxidant activity of

the tocopherol is due to the methylation modality and the quantities of methy I groups

attached to the phenolic ring of the polar head structure. Chloroplast membranes of higher

plants consist of α- tocopherol as the dominant tocopherol isomer, and are hence well

protected against photooxidative damage (Fryer, 1992). There is also evidence that α-

tocopherol quinone, existing solely in chloroplast membranes.

Vitamin E is a chain-breaking antioxidant, i.e. it is able to repair oxidizing radicals

directly, preventing the chain propagation step during lipid autoxidation (Serbinova and

Packer, 1994). It reacts with alkoxy radicals (LO'), lipid peroxyl radicals (LOO') and with

alkyl radicals (L'), derived from PUPA oxidation (Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist, 1996). The

reaction between vitamin E and lipid radical occurs in the membrane-water interphase where

vitamin E donates a hydrogen ion to lipid radical with consequent tocopheroxyl radical

(TOH') formation (Buettner, 1993). Regeneration of the TOH' back to its reduced form can

be achieved by vitamin C (ascorbate), reduced glutathione. In addition, tocopherols act as

chemical scavengers of oxygen radicals, especially singlet oxygen and as physical

deactivators of singlet oxygen by charge transfer mechanism (Fryer, 1992). At high

concentration tocopherols act as prooxidant synergists with transition metal ions, lipid

peroxides or other oxidizing agents (Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist, 1996). In addition to


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocotrienol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_chain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_membrane

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 125 -----------------------------------------------------------

antioxidant functions vitamin E has several non-antioxidant functions in membranes.

Tocopherols have been suggested to stabilize membrane structures.

There is recent correlation between PS II with α-tocopherol and α-tocopherol quinone

(Kruk et al., 2000). Complexation of tocopherol with free fatty acids and lysophospholipids

protects membrane structures against their damages effects. It seems to be a great

physiological relevance, since phospholipid hydrolysis products are characteristics of

pathological events, ischemia or stress damage (Kagan, 2000).

In addition, more functions of non-antioxidant a-tocopherol have been cleared such as

protein kinase C inhibition, inhibition of cell proliferation (Azzi and Stocker, 2000). More,

antioxidant compounds of low molecular weight such as α-tocopherols, play an essential role

in preventing damages to chloroplastic membranes from the deleterious effects of singlet

oxygen and lipid peroxy radicals (Fryer, 1992). The α-tocopherols are usually regenrated

back by ascorbic acid or reduced glutathione following oxidation by lipid peroxy radicals.

This compound may serve to protect symbiosome membranes and other nodule membranes

against lipid peroxidation.

4- Hamic acid (HA):

HA (granular and liquid forms) can reduce plant stress as well as enhance plant

nutrient uptake. HA contributes significantly to water retention and metal/solute binding and

release, and they are necessary for safe plant nutrition (Stevenson, 1994). In addition, HA can

be used as a growth regulator by regulate endogenous hormone levels (Frgbenro and

Agboola, 1993).

Increasing alleviation salinity or drought stress by humic acid may be through

stimulates plant growth observation by accelerating cell division, increasing the rate of

development in root systems, and enhancing the yield of dry matter ( Clapp et al., 2002).

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 126 -----------------------------------------------------------

Treated plants with humic acid let to enhancing K+ in faba bean roots, which

stimulates the permeability of cell membranes. As a factor contributing to salinity, Na+ has an

essential negative effect on salt sensitive plant such as broad bean (Akinci et al., 2009).

Humus substances will improve the effective use of residual plant nutrients, reduce

fertilizer costs, and help release those plant nutrients presently bound is minerals and salts.

Amino acids are primary components in the process of protein synthesis. About 20 important

amino acids are involved in the process of each function. Studies have proved that amino acid

can directly or indirectly influence the physiological activates of the plant. Because of the

amino acid pool is only a small portion of the total dissolved organic nitrogen pool, which

generally contains less than 10% free amino acids in temperate ecosystems (Ayman et al.,

2009).

Ayman et al. (2009) discussed that the primary role of HA in reducing the harmful

effects of chocolate spot and rust diseases in faba bean plant may be due to the increase in

chitinase activity (Abd-El- Kareem, 2007) and improved plant growth parameters through

increased cell division, as well as optimized uptake of nutrients and water also, regulate

hormone level, improve plant growth and enhance stress tolerance. Foliar application of HA

(25% active HA) hardly increase antioxidants such as á-tocopherol, â-carotene, superoxide

dismutases, and ascorbic acid concentrations in turf grass species (Zhang, 1997). these

antioxidant may play a role in the regulation of plant development, flowering and chilling of

disease resistance.

5- Yeast extract:

Appling yeast as bio-fertilization on faba bean plants led to decreasing leaves content

of proline, regardless of salinity level in comparison with the non-biofertilized treatments.

Although, plants under high salinity level revealed proline accumulation in their leaves more

than the low salinity levels. Further, proline seemed to have additional function other than

osmoregulation because of its poor ability to resist the toxic effect of salinity. Furthermore,

DISCUSSION

----------------------------------------------------------- 127 -----------------------------------------------------------

the proline may play a role as enzyme stabilizing agent under NaCl salinity (Hathout, 1996

and Demir and Kacacaliskan, 2001).

Over expression of HAL1 gene in yeast confers a high salt tolerance level by

reducing K+ loss and decreasing intracellular Na+ from the cells upon salt stress. The

expression of HAL1 gene promotes a moderate level of salt tolerance both in vitro and in vivo

in transgenic (Rı´os et al., 1997).

The yeast extract contain high amount of macro and micro elements, important plant

hormones like Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinin which increase cell division and cell

enlargement and lead to balance of physiological and biological processes and enhancing

photosynthesis processes and improving growth characters (Jensen, 2004).

Moreover, phytoalexin biosynthesis, expression and activity of the enzyme

phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and accumulation of the oxylipins JA and 12-oxo-phytodienoic

acid (OPDA) were induced by yeast in different plant cell cultures (Suzuki et al., 2005). The

improvement of plants growth in response to the foliar application of active dry yeast may be

attributed to its contents of different nutrients, higher percentage of proteins, higher values of

vitamins, especially B which may play an important role in improving growth parameters (El-

Tohamy et al., 2008).

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 128 -----------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY

Three Pot experiments (seeds presoaking only, plant foliar spraying only or

presoaking and foliar spraying together) were performed twice during the two growing

seasons of (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in Research Unit Seed Technology, Field Crops

Institute, Agric. Res. Center, to investigated the influence of some selected antioxidant

materials on the harmful effects of different salinity stress levels on vegetative growth

parameters, yield and its components, biochemical constituents, nutrient element contents and

protein percentage of faba bean plant (vicia faba, L.) cv. Sakha 1.

Pot experiment

The experiments under study:-

1- Presoaking experiment.

2- Foliar spraying experiment.

3- Presoaking and foliar spraying experiment.

The five salinity levels used:

1- Tap water (320 mg/l).

2- 2000 (mg/l).

3- 4000 (mg/l).

4- 6000 (mg/l).

5- 8000 (mg/l).

The selected antioxidant materials:-

1- Tap water.

2- Salicylic acid (250 mg/l).

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 129 -----------------------------------------------------------

3- Ascorbic acid (250 mg/l).

4- α –Tocopherol (100 mg/l).

5- Humic acid (1000 mg/l).

6- Yeast extracts (2000 mg/l).

The selected antioxidants were applied in three experiments (seeds soaking, foliar

spraying or seeds soaking and foliar spraying together). The sterilized seeds were soaked for

12 hours in any of antioxidant used before sowing, whereas in foliar spraying or seeds

soaking and foliar spraying together experiments, plants were sprayed with any of selected

antioxidant at two physiological stages (25 and 35 days after sowing). Wetting agent (tween

20) at 0.05% was added to antioxidants before spraying.

Studied characteristics:-

A- Vegetative growth observations:

Five samples were taken at 2 different physiological stages (45 and 90 day from sowing)

to study the following characters:

1- Shoot length (cm). Shoot length was measured for each plant of the samples from the


2- Root length (cm).

3- Shoot fresh weight (g).

4- Shoot dry weight (g).

5- Root fresh weight (g).

6- Root dry weight (g).

7- Total Leaf area (cm2/plant).

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 130 -----------------------------------------------------------

B- Yield and its components:

At harvest time, five plants were taken to estimate the following characters.

1- Number of pods / plant.

2- Pods weight / plant (g).

3- Number of seeds / plant.

4- Seeds weight / plant (g).

5- 100- Seed weight (g).

C- Chemical constituents:

1- Photosynthetic Pigments.

2- Proline concentration.

3- Total ascorbic acid.

4- Total phenols.

5- Potasium and sodium.

6- Seeds protein percentage.


1- Growth attributes:

- All pots experiments under this study recorded that, all salinity stress levels hardly

decrease all growth parameters of faba bean plants when compared with unstressed

treatment (control at 320 mg/l) through the two physiological development stages (45

and 90 days) during the two experimental seasons (2010/2011and 2011/2012).

- In this regard, the most effective salinity stress level was (8000 mg/l) followed by (6000

mg/l), (4000 mg/l) and (2000 mg/l), respectively.

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 131 -----------------------------------------------------------

2- Yield and it`s components attributes:

- The results which were obtained showed that, there is a negative correlation between

high salinity stress levels and yield of faba bean plants in all pot experiments

(presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying together) during the two

growing seasons.

- All Salinity levels recorded significant reduction in the yield and it`s components,

when compared with unstressed treatment (320 mg/l). The great reduction regarding to

(8000 mg/l) followed by (6000 mg/l).

3- Biochemical constituents:

3.1 - Photosynthetic pigments:

- All salinity stress levels decreased photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of faba bean

plant during the two growing seasons in all pot experiments.

- Regarding, the great reduction was observed by salinity level (8000 mg/l).

3.2- Proline, ascorbic acid and phenols:

- Salinity stress levels caused a slightly increase in the contents of each proline, ascorbic

and phenols in the leaves of faba bean plant, while compared with unstressed treatment

(control at 320 mg/l) at all pot experiments under study.

- The most effective salinity stress level was (8000 mg/l) followed by (6000 mg/l).

3.3- Na+, K+ content and Na+/K+ ratio:

- Na+ content was increased by salinity stress levels while K+ content was decreased in the

shoot and roots of faba bean plant. High salinity level (8000 mg/l) was most effective in

this respect.

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 132 -----------------------------------------------------------

- All salinity stress levels increased Na+/K+ ratio, when compared with unstressed

treatment control (320 mg/l) in all pot experiments. Regarding, the higher degree of

Na+/K+ ratio caused by salinity stress level (8000 mg/l).

B- Effect of applying antioxidants on:-

1- Growth attributes:

- All selected antioxidants (SA, ASA, TOCO, HA and Yeast) which applied in all pot

experiments (presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying together)

significantly increase growth parameters of faba bean plants when compared with plants

treated with control (Tap water) through the two physiological development stages (45

and 90 days) during the two growing seasons. In this respect, ASA (250 mg/l) recorded

the most significant increase in growth attributes of faba bean plants at all experiments

during the two growing seasons.

2- Yield and it`s components:

- All antioxidants which were applied in all pot experiments during the two growing

seasons recorded the higher degree of yield and it`s components when compared with

untreated plants (control).

- The most effective antioxidants in this respect were ASA (250 mg/l).

3- Biochemical constituents:-

3.1- Photosynthetic pigments:

- Applied antioxidants on faba bean plants as presoaking, foliar spraying or presoaking

and foliar spraying together let to enhancing the content of chlorophyll A, B and

carotenoids against planted treated with control (Tap water). Concerning, ASA (250

mg/l) recorded the great values.

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 133 -----------------------------------------------------------


- Selected antioxidants caused synergistic effect when applied on faba bean plants when

compared with control treatment (Tap water) in all pot experiments. ASA and SA was

the most effective in this respect.


- Applied antioxidants slightly decreased Na+ contents and increased K+ when compared

with untreated plants (control treatment) in all pot experiments under study.

- Applied selected antioxidants clearly decreased Na+/K+ ratio when compared with

untreated plants.

C- Effect of interaction between salinity stress and applying antioxidants

on:- 1- Growth attributes:

- With regard to the interaction treatments, the data indicated that applied selected

antioxidants (SA, ASA, TOCO, HA and YEAST) in all pot experiments at the two

physiological stages (45 and 90 days) significantly enhanced growth attributes of faba

bean plants under salinity stress levels when compared with plants treated with control

(Tap water) grown under the same salinity stress levels during the two growing seasons.

- Concerning, treatment ASA (250 mg/l) at salinity level (320 mg/l) recorded the highest

values of faba bean growth attributes. Applied antioxidants could basically mitigate the

harmful effect of salinity stress on growth of faba bean plants grown under saline soil.

2- Yield and it`s attributes:

- With respect to the interaction treatments, the data showed that applied antioxidants

increased yield and it`s attributes of faba bean plants under salinity stress levels when

compared with control plants treated with tap water grown under salinity stress levels.

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 134 -----------------------------------------------------------

- Accordingly, applied antioxidants could be hardly alleviating the reduction caused by

salinity stress on yield of faba bean plant. ASA was the most effective in this respect,

then SA, Yeast, HA and TOCO, respectively.

3- Biochemical constituents:

3.1- Photosynthetic pigments:

- Interaction treatments of applied antioxidants with salinity stress levels hardly

increased photosynthetic pigments compared with plants treated with control (Tap

water) grown under the same salinity stress levels at all pot experiments, but these

increases still less than control plants.

- In this regard applied antioxidants basically mitigate the harmful effect of salinity

stress on photosynthetic pigments. ASA (250 mg/l), SA (250 mg/l) and Yeast extract

(2000 mg/l) respectively, were more effective in this respect.


- Regarding the interaction treatments, data cleared that applied selected antioxidants

materials with the selected salinity stress levels under this study, hardly increased

Proline, ascorbic acid and phenols content in faba bean shoots when compared with

untreated plants (control)


- Salinity stress treatment combined with applied antioxidants slightly decreased Na+

content and Na+/K+ ratio, while increased K+ content in both shoot and root of faba

bean plant, when compared with applied control (Tap water) with the same salinity

levels treatments.

- Applied antioxidants alleviate the harmful effects of salinity stress and decreased the

Na+ and Na+/K+ ratio in shoots and roots of faba bean plants against control treatment.

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 135 -----------------------------------------------------------

Field experiment

Two different soil areas were chosen: A1- 1900 (mg/l) A2- 3200 (mg/l) seeds were

presoaked for 12 hours before sowing in any of antioxidants i.e. Ascorbic acid (250 mg/l),

Salicylic acid (250 mg/l), α –Tocopherol (100 mg/l), Humic acid (1000 mg/l) and Yeast

extract (2000 mg/l) as well as tap water. The plants were foliar sprayed with any of each

applied antioxidants at 30 and 45 after sowing under salinity stress levels.

Studied Characteristics:

Vegetative growth observations:-

1- Plant height (cm) at harvest.

2- Plant fresh weight (g).

3- Plant dry weight (g).

4- Leaf area (cm2/plant).

Yield and its components:

1- No. of pods/plant.

2- Weight of pods/plant (g).

3- Weight of seeds/plant (g).

4- Seed yield (Ardab/fad).

The main obtained results of these study: Growth characters:

1- All growth characters of faba bean plants significantly enhanced by applied antioxidants

(Ascorbic, Salicylic, α- Tocopherol, Humic and Yeast extract) compared with treated

plants with control (Tap water) in the two soils salt area (A1 and A2).

2- The data also indicated that applied antioxidant materials were more effective in salt soil

area (A1).

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 136 -----------------------------------------------------------

3- ASA (250 mg/l) was the most effective in this respect followed by SA (250 mg/l), Yeast

(2000 mg/l), HA (1000 mg/l) and TOCO (100 mg/l) respectively.

Yield and it`s components:

1- Applied antioxidants materials significantly increased yield and it`s components (No. of

pods/plant, weight of pods/plant, weight of seeds/plant and seed yield (Ardab/fad) in the

two salt soil areas especially (A1) compared with the control treatment (Tap water).

2- The obtained data recorded that applied antioxidant materials could mitigate the harmful

effect of high soil salt stress levels on yield and its components of faba bean plants.

3- ASA (250 mg/l) followed by SA (250 mg/l) were more effective in this regard.


A laboratory experiment was taken place under the laboratory condition. The aim of

this investigation was to estimate seed quality produced from the pots experiments.

Random sample of seeds per each treatment were sown on top filter paper in sterilized

Petri-dishes (14-cm diameter). Each petri-dish contained 10 seeds, and four Petri-dishes kept

close together and incubated at 25 C and 100% relative humidity, then three replications were

used to evaluate some seed quality test.

1- Germination percentage.

2- Speed of germination index.

3- Plumule and Radicle length (cm).

4- Seedling vigor index.

All salinity stress levels decreased faba bean seeds quality such as germination

percentage, speed of germination index, Plumule and radical length and seedling vigor index

when compared with unstressed treatments (320 mg/l as control). Regarding, salinity stress

level 8000 (mg/l) recorded the great reduction of faba bean seeds quality.

SUMMARY

-------------------------------------------------------------- 137 -----------------------------------------------------------

Data indicated that applied selected antioxidants declare highest values of faba bean

seeds quality in contrast to untreated plants (Tap water). It could be show that applied

antioxidants increased all seeds quality of faba bean seeds grown under salinity stress

compared with untreated plants.

Concerning that, it is clear that applied antioxidants play a great role in mitigate the

harmful effects of salinity stress on faba bean seeds quality.

Recommendation

This investigation indicated that, it can alleviate and mitigate the harmful effect of

different salinity stress levels on faba bean plants by applied non-enzymatic antioxidants

(Ascorbic acid, Salicylic acid, α- Tocopherol, Humic acid and Yeast extract) in experiments

(presoaking, Foliar spraying or presoaking and foliar spraying together). These antioxidant

materials caused an increments effect on growth and it`s attributes, yield and it`s components

also chemical constituents. The Results mention previously show that the best antioxidant

material is Ascorbic acid (ASA) followed by Salicylic acid (SA), Yeast extract, Humic acid

and α- Tocopherol respectively.

In addition, with these regard faba bean plants can be planted in wide range of saline

soil in Egypt with applying natural safety antioxidants.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 138 -----------------------------------------------------------

REFERENCES

A. O. A. C., (1980). Official Methods of Analysis” Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists, 13th Ed. Washington, D.C., USA.

Abd El-Kareem, F. (2007). Induced resistance in bean plants against root rot and alternaria

leaf spot diseases using biotic and abiotic inducers under field conditions. Res. J.

Agric. and Biol. Sci., 3(6): 767-774.

Abdel-Halim, S.M. (1995). Effect of some vitamins as growth regulators on growth, yield

and endogenous hormones of tomato plants during winter. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci.,

10(12): 322-334.

Abdelhamid, M.T.; Shokr, M.M.B. and Bekheta, M.A. (2010). Growth, root

characteristics, and leaf nutrients accumulation of four faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

cultivars differing in their broomrape tolerance and the soil properties in relation to

salinity. Communications in Soil Sci. and Plant. Analysis. 41: (22) 2713- 2728.

Abo-Kassem, E.E.M. (2007). Effects of salinity: Calcium interaction on growth and nucleic

acid metabolism in five species of Chenopodiaceae. Turk. J. Bot., 31: 125-134.

Afzal, I.; Basara, S.M.A.; Faooq, M. and Nawaz, A. (2006). Alleviation of salinity stress in

spring wheat by hormonal priming with ABA, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid. Int.

J. Agric. Biol., 8: 23-28.

Agastian, P.; Kingsley, S. J. and Vivekanandan, M. (2000). Effect of salinity on

photosynthesis and biochemical characteristics in mulberry genotypes.

Photosynthetica, 38: 287-290.

Ahmed, A. K.; Tawfik, K.M. and Zinab, A.A. (2008). Tolerance of seven faba bean

varieties to drought and salt stresses. Research J. of Agric. And Biol. Sci., 4

(2): 175-186.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 139 -----------------------------------------------------------

Akinci, S.; Buyukkeskin, T.; Eroglu, A. and Erdogan, B.E. (2009). The effect of humic

acid on nutrient composition in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) roots. Not. Sci. Biol., 1:

81-87.

Allen, R. (1995). Dissection of oxidative stress tolerance using transgenic plants. Plant

Physiol 107: 1049–1054.

Alqurainy, F. (2007). Responses of bean and pea to vitamin C under salinity stress. Res. J.

Agric. Biol. Sci., 3: 714-722.

Anuradha, S. and Rao, S.S.R. (2001). Effect of vitamin C on salinity stress induced

inhibition of seed germination and seedlings growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Plant

Growth Regul., 33: 151-153.

Amer, S.S.A. (2004). Growth, green pods yield and seeds yield of common bean (Phaseolus

vulgaris L.) as affected by active dry yeast, salicylic acid and their interaction. J.

Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 29(3): 1407-1422.

Apel, K. and Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress and

signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 55: 373-399.

Arab, L. and Ehsanpour, A.A. (2006). The effects of ascorbic acid on salt induced alfalfa

(Medicago sativa L.) in vitro culture. Biokemistri, 18: 63-69.

Arfan, M.; Athar, H.R. and Ashraf, M. (2007). Does exogenous application of salicylic

acid through the rooting medium modulate growth and photosynthetic capacity in

two differently adapted spring wheat cultivars under salt stress? J. Plant Physiol.,

164: 685–694.

Arrigoni, O.; Calabrese G.; De Gars, L.; Bitonti M. and Liso, R. (1997). Correlation

between changes in cell ascorbate and growth of Lupinus albus seedling. J. Plant

Physiol., 150: 302-308.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 140 -----------------------------------------------------------

Arrigoni, O. and De Tullio, M.C. (2000). The role of ascorbic acid in cell metabolism:

Between gene directed functions and unpredictable chemical reactions. J. Plant

Physiol., 157: 481-488.

Asada, K. (1999). The water-water cycle in chloroplast scavenging of active oxygen and

dissipation of excess photons. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 50: 601-

639.

Asada, K. (1992). Ascorbate peroxidase-a hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzyme in plants.

Physiol. Planta, 85: 235-241.

Ashraf, M. and Iram, A. (2005). Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances

in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance.

Flora, 200: 535-546.

Ashraf, M. (2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using

antioxidants markers. Biotech. Adv., 27: 84-93.

Asin, L.; Alegre, S. and Montserrat, R. (2007). Effect of paclobutrazol, prohexadione-ca,

deficit irrigation, summer pruning and root pruning on shoot growth, yield and

return bloom in “Blanquilla” pear orchard. Sci. Hortic., v. 113, n. 2, p. 135-142.

Athar, H.; Khan, A. and Ashraf, M. (2008). Exogenously applied ascorbic acid alleviates

salt-induced oxidative stress in wheat. Environ. Exp. Bot., 63: 224-231.

Aydin, G.; Inal, A.; Alpaslan, M.; Eraslan, F.; Guneri, E. and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic

acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative

stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Plant

Physiol., 164: 728-736.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 141 -----------------------------------------------------------

Ayman, M.; Kamar, M. and Khalid, M. ( 2009). Amino and humic acids promote growth,

yield and disease resistance of faba bean cultivated in clayey soil. Australian J. of

Basic and Applied Sci., 3(2): 731-739.

Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W. (1985). Water quality for agriculture. Fao Irrigation and

Drainage Paper 29 (Rev. 1), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the

United Nations. Rome, Italy.

Azooz, M.M. (2004). Proteins, sugars and ion leaking as a selection criterion for the salt

tolerance of three sorghum cultivars at seedling stage grown under NaCl and

nicotinamide. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 6: 27-35.

Azooz, M.M.; Ismail, A.M. and Abou Elhamd, M.F. (2009). Growth, lipid peroxidation

and antioxidant enzyme activities as a selection criterion for the salt tolerance of

three maize cultivars grown under salinity stress. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 11: 21–26

Azooz, M.M. and Youssef, M.M. (2010). Evaluation of heat shock and salicylic acid

treatments as inducers of drought stress tolerance in Hassawi wheat. Amer. J. Plant

Physiol., 5: 56 – 70.

Azzi, A. and Stocker, A. (2000). Vitamin E: Non-antioxidant Roles. Progress in Lipid

Research, 39, 231-255.

Bahr, A.A. and Gomaa, A.M. (2002). The integrated system of Bio- and organic fertilizers

for improving growth and yield of triticale Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 17: 512-523.

Bartoli, C.G.; Simontacchi, M.; Tambussi, E.; Beltrano, J.; montaldi, E. and Puntarulo,

S. (1999). Drought and watering dependent oxidative stress: Effect on antioxidant

content in Triticum aestivum L. leaves. J. Expt. Bot., 332: 375-383.

Bassuony, F.M.; Hassanein, R.A.; Baraka, D.M. and Khalil, R.R. (2008). Physiological

effects of nicotinamide and ascorbic acid on Zea mays plant grown under salinity

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 142 -----------------------------------------------------------

stress II-Changes in nitrogen constituent, protein profiles, protease enzyme and

certain inorganic cations. Aust. J. Applied Sci., 2: 350-359.

Bates. S.; Waldern R.P. and Teare, D. (1973). Raid determination of free prolin for water

stress studies .plant and soil .39, 205-207.

Bekheta, M.A.; Abdelhamid, M.T. and El-Morsi, A.A. (2009). Physiological response of

Vicia faba to prohexadione calcium under saline condition. Planta Daninha. Vicosa

MG, V. 27. N. 4. P: 769-779.

Beltagi, S.B. (2008). Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) induced anabolic changes for salt

tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. Afr. J. Plant Sci., 2: 118-123.

Bellaire, B.A.; Carmody, J.; Braud, J.; Gosset, D.R.; Banks, S.W. and Cran Lucas, M.

(2000). Involvement of abscisic acid-dependent and independent pathways in the

upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity during NaCl stress in cotton callus

tissue. Free Rad. Res., 33: 531-545.

Bewly, J.D. and Black, B.M. (1982). Germination of seeds. In: Physiology and biochemistry

of seed germination. (Ed): A.A. Khan, Springer Verlag, New York, 40-80.

Bohnert, H.J.; Nelson, D.E. and Jensen, R.G. (1995). Adaptations to environmental

stresses. Plant Cell 7: 1099-1111.

Bohra, J.S. and Doffling, K. (1993). Potassium nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

under NaCl salinity. Plant Soil. 152: 299-303.

Bond, D.A.; Lawes, D.A.; Hawtin, G.C.; Saxena, M.C. and Stephens, J.S. (1985). Faba

Bean (Vicia faba, L.). p. 199-265. In: R.J. Summerfield and E.H. Roberts (eds.),

Grain Legume Crops. William Collins Sons Co. Ltd. 8 Grafton Street, London,

WIX 3LA, UK.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 143 -----------------------------------------------------------

Borsani, O.; Valpuesta, V. and Botella, M.A. (2001). Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in

the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis

seedlings. Plant Physiol., 126:1024–1030.

Bray, E.A. (1997). Plant productivity and environment. Science 218: 443-448.

Broadbent, P.; Creissen, G.P.; Kular, B.; Wellburn, A.R. and Mullineaux, P. (1995).

Oxidative stress response in transgenic tobacco containing altered levels of

glutathione reductase activity. Plant J. 8: 247-255.

Brugnoli, E.M. and Lauteri, (1991). Effect of salinity on stomatal conductance,

photosynthetic capacity, and carbon isotope discrimination of salttolerant

(Gossypium hirsutum L.) and salt-sensitive (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) C3 non-

halophytes. Plant Physiol. 95: 628-635.

Buettner, G. R. (1993). The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid

peroxidation, α-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Archives of Biochemistry and

Biophysics, 300, 535-543.

Cakmak, I. (2005). The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of a biotic stresses

in plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 168: 521-530.

Canellas, L.P.; Olivares, F.L.; Facanha-Okorokova, A.L. and Facanha, A.R. (2002).

Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root

emergence, and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in maize roorts. Plant

Physiology. 30: 1951-1957.

Chaparzadeh, N.; D`amico, M.L.; Khavari-Nejad, R.A. and Izzo, F. (2004). Antioxidative

response of Calandula officinalis under salinity conditions. Plant Physiol.

Biochem., 42: 695-701.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 144 -----------------------------------------------------------

Chartzoulakis, K.; Loupasaki, M.; Bertaki, M. and Androulakis, I. (2002). Effect of NaCl

salinity on growth, ion content and CO2 assimilation rate of six olive cultivars. Sci.

Hort., 96: 235-247.

Clapp, C.E.; Cline, V.W.; Hayes, M.; Palazzo, A.J. and Chen, Y. (2006). Plant growth

promoting activity of humic substances. Bouyoucos Conference Proceedings. p. 37.

Cornella P.R. and Maria B.L. (2011). Effect of salicylic acid on assimilatory pigments and

aminoacids content in salt stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum, Cv. Crisana)

seedlings. Scientific Papers, UASVM Bucharest, Series A, Vol. LIV: 1222-533.

Croser, C.; Renault, S.; Franklin, J. and Zwiazk, J. (2001). The effect of salinity on the

emergence and seedlings growth of Picea mariana, Picea glauca and Pinus

banksiana. Environ. Pollut., 115: 9-16.

Cuin, T.A.; Miller, A.G.; Laurie, S.A. and Leigh, R.A. (2003). Potassium activities in cell

compartments of salt-grown barley leaves. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 657-661.

Davies, M.B.; Austin, J. and Partridge, D.A. (1991). Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and

Biochemistry. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 48. ISBN 0-85186-333-7.

Dalton, D.A.; Langeberg, L. and Treneman, N. (1993). Correlations between the ascorbate

glutathione pathway and effectiveness in legume root nodules. Physiol. Plant, 87:

365-370.

Dat, J.F.; Lopez-Delgado, H.; Foyer, C.H. and Scott, I.M. (1998). Parallel changes in H2O2

and catalase during thermo tolerance induced by salicylic acid or heat acclimation

in mustard seedlings. Plant Physiol 116: 1351-1357.

Demir, Y. and Kocacaliskan, I. (2001). Effects of NaCl and proline on polyphenol oxidase

activity in bean seedlings. Biol. Plant, 44: 607-609.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85186-333-7

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 145 -----------------------------------------------------------

Demiral, T. and Turkan, I. (2005). Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense

systems and proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance.

Environ. Exp. Bot., 53: 247-257.

Di-Baccio, D.; Navari-Izzo, F. and Izzo, R. (2004). Seawater irrigation: Antioxidant defense

responses in leaves and roots of a sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) ecotype. J.

Plant Physiol., 161: 1359-1366.

Dinkha, R. F. and Al Khazragji, T.O. (1990). Nutrition and fungus function. Sci, Univ. of

Salahaddin, Ministry of High Education, Iraq. (In Arabic).

Dionisio-Sese, M.L. and Tobita, (2000). Effects of salinity on sodium content and

photosynthetic responses of rice seedlings differing in salt tolerance. J. Plant

Physiol., 157: 54-58.

Dixon, R.A. and Paiva, N.L. (1995). Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant

Cell, 7: 1085-1097.

Dorais, M.; Papadopoulos, A.P. and Gosselin, A. ( 2001). Green house tomato fruit quality.

Horticult. Rev. 26: 239-319.

Dubey, R.S. (2005). Photosynthesis in plants under stressful conditions. In: Pessarkli, M.

(ed.), Photosynthesis Handbook, 2nd edition, pp: 717-718. C.R.C. Press, New York,

USA.

Duke, J.A. (1981). Handbook of legumes of world economic importance. Plenum Press, New

York. p. 199-265.

El-Banna, E.N.; Ashour, S.A. and Abd-El-Salam, H.Z. (2006). Effect of foliar application

with organic compounds on growth, yield and tubers quality of potato (Solanum

tuberosum L.). J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 31(2): 1165-1173.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 146 -----------------------------------------------------------

El-Hakem, A.H.M. (2008). Control of growth and productivity of droughted wheat cultivars

by glycine betaine and salicylic acid. Ph.D. Thesis. Fac Sci. Mansoura Univ.,

Egypt.

El Mergawi, R.A. and Abdel-Wahed, M.S. (2004). Diversity in salicylic acid effects on

growth criteria and different indole acetic acid forms among faba bean and maize.

Egypt. J. Agri. 26: 49-61.

El-Tohamy, W.A.; El-Abagy, H.M. and El-Greadly, N.H.M. (2008). Studies on the Effect

of Putrescine, Yeast and Vitamin C on Growth, Yield and Physiological Responses

of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Under Sandy Soil Conditions. Australian J. of

Basic and Applied Sci., 2(2): 296-300.

Epstein, E. (1985). Salt tolerance crops origin, development and prospect of the concept.

Plant and Soil., 89: 187-198.

Eraslan, F.; Inal, A.; Gunes, A. and Alpaslan, M. (2007). Impact of exogenous salicylic

acid on the growth, antioxidant activity and physiology of carrot plants subjected to

combined salinity and boron toxicity. Sci. Hort., 113: 120-128.

Fahad, A. (2007). Responses of faba bean and pea to vitamin C under salinity stress. R. J. of

Agric. And Biological Sci., 3(6): 714-722.

Fahmi, A.I.; Nagaty, H.H.; Eissa, R.A. and Hassan, M.M. (2011). Effect of salt stress on

some nitrogen fixation parameters in faba bean. Pakistan J. of Biological Sci.,

14(6): 385-391.

Foyer, C.H.; Descourvieres, P. and Kunert, K.J. (1994). Protection against oxygen

radicals: an important defense mechanism studied in transgenic plants. Plant Cell

Environ 17: 507-523.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 147 -----------------------------------------------------------

Frgbenro, J.A. and Agboola, A.A. (1993). Effect of different levels of humic acid on growth

and nutrient uptake of teak seedlings. J. Plant Nutrition, 16(8): 1465-1483.

Fryer, M.J. (1992). The antioxidant effects of thylakoid vitamin E (α- tocopherol). Plant Cell

and Environment, 15, 381-392.

Gaballah, M.S. and Gomaa A.M. (2004). Performance of faba bean varieties grown under

salinity stress and biofertilized with yeast. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 4(1): 93-99.

Gadallah, M.A.A. (1999). Effect of proline and glycinebetaine on Vicia faba responses to

salt stress. Biol. Plant. 42: 247-249.

Garg, B.K.; Vyas, S.P.; Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1998). Influence of water deficit stress

at various growth stages on some enzymes of nitrogen metabolism and yield in

cluster bean genotypes. J. plant Phsiol. 3: 214-218.

Ghai N. and Setia R.C. (2002). Effect of paclobutrazol and salicylic acid on chlorophyll

content, hill activity and yield components in Brassica napus l (cv. gsl-1).

Phytomorphol. 52 (pp. 83-87).

Ghourab, M.H.H. and Wahdan, G.A. (2000). Response of cotton plants to foliar application

of ascorbine and ascorbic acid. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 78: 1195-1205.

Gibon, I.; Bessieres, M.A. and Larher, F. (1997). Is glycine betaine a non-compatible solute

in higher plants that do not accumulate it?. Plant Cell Environ., 20: 329-340.

Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research .2nd

Ed., Sons Willy and Sons, New York. U.S.A.

Gomaa, A. M.; El-Mesiry, T. and Rady, M. (2008). The Potential Impact of

Biofertilization, Antioxidant and Micronutrients Application in Reducing Salinity

Stress on Two Wheat Cultivars. Australian J. of Basic and Applied Sci., 2(3): 575-

582,

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 148 -----------------------------------------------------------

Grattan, S.R. and Grieve, C.M. (1999). Salinity-mineral nutrient relations in horticultural

crops. Sci. Hort, 78: 127-157.

Greenway, H. and Munns, R. (1980). Mechanism of salt tolerance in non-halophytes. Annu.

Rev. Plant Physiol., 31: 149-190.

Grossmann, K.; Konig-Karnz, S.; Kwiatkowski, J. and Phytohormonal, J. (2006).

changes in intact shoots of wheat and oilseed rape treated with the

acylcyclohexanedione. Physiol. Plant., v. 90, n. 1, p. 139-143.

Gupta, S.D. and Datta, S. (2004). Antioxidant enzyme activities during in vitro

morphogenesis of gladiolus and the effect of application of antioxidants on plant

regeneration. Biol. Plant. 2: 179-183.

Gunes, Y.; Inal, A.; Alpaslan, M.; Eraslam, F.; Bagci, E.G. and Cicek, G.N. (2007).

Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for

oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity.

J. Plant Physiol. 164(6): 728-36.

Hajer, A.S.; Malibari, A.A.; Al-Zahrani, H.S. and Almaghrabi, O.A. (2006). Responses of

three tomato cultivars to sea water salinity 1. Effect of salinity on the seedlings

growth. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5: 855-861.

Hala, M.S.; Mirvat E.G. and Amany A.R. (2005). Effect of antioxidants on growth, yield

and favism causative agents in seeds of Vicia faba L. plants grown under reclaimed

sandy soil. J. of Agronomy 4(4): 281-287.

Hameda, E.A. (2011). Influence of salinity (NaCl and Na2SO4) treatments on growth

development of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) plant. American Eurasian J. Agric. &

Environ. Sci., 10 (4): 600-610.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 149 -----------------------------------------------------------

Hammam, M.S.; Abdallah, B. M. and Mohamed, S.G. (2001). The beneficial effects of

using ascorbic acids with some micronutrients on yield and fruit quality of hindy

bisinnara mango trees. Assuit. J. Agric. Sci., 32: 181-193.

Hare, P.D.; Cress, W.A. and Van Staden, J. (1998). Dissecting the role of osmolyte

accumulation during stress. Plant Cell Environ., 21: 535-553.

Hasegawa, P.M.; Bressan, R.A. and Handa, A.V. (1986). Cellular mechanisms of salinity

tolerance. Hort. Science, 21: 1317-1324.

Hathout, T.A. (1996). Salinity stress and its concentration by the growth regulator in wheat

plant. Egyptian J. Physiological Sci., 20: 127-152.

Heikal, M.M.; Ismail, A.M. and Azooz, M.M. (2000). Interactive effects of salinity and

vitamin B6 on some metabolic processes in two broad bean lines. Acta. Botanica-

Hungariea, 48: 327-336.

Helal, F.A.; Farag, S.T. and El-Sayed, S.A. (2005). Studies on growth, yield and its

components and chemical composition under effect of vitamin C, vitamin B1, boric

acid and sulphur on pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ.,

30(6): 3343-3353.

Hernandez, J.A.; Jimenez, A.; Mullineaux, P. and Sevilla, F. (2000). Tolerance of pea

(Pisum sativum L.) to long-term salt stress is associated with induction of

antioxidant defences. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 853-862.

Hewedy, A. M.; Morsy, M. A. and Hafez, M. (1996). Effect of frequency of fruit picking

and foliar spray with some stimulants on the subsequent seed yield of eggplant.

Egypt –Hung .Hort conf., 1:50-60.

Hitz, W.D.; Ladyman, J.A.R. and Hanson, A.D. (1982). Betaine synthesis and

accumulation in barley during field water stress. Crop Sci., 22: 47-54.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 150 -----------------------------------------------------------

Hu, Y.; Burucs, Z.; Tucher, Von. S. and Schmidhalter, U. (2007). Short-term effects of

drought and salinity on mineral nutrient distribution along growing leaves of maize

seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60: 268-275.

Hussein, M.M.; Balbaa, L.K. and Gaballah, M.S. (2007). Salicylic acid and salinity effects

on growth of maize plants. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 3: 321-328.

Iqbal, M.; Ashraf, M.; Jamil, A. and Ur-Rehman, S. (2006). Does seed priming induce

changes in the levels of some endogenous plant hormones in hexaploid wheat

plants under salt stress? J. Integrative Plant Biol., 48: 181-189.

Ismail, A.M. and Azooz, M.M. (2002). Response of Vicia faba to salinity and vitamins

Indian J. Plant Physiol., 7: 303-306.

ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) (1999). International Rules for Seed

Testing. Rules 1999. Seed Sci. Technol.(Suppl.), 24 : 1-335.

Jaleel, C.A.; Gopi, R.; Alagu Lakshmanan, G.M. and Panneerselvam, R. (2006).

Triadimefon induced changes in the antioxidant metabolism and ajmalicine

production in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Plant sci., 171: 271-276.

Jaleel, C.A.; Gopi, R.; Sankar, B.; Manivannan, P.; Kishorekumar, A.; Sridharan, R.

and Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Studies on germination, seedlings vigour, lipid

peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedlings under salt

stress. South Afr.J. Bot., 73: 190-195.

Jaleel, C.A.; Kishorekumar, P.; Manivannan, A.; Sankar, B.; Gomathinayagam, M. and

Panneerselvam, R. (2008). Salt stress mitigation by calcium chloride in

Phyllanthus amarus. Acta Bot. Croat., 67: 53-62.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 151 -----------------------------------------------------------

Jaleel, C.A.; Lakshmanan, G.M.; Gomathinayagam, M. and Panneerselvam, R. (2008a).

Triadimefon induced salt stress tolerance in Withania somnifera and its relationship

to antioxidant defense system. South Afric. J. Bot., 74 :126-132..

Janda, T.; Szalai, G.; Tari, I. and Paldi. E. (1999). Hydroponic treatment with salicylic

acid decreases the effects of chilling injury in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Planta

208: 175-180.

Jensen, E. (2004). Seaweed; fact or fancy. Published by Moses the Midwest Organic and

Sustainable Education. From the broad Caster. 12(3): 164- 170.

Jonas, O.A.; Pereyra, M.C.; Cebeza, C.; Golberg, A.D. and Ledent, J.F. (1992). Recovery

of nitrate reductase activity in wheat leaves after a period of severe water stress.

Cereal Research Communications, 20: 13-18.

Kagan, V. E. (1989). Tocopherol stabilizes membrane against phospholipase A, free fatty

acids and lysophosphlipids. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 570, 121-135.

Kagan, V. E.; Fabisiak, J. P. and Quinn, P. J. (2000). Coenzyme Q and vitamin E need

each other as antioxidants. Protoplasma, 214, 11-18.

Kamal-Eldin, A. and Appelqvist, L. (1996). The chemistry and antioxidant properties of

tocopherols and tocotrienols. Lipids, 31, 671-701.

Katerji, N.; Van Hoorn, J.W.; Hamdy, A. and Bouzid, N. (1992). Effect of salinity on

water stress, growth and yield of broadbeans. Agr. Water Management, 21:107-

117.

Kaya, M.D.; Ipek, A. and Ozturk, A. (2003). Effect of different soil salinity levels on

germination and seedlings growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Turk. J.

Agric. For., 27: 221-227.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 152 -----------------------------------------------------------

Kaya, C.; Tuna, A.L.; Ashraf, M. and Altunlu, H. (2007). Improved salt tolerance of

melon (Cucumis melo L.) by the addition of proline and potassium nitrate. Environ.

Exp. Bot., 60: 397-403.

Kaydan, D.; Yagmur, M. and Okut, N. (2007). Effects of salicylic acid on the growth and

some physiological characters in salt stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Tarim-

Bilimleri-Dergisi-. 13(2): 114-119.

Kenenil, A.; Assefa, F. and Prabu, P.C. (2010). Characterization of acid and salt tolerant

rhizobial strains isolated from faba bean fields of Wollo, Northern Ethiopia. J.

Agric. Sci. Technol., 12: 365-376.

Kerepesi, I. and Galiba, G. (2000). Osmotic and salt stress induced alteration in

carbohydrate content in wheat seedling. Crop Sci. 40: 482-487.

Khafaga, H.S.; Raeefa, A. H.; Hala, M.M. and Ala, S.A. (2009). Response of two faba

bean cultivars to application of certain growth regulators under salinity stress

condition at siwa oasis. 1- Growth traits, yield and yield components. 4th

Conference on Recent Tech. in Agric.

Khan, W.; Prithiviraj, B. and Smith, D.L. (2003). Photosynthetic response of corn and

soybean to foliar application of salicylates. J. Plant Physiol., 160: 485-492.

Khan, M.A.; Ahmed, M.Z. and Hameed, A. (2006). Effect of sea salt and L-ascorbic acid

on the seed germination of halophytes. J. Aird environ., 67: 535-540.

Khandakar, A.I. and Bradbear, J.W. (1983). Jute Seed quantity. Bangladesh Agriculture

Research Council, Dhaka.

Khodary, S.E.A. (2004). Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, photosynthesis and

carbohydrate metabolism in salt-stressed maize plants. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 6: 5-8.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 153 -----------------------------------------------------------

Khosravinejad, H.F.R. and Farboondia, T. (2008). Effect of salinity on photosynthetic

pigments, respiration and water content in barley varieties. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11:

2438-2442.

Koca, H.; Bor, M.; Ozdemir, F. and Turkan, I. (2007). The effect of salt stress on lipid

peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes and proline content of sesame cultivars.

Environ. Exp. Bot., 60: 344-351.

Kolsarici, O.; Kaya, M. D.; Day, S.; Ipek, A. and Uranbey, S. (2005). Effects of humic

acid doses on emergence and seedling growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).

Akd. Uni. J. Agric. Faculty, 18(2): 151-155

Kothule, V.G.; Bhalerao, R.K. and Rathod, T.R. (2003). Effect of growth regulators on

yield attributes, yield and correlation coefficients in soybean. Annals Plant Phsiol.

17(2): 140-142.

Krishna, P. (2003). Brassino steroid mediated stress responses. J. Plant Growth Regul., 22:

289-297.

Kruk, J.; Schmid, G. H. and Strzalka, K. (2000). Interaction of α-tocopherol quinone, α-

tocopherol and other prenyllipids with photosystem. 11. Plant Physiology and

Biochemistry, 38, 271-277.

Lambers, H. (2003). Dryland salinity: a key environmental issue in southern Australia. Plant

Soil .257: pp. v–vii.

Larher, F.; Rotival-Garnier, N.; Lemesle, P.; Plasman, M. and Bouchereau, A. (1996).

The glycine betaine inhibitory effect on the osmoinduced proline response of rape

leaf discs. Plant Sci., 113: 21-31.

Levitt, J. (1980). Response of plant to Environmental Stress, vol. II. Academic Press, New

York.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 154 -----------------------------------------------------------

Leung, J.; Bouvier-Durand, M.; Morris, P.C.; Guerrier, D.; Chedfor, F. and Giraudat,

J. (1994). Arabidopsis ABA-response gene ABI1: features of a calcium-modulated

protein phosphatase. Sci. 264: 1448-1452.

Lin, C.C. and Kao, C.H. (2000). Peroxidases, H2O2 and NaCl-inhibited rice root growth. 3rd

Inter. Crops Sci. Congress 2000. Germany, pp: 17-22

Loake, G. and Grant, M. (2007). Salicylic acid in plant defense–the players and

protagonists. Curr. Opi. Plant Biol., 10: 466– 472.

Long, X.H.; Mehta, S.K. and Liu, Z.P. (2008). Effect of No-3-N enrichment on seawater

stress tolerance of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus). Pedosphere, 19:

113-123.

Lulakis, M. D. and Petras S. I. (1995). Effects of humic substances from vine-canes mature

compost on tomato seedling growth. Bioresource Technology. 54: 179-182.

Mackinney, G. (1941). Absorption of light by chlorophyll solutions. J. Biol. Chem. 140: 315-

322.

Makled, M.M. (1995). Physiological studies on some species of unicellular green algae with

special reference to protein production. M. Sc. Thesis, Menoufia Univ., Menoufia,

Egypt.

Malencic, D.; Popovic, M. and miladinovic, J. (2003). Stress tolerance parameters in

different genotypes of soybean. Biol. Plant., 46(1): 141-143.

Matamoros, M.A.; Baird, L.M.; Escuredo, P.R.; Dalton, D.A.; Minchin, F.R.; Iturbe-

Ormaetxe, I.; Rubio, M.; Moran, J.; Gordon, A. and Becana M. (1999). Stress-

induced legume root nodule senescence. Physiological biochemical and structural

alterations. Plant Physiol., 121: 97-111.

Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press. London.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 155 -----------------------------------------------------------

Mckersie, B.D.; Bowtey, S.R.; Harjanto, E. and Leprice, O. (1996). Water-deficit

tolerance over-expressing superoxide dismutase. Plant Physiology, 111: 1321-1326.

Mikolajczyk, M.; Awotunde, O.S.; Muszynska, G.; Klessig, D.F. and Dobrowolska, G.

(2000). Osmotic stress induces rapid activation of a salicylic acid induced protein

kinase and a homolog of protein kinase ASK1 in tobacco cells. Plant Cell 12: 165-

178.

Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress. Antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci., 7:

405-410.

Mohamed, M.A. and Mohamed A.A. (2009). The inductive role of vitamin C and its mode

of application on growth, water status, antioxidants enzyme activites and protein

patterns of vicia faba L. cv. Hassawi grown under seawater irrigation. American J.

of Plant Physiology 4(1): 38-51.

Mohamed M.A.; Ashraf M.Y. and Parvaiz A. (2011). Evaluation of salicylic acid (SA)

application on growth, osmotic solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities on broad

bean seedlings grown under diluted seawater. Inter. J. of Plant Phy. and Bioch.,

3(14): 253-264.

Moharekar S.T.; Lokhande S.D.; Hara T.; Tanaka R.; Tanaka A. and Chavan P.D.

(2003). Effect of salicylic acid on clorophyll and carotenoid contents of wheat and

moong caryopsis, Photosynthetica. 41 (pp. 315-317).

Morsy, M.R.; Jouve, L.; Hausman, J.; Hoffmann, L. and Mcd Stewart, J. (2007).

Alteration of oxidative and carbohydrate metabolism under a biotic stress in two

rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes contrasting in chilling tolerance. J. Plant Physiol.,

164: 157-167.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 156 -----------------------------------------------------------

Mullineaux, P.M. and Creissen, G.P. (1997). Glutathione reductase regulation and role in

oxidative stress. In: Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antioxidant

defenses (Scandalios, J.G., ed.). Cold Spring Harbor. Laboratory Press, NY.

Munns, R. and Cramer, G.R. (1996). Is coordination of leaf and root growth mediated by

abscisic acid? (Opinion) Plant and Soil 185: 33–49.

Munne-Bosch, S.; Schwarz, K. and Algere, L. (2001). Water deficit in combination with

high solar radiation leads to midday depression of α-tocopherol in field grown

lavender (Lavandula stoechas) plants. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 28: 315-321.

Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ, 25:

239-250.

Munns, R. (2003). Physiological processes limting plant growth in saline soils. Some dogmas

and hypotheses. Plant Cell and Environment, 16: 15-24.

Nahed, G.; Fatma, E.M. and Farahat, M.M. (2007). Response of vegetative growth and

some chemical constituents of Syngonium podophyllum L. to foliar application of

thiamine, ascorbic acid and kinetin at nubaria. World J. of Agric. Sci. 3 (3): 301-

305.

Noctor, G. and Foyer, C.H. (1998). Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under

control. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol., 49: 249-279.

Noreen, S. and Ashraf, M. (2008). Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress on sunflower

(Helianthus Annus L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid: Growth and

photosynthesis. Pakistan J. Bot., 40: 1657-1663.

Omar B.; Victoriano V. and Miguel A. B. (2001). Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the

oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in arabidopsis seedlings.

Plant Phy., (126): 1024-1030.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 157 -----------------------------------------------------------

Pahlavani Saeidi, M.H.G. and mirlohi, A.F. (2006). Estimates of parameters for seed

germination of safflower in different salinity levels. Asian J. Plant Sci., 5: 133-138.

Pasternak, D. (1987). Salt tolerance and crop production: a comprehensive approach. Annu.

Rev. Phytopathol 25: 271-291.

Pastori, G. and Foyer, C.H. (2002). Common components, networks and pathways of cross-

tolerance to stress: The central role of redox and abscisic acid-mediated controls.

Plant Physiol., 129: 460-468.

Perez- Alfocea, F.; Estan, M. and Caro, M.C. (1993). Balarin, Response of tomato

cultivars to salinity. Plant Soil, 150: 203-211.

Peterburgski, A.V. (1968). Handbook of Agronomic chemistry Klop publishing House

Moscad .pp: 29- 86.

Piper, C.S. (1950) . Soil and Plant Analysis. Interscience publisher. Ine. New York.

Price, A.H. and Hendry, G.A.F. (1991). Iron catalyzed oxygen radical formation and its

possible contribution to drought damage in nine native grasses and three cereals.

Plant Cell Environ 14: 477-484.

Qian, Y. L.; Wilhelm, S. J. and Marcum, K. B. (2001). Comparative response of two

Kentucky bluegrass cultivars to salinity stress. Crop Sci. 41: 1895-1900.

Rahnama, H. and Ebrahimzadeh, H. (2005). The effect of NaCl on antioxidant enzyme in

potato seedlings. Biol. Plant., 49(1): 93-97.

Ranganna, C. (1979). Manual of analysis of fruit vegetable products. Tatame. Graw Hill

publishing company limited New Delhi (2nd ed).

Rana, M. (2005). Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. CSIRO Plant Industry,

GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 158 -----------------------------------------------------------

Rao, M.V.; Paliyath, G.; Ormrod, D.; Murr, D.P. and Watkins, C.B. (1997). Influence of

salicylic acid on H2O2 production, oxidative stress and H2O2 metabolizing

enzymes: salicylic acid-mediated oxidative damage requires H2O2. Plant Physiol

115: 137-149.

Rao, M.V. and Davis, R.D. (1999). Ozone-induced cell death occurs via two distinct

mechanisms in Arabidopsis: the role of salicylic acid. Plant J. 17: 603-614.

Raskin, I.; Ehmann, A.; Melander, W.R. and Meeuse, B.J.D. (1987). Salicylic acid: a

natural inducer of heat production of Arum lilies. Science 237: 1601-1602.

Raza, S.H.; Athar, H.R. and Ashraf, M. (2006). Influence of exogenously applied glycine

betine on photosynthetic capacity of differently adapted wheat cultivars under salt

stress. Pakistan J. Bot., 38: 341-351.

Razmjoo, K.; Heydarizadeh, P. and Sabzalian, M.R. (2008). Effect of salinity and drought

stresses on growth parameters and essential oil content of Matricaria chamomile.

Int. J. Agric. Biol., 10: 451-454.

Rejili, M.; Vadel, A.M.; Guetet, A. and Neffatti, M. (2007). Effect of NaCl on growth and

the ionic balance K+/Na+ of two populations of Lotus creticus (L.) (Papilionaceae).

South Africa J. Bot., 73: 623-631.

Rı´os, G.; Ferrando, A. and Serrano, R. (1997). Mechanism of salt tolerance conferred by

overexpression of the HAL1 Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 13: 515–

528.

Robinson ,S.P.; Downton, w. and Millhouse, J. (1983). Photosynthesis and ion content of

leaves and isolatedchloroplast .plant physiol.73:238-242.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 159 -----------------------------------------------------------

Rubinigg, M.; Wenisch, J.; Elzenga, J.T.M. and Stulen, I. (2004). NaCl salinity affects

lateral root development in Plantago maritima. Functional Plant Biology 31: 775–

780.

Russo, R.O. and Borlyn, G.P. (1990). The use organic biostimulants to help low input

sustainable agriculture. J. of Sust. Agric., 1(2): 19-42.

Sahu, M.P.; Solanki, N.S. and Dashora, L.N. (1993). Effects of thiourea, thiamin and

ascorbic acid on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) J. Agric. Crop Sci., 17:

65-69.

Sairam, R.K.; Rao, K.V. and Srivastava, G.C. (2002). Differential response of wheat

genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant

activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Sci., 163: 1037-1046.

Sairam, R.K.; Srivastava, G.C.; Agarwal, S. and Meena, R.C. (2005). Differences in

antioxidant activity in response to salinity stress in tolerant and susceptible wheat

genotypes. Biol. Plant, 49: 85-91.

Sakr, M.T.; El-Hadidy, M.A. and Farouk, S. (2004). Physiological studies of some osmo-

regulator on kanulla. International conversation microbiology and biotechnology in

Africa and Arab Reagan 27th to 29th. Pp. 295- 321.

Sakr, M.T. and EL-Metwally, M.A. (2009). Alleviation of the harmful effects of soil salt

stress on growth, yield and endogenous antioxidant content of wheat plant by

application of antioxidants. Pakistan J. of Biological Sciences 12 (8): 624-630.

Sakr, M.T.; Heba, M.A.; Marouah, I.A. and Moustafa, A.A.A. (2013). Alleviating the

harmful effect of salinity stress on soybean plants by using some promoters. J. Plant

Production, Mansoura Univ., 4(2): 205-218.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 160 -----------------------------------------------------------

Salter, J.; Morris, K.; Bailey, P.C.E. and Boon, P.I. (2007). Interactive effects of salinity

and water depth on the growth of Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. (Swamp paperbark)

seedlings. Aquatic Bot., 86: 213-222.

Sarhan, T.Z. (2008). Effect of biological fertilizers, Animed residues, and Urea on Growth

and yield of potato plant C.V. Desiree Solanum tuberosum L.Ph.D. Thesis

Horticulture Sciences and Landscape Design (Vegetable), University of Mosul,

College of Agriculture and Forestry.

Sarwat, M.I. and El-Sherif, M.H. (2007). Increasing salt tolerance in some barley

genotypes (Hordeum vulgare) by using Kinetin and benzyladenin. World J. Agric.

Sci., 3: 617-629.

Senaratna, T.; Touchell, D.; Bunn, T. and Dixon, K. (2000). Acetyl Salicylic acid

(Aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato

plants. Plant Growth Regul 30: 157-161.

Sener A.; Tamer B.; Ahmet E. and Birsen E.E. (2009). The effect of humic acid on

nutrient composition in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) roots. Not sci. Biol., 1(1). 81-87.

Serbinova, E.A. and Packer, L. (1994). Antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol and α-

tocotrienol. Methods in Enzymology, 234, 354-366.

Shaddad, M.A.; Radi, A.F.; Abdel-Rahman, A.M. and Azooz, A.A. (1990). Response of

seed of Lupimis termis and Vicia faba to the interactive effect of salinity and

ascorbic acid or pyridoxine (B6). Plant and Soil, 122: 177-183.

Shah, S.H. (2007). Effects of salt stress on mustard as affected by gibberellic acid

application. Genet. Applied Plant Physiol., 3391: 97-106.

Shalata, A. and Neumann, P.M. (2001). Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) increases

resistance to stress and reduces lipid peroxidation. J. Exp. Bot., 52: 2207-2211.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 161 -----------------------------------------------------------

Shehata, S.M.; Helmy, Y.I. and El-Tohamy, W.A. ( 2002). Pepper plants as affected by

foliar application with some chemical treatments under later summer conditions.

Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 17(7): 236-248.

Sharma, Y.K.; Leon, J.; Raskin, I. and Davis, K.R. (1996). Ozone-induced response in

Arabidopsis thaliana: the role of salicylic acid in the accumulation of defense-

related transcripts and induced resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 5099-

5104.

Shi, Q. and Zhu, Z. (2008). Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on manganese toxicity,

element contents and antioxidative system in cucumber. Environ. Exp. Bot., 63:

317-326.

Shirasu, K.; Nakajima, H.; Rajashekar, K.; Dixon, R.A. and Lamb, C. (1997). Salicylic

acid potentiates an agonist-dependent gain control that amplifies pathogen signal in

the activation of defense mechanisms. Plant Cell 9: 261-270.

Shoming, B. Yu; Poleshchuk, S.V.; Gorbatenko, Yu I. and Vanyushim, B.F. (1999).

Effect of antioxidants on plant growth and development Biol. Bull. Russian Acad.

Sci., 26: 23-29.

Shukry, W.M. and El-Bassiouny, H.M.S. (2002). GA. effects on protein pattern, hydrolytic

enzyme activities and ionic uptake during germination of Vicia faba in sea water.

Acta. Botanica-Hungariea, 44: 145-162.

Silvana, B.D.; Susana, M.G.; Maria, P.B. and Maria, L.T. (2003). Behaviour of

antioxidant defense system in the adaptive response to salt stress in Helianthus

annuus L. cells. Plant growth Regulation, 40: 81-88.

Sinha S.K.; Srivastava S.H. and Tripath R.D. (1993). Influence of some growth regulators

and cations on inhibition of chlorophill biosynthesis by lead in maize. Bul Env.

Contamin Toxic; 51 : 241-246.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 162 -----------------------------------------------------------

Smirnoff, N. and Cumes, Q.T. (1989). Hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity of compatible

isolates. Phytochemistry, 28: 1057-1060. F.

Smirnoff, N. (1998). The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and

desiccation. New Phytol 125: 27-58.

Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1980). "Statistical Methods" 7th E et. The Lowa Statc.

Univ. Press, Ames, Lowa, USA.

Stasolla, S. and Yeung, E.C. (1999). Ascorbic acid improves conversion of white spruce

somatic embryos. In vitro cell. Dev. Biol. Plant, 35: 316-319.

Stevenson, F.J. (1994). Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reaction (Second ed.),

Wiley, New York.

Stoeva, N. and Kaymakanova, M. (2008). Effect of salt stress on the growth, photosynthetic

rate of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Central Europ. Agric., v. 9, n. 3, p.

385-392.

Subbarrao, G.V.; Wheeler R. M.; Levine L.H. and Stutte G.W. (2001). Glycine betaine

accumulation, ionic and water relations of red beet at contrasting levels of sodium

supply. J. Plant Physiol. 158: 767-776.

Sumner, M.E. (1993). Sodic soils: New perspectives, Australian J. Soil Res., Vol. 31, pp.

683–750.

Suzuki, S.; Nagano, M. and Trumbo, S.T. (2005). Intrasexual competition and mating

behavior in Ptomascopus morio (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorinae). J. Insect

Behav. 18: 233–242.

Taha, Z.S.; Smira, T.A. and Sanaa, M.S.R. (2011). Effect of bread yest application and

seaweed extract on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plant growth, yield and fruit

quality. Mesopotamia j. of Agric (ISSN 1815-316X) Vol. (39) No (2).

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 163 -----------------------------------------------------------

Tanaka, K.; Tankeuchi, E.; Kubo, A.; Sakaki, T.; Haraguch, K. and Kawamura, Y.

(1994). Two immunologically different isoenzyme of ascorbate peroxidase from

spinach leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 286: 371-375.

Tattini, M.; Bertoni, P.; Landi, A. and Traversi, M.L. (1991). Effect of humic acids on

growth and biomass partitioning of container-grown olive plants. Acta Hortic.

294:75–80.

Tester, M. and Davenport, R. (2003). Na tolerance and Na transportation in higher plants.

Ann. Bot. 91:503-527.

Toivonen, P.M.A. and Stan, S. (2004). The effect of washing on physiochemical changes in

packaged, sliced green peppers. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 39, 43-51.

Türkan, I. and Demiral, T. (2009). Recent developments in understanding salinity tolerance

. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 67: 2-9.

Ulukan, H. ( 2008). Effect of soil applied humic acid at different sowing times on some yield

components in wheat (Triticum spp.) hybrids. Int. J. Bot., 4(2): 164-175.

Wahid, A.; Parveen, M.; Gelani, S. and Basra, S.M.A. (2007). Pretreatment of seeds with

H2O2 improves salt tolerance of wheat seedling by alleviation of oxidative damage

and expression of stress proteins. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 283-294.

Wallace, D.H. and Munger, H.M. (1965). Studies of the physiological basis for yield

different . 1. growth and of six dry been varieties .Crop Sci., 5: 343-348.

Wang, L.J.; Chen, S.J.; Kong, W.F.; Li, SH and Archibold, D.D. (2006). Salicylic acid

pretreatment alleviates chilling injury and affects the antioxidant system and heat

shock proteins of peaches during cold storage. Postharvest. Biol. Technol., 41:244–

25.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 164 -----------------------------------------------------------

Wenxue, W.; Bilsborrow, P.E.; Hooley, P.; Fincham, D.A.; Lombi, E. and Forster, B.P.

(2003). Salinity induced differences in growth, ion distribution and partitioning in

barley between the cultivar Maythorpe and its derived mutant Golden Promise.

Plant Soil., 250: 183-191.

Wilson, C.; Liu, X.; Lesch, S.M. and Suarez, D.L. (2006). Growth response of major USA

cowpea cultivars. I. Biomass accumulation and salt tolerance. Hort. Sci., 41: 225-

230.

Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K. (1993a). Arabidopsis DNA encoding two

desiccation-responsive rd29 genes. Plant Physiol. 101: 1119-1120.

Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K. (1993b). Characterization of the expression of

a desiccation-responsive rd29 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana and analysis of its

promoter in transgenic plants. Mol. Gen. Genet. 236: 331-340.

Yamaguchi, T. and Blumwald, E. (2005). Developing salt-tolerance crop plants: Challenges

and opportunities. Trends Plant Sci., 12: 615-620.

Yamasaki, H.; Sakihama, Y. and Ikehara, N.I. (1997). Flavonoid-peroxidase reaction as a

detoxification mechanism of plant cell against H2O2. Plant Physiol., 115: 1405-

1412.

Yalpani, N.; Enyedi, A.J.; Leon, J. and Raskin, I. (1994). Ultraviolet light and ozone

stimulate accumulation of salicylic acid and pathogenesis-related proteins and virus

resistance in tobacco. Planta 193: 373-376.

Yang, Y.W.; Newton, R.D. and Miller, P.R. (1990). Salinity tolerance in sorghum 1. Whole

plant response to sodium chloride in S. bicolor and S. halepense Crop Sci., 30: 775-

881.

REFERENCES

-------------------------------------------------------------- 165 -----------------------------------------------------------

Yaser, F.; Uzal, O.; Tufenkci, S. and Yildiz, K. (2006). Ion accumulation in different

organs of freen bean genotypes grown under salt stress. Plant Soil Environ., 52(10):

476-480.

Yilmaz, C. (2007). Humik ve fulvik asit, Hasad Bitkisel Uretim. Ocak. 260: 74.

Yildirim, B.; Yaser, F.; Ozpay, T.; Ozpay, D.T.; Turkozu, D.; Terziodlu, O. and

Tamkoc, A. (2008). Variations in response to salt stress among field pea genotypes

(Pisum sativum sp. Arvense L.). J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 7: 907-910.

Zhang, X. (1997). Influence of plant growth regulators on turfgrasss growth, antioxidant

status, and drought tolerance. Ph.D. thesis, Fac. Of Virginia Polytechni (Institute

and State University).

Zhang, R.E.; Schmidt and Zhang, X.Z. (2000). Hormone containing products impact on

antioxidant status of tall fescue and creeping bentgrass subject to drought. Crop

Sci., 40: 1344-1349.

Zhao H.J.; Lin X.W.; Shi H.Z. and Chang S.M. (1995). The regulating effects of phenolic

compounds on the physiological characteristics and yield of soybeans. Acta Agron.

Sin., 21 :351-355.

Zhu, J.K. (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Anul. J. Plant Biol.,

14: 267-273.

الملخص العربي

---------------------------------------------------------------- ١ -----------------------------------------------------------------


تأثیر بعض مضادات األكسدة على جودة التقاوي والمحصول في الفول البلدي تحت ظروف اإلجھاد

.الملحياج بالمنصورة تجربة أصص في وحدة تكنولوجیا البذور أجریت وث ت ة بح ي محط ة ف ة حقلی ابعوتجرب ینالعز الت

ك ، ٢٠١١/٢٠١٢ و ٢٠١٠/٢٠١١ ینالشتوی ینالموسم في لمركز البحوث الزراعیة واد وذل ة دور بعض م بغرض دراس

يالطبیعیة مضادات األكسدة ى ف ب عل ارالتغل بعض الضارة اآلث ادمستویات ل ى الملحي اإلجھ و الخضري عل صفات النم

.١الفول البلدي صنف سخا اتنباتل التقاويوالمحصول ومكوناتھ وجودة

)تجربة األصص(التجربة األولى :مستویات من اإلجھاد الملحي ) ٥(اختیار تم -

).الكنترول( لتر/ملیجرام ٣٢٠ -١

.)لتر/ملیجرام( ٢٠٠٠ -٢

.)لتر/ملیجرام( ٤٠٠٠ -٣

.)لتر/ملیجرام( ٦٠٠٠ -٤

. )لتر/ملیجرام( ٨٠٠٠ -٥

: التالیة ألكسدةالمضادة ل مواداختیار ال تمكما -

.)ماء مقطر( الكنترول -١

). لتر/ملیجرام ٢٥٠(السالسیلیك حمض -٢

.)لتر /ملیجرام ٢٥٠( حمض اإلسكوربیك -٣

.)لتر /ملیجرام ١٠٠( التوكوفیرول -٤

.)لتر /ملیجرام ١٠٠٠( حمض الھیومیك -٥

.)لتر /ملیجرام ٢٠٠٠( مستخلص الخمیرة الجافة -٦

الملوحةمن إجھاد مختلفةتحت عده مستویات أقیمت ثالث تجارب أصص على الفول البلدي -

ساعة ١٢تحت التجربة لمدة مضادات األكسدةمنفردة، حیث تم نقع بذور الفول البلدي في مواد تجربة نقع) ١(

.قبل الزراعة

ا تجربة رش ) ٢( نفس منفردة ، حیث تم رش نباتات الفول البلدي بعد نموھ واد مضادات األكسدةب رات م ى فت عل


---------------------------------------------------------------- ٢ -----------------------------------------------------------------

.یوم بعد الزراعة ٣٥و ٢٥

م رش) ٣( ع ث ة نق دة تجرب ذور لم ع الب م نق ى ١٢، ت م الرش عل ة ث ل الزراع واد مضادات االكسدة قب ي م ساعة ف

.یوم بعد الزراعة ٣٥ثم ٢٥ فترات

ودة ومكوناتھ المحصولو الخضريالنمو على صفات االكسدةوذلك لدراسة مدى تأثیر بعض مواد مضادات وج

.تقاوي الفول البلدي تحت مستویات مختلفة من اإلجھاد الملحي

دي عینةوتم أخذ - ول البل ات الف ار من نبات د أعم ة ٩٠، ٤٥عن ة لدراس وم من الزراع و الخضري ی صفات النم

:مثلوذلك خالل موسمي الزراعة

).سم( طول المجموع الخضري -١

).سم( طول المجموع الجذري -٢

).جم( الوزن الغض والجاف للمجموع الخضري -٣

).جم( الوزن الغض والجاف للمجموع الجذري -٤

.)نبات/٢سم(المساحة الورقیة -٥

:لدراسة صفات المحصول و مكوناتھ مثل خمسة نباتات عینة من تم أخذوعند الحصاد -

.نبات/عدد القرون -١

).جم( نبات/وزن القرون -٢

.نبات/عدد البذور -٣

).جم( نبات/البذوروزن -٤

. )جم( بذرة ١٠٠وزن -٥

: یوم من الزراعة ومن تلك التقدیرات ٧٥وذلك في العمر االوراقتوى الكیماوي في تم تقدیر صفات المحكما -

).كلوروفیل أ، ب والكاروتینات(الصبغات -١

.البرولین -٢

.اإلسكوربیك -٣

.الفینوالت الكلیة -٤

.البوتاسیوم والصودیوم -٥

.البروتین -٦


---------------------------------------------------------------- ٣ -----------------------------------------------------------------

-: أھم النتائج المتحصل علیھا كالتاليوكانت - : صفات النمو

ع ( في جمیع التجارب) لتر/ملیجرام ٣٢٠(مقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول مستویات الملوحة جمیعأدت -١ ع –رش –نق نق

وع الخضري والجذري )ثم رش ول المجم ل ط دي مث ول البل ات الف و لنب ع صفات النم األوزان –إلي نقص جمی

ة –الغضة والجافة للمجموع الخضري والجذري ار الفسیولوجیة المختلف ي األعم ك ف ات وذل ة للنب المساحة الورقی

اد الملحي . )٩٠، ٤٥( خالل موسمي الزراعة ر/ملیجرام( ٨٠٠٠وكان مستوى اإلجھ ي )لت أثیرا ف ر ت و األكث ھ

.ھذا الشأن

ل -٢ دة مث ادات األكس ة بمض رت المعامل ك أظھ ن ذل س م ى العك یلیك عل كوربیك –السالس وفیرول –االس -التوك

ك تخلص –الھیومی ةمس رة الحاف حة الخمی ة واض ادة معنوی يزی ة ف مي الزراع الل موس و خ فات النم ع ص جمی

رة، السالسیلیك ،وقد كانت معامالت االسكوربیك .)ماء مقطر(مقارنة بمعاملة الرش بالكنترول ، مستخلص الخمی

ديھي األكثر تأثیرا في زیادة صفات النمو لنبات الھیومیك والتوكوفیرول على التوالي ول البل ي كل مراحل الف ف

. نموه وخالل موسمي الزراعة

ادة -٣ واد المض ین الم ل ب ائج أن التفاع حت النت دةأوض و لألكس فات النم ین ص ى تحس ة أدى إل تویات الملوح و مس

ة ب ة والمنزرع ر معامل ات الغی يالمقارنة بالنبات ل من ف ت أق ادة مازال ذه الزی ة و لكن ھ ة المختلف مستویات الملوح

.نباتات الكنترول

ن -٤ ا م ائج أن أی رت النت دةأظھ ادات األكس ارة مض ار الض ة اآلث ى إزال ا عل ب جزئی ا التغل تخدمة یمكنھ المس

.مرتفعةالناجمة عن مستویات اإلجھاد الملحي ال

: المحصول ومكوناتھ

ىلت النتائج لد -١ ة عل ود عالق ین عكسیةوج ادة ب ول زی ة ومحص ھمستویات الملوح دي ومكونات ول البل ات الف ، نبات

ھ ) لتر/ملیجرام ٨٠٠٠(مستوى الملوحة المرتفع وكان عدد (األكثر تأثیرا في انخفاض صفات المحصول ومكونات

رون ات /الق رون –نب ات /وزن الق ذور –نب دد الب ات /ع ذور –نب ات /وزن الب ذرة ١٠٠وزن –نب ارب ) ب ي تج ف

.أثناء موسمي الزراعة )نقع ثم رش –رش –نقع ( األصص الثالث

دي مضادات األكسدةجمیع -٢ ول البل ول الف ي محص ة ف ادة ملحوظ المستخدمة في أي من التجارب الثالث أدت إلى زی

والي وكانت معاومكوناتھ ى الت وفیرول عل ك والتوك رة، الھیومی كوربیك، السالسیلیك، مستخلص الخمی مالت االس

. )ماء مقطر(مقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول ھي األكثر كفاءة في ھذا الشأن


---------------------------------------------------------------- ٤ -----------------------------------------------------------------

ھ مضادات األكسدةأدت معامالت التفاعل بین -٣ ول ومكونات ى تحسین المحص المختلفة و مستویات اإلجھاد الملحي إل

.وسمي الزراعة، بینما ظلت ھذه النتائج أقل من الكنترولخالل م

ة عن مستویات تخفیضإلى ألكسدةل ةمضادالمواد الأدت المعاملة ب -٤ ةاآلثار الضارة الناجم ان الملوح ة و ك المرتفع

را السالسیلیك ثم متبوع ب من حیث تأثیره كفاءة األكثراالسكوربیك ھو ك وأخی م الھیومی مستخلص الخمیرة الجافة ث

. التوكوفیرول

: یةئالمحتویات البیوكیما

. الفینوالت الكلیة –اإلسكوربیك –البرولین – )كلوروفیل أ، ب والكاروتینات(الصبغات

م رش –رش –نقع (في أي من تجارب األصص أدت معامالت اإلجھاد الملحي .١ ع ث وي ) نق ي محت اض ف ى انخف إل

مقارنة برولین، محتوى االسكوربیك والفینوالت ال في حین أدت إلي زیادة محتوي ،الكاروتین ،)أ، ب(الكلوروفیل

.خالل موسمي النمو لنباتات الفول البلدي) لتر/ملیجرام ٣٢٠(بمعاملة الكنترول

ادة .٢ ي زی ات البیوكیماأدت المعاملة بالمواد المضادة لألكسدة إل ع المحتوی وى الصبغات وجمی ات ئیمحت ة بنبات ة مقارن

أثرا األعلىھي ) لتر/ملیجرام ٢٥٠(وكانت المعاملة بحمض االسكوربیك ).الكنترول(الفول البلدي الغیر معاملة ت

.فى ھذا الشأن

ارب .٣ ي التج تخدمة ف دة المس ادات األكس ي ومض اد الملح تویات اإلجھ ین مس ل ب ا أدى التفاع ادة كم ي زی ثالث إل ال

م ئیالمحتویات البیوكیما ة مقارنة بالكنترول، وكانت أكثر مضادات األكسدة فاعلیھ ھي االسكوربیك ثم السالسیلیك ث

. مستخلص الخمیرة ثم الھیومیك وأخیرا التوكوفیرول

:محتوى الصودیوم والبوتاسیوم

إلي ) نقع ثم رش –رش –نقع (في أي من تجارب األصص أدت المعامالت المختلفة من مستویات إجھاد الملوحة -

وع ي كل من المجم زیادة المحتوى من عنصر الصودیوم، في حین أدى ذلك إلى قلة محتوى عنصر البوتاسیوم ف

دي رول الخضري والجذري لنبات الفول البل ة الكنت ة بمعامل ر/ملیجرام ٣٢٠(مقارن ة )لت ٨٠٠٠، وسجلت المعامل

.ي زیادة فى محتوى الصودیوم وأقل محتوى فى محتوى البوتاسیومأعل) لتر/ملیجرام(

ر - وى عنص ل محت ین ق ي ح یوم ف ر البوتاس وى عنص ادة محت ي زی ة إل دة المختلف ادات األكس ة بمض أدت المعامل

).ماء مقطر( الصودیوم في كل من المجموع الخضري والجذري لنبات الفول البلدي مقارنة بنباتات الكنترول

وى المحتوى من تقلیل إلى األكسدةبمضادات والمعاملةبین مستویات الملوحة أدى التفاعل - ادة محت الصودیوم وزی

.البوتاسیوم في كل من المجموع الخضري والجذري لنباتات الفول البلدي


---------------------------------------------------------------- ٥ -----------------------------------------------------------------

: معدل الصودیوم إلى البوتاسیوم

ة - تویات الملوح ع مس اربأدت جمی ل التج ى ك ة ف ت الدراس ع ( تح م رش –رش –نق ع ث دل ) نق ادة مع ي زی إل

ةالصودیوم إلي البوتاسیوم فى كل من مي الزراع دي خالل موس ول البل ات الف وع الخضري والجذري لنبات المجم

).لتر/ملیجرام ٣٢٠(عند المقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول

ي كل تجارب األصصأدت المعاملة بمواد مضادات األكسدة المستخدمة في - ى نقص واضح ف وى األوراق إل محت

.ماء مقطر(مقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول الصودیوم إلى البوتاسیومنسبة والجذور من

ة - دي نتیج ول البل ات الف ي تحدث لنبات ار الضارة الت ى اآلث ي عل ب الجزئ ي التغل أدت المعاملة بمضادات األكسدة إل

.لصودیوم إلي البوتاسیومزیادة محتوى عنصر انتیجة اإلجھاد الناجم عن مستویات اإلجھاد الملحي

: نسبة البروتین

ة - اد الملوح رول انخفضت نسبة البروتین لبذور الفول البلدي تحت المستویات المختلفة من إجھ ة الكنت ة بمعامل مقارن

.)رشثم نقع –رش –نقع (خالل موسمي الزراعة في جمیع التجارب تحت الدراسة

ة - دة المختلف ادات األكس ة بمض ىأدت المعامل روتین إل بة الب ادة نس واد زی نفس م ة ب ر معامل ات الغی ة بالنبات مقارن

.)ماء مقطر( مضادات األكسدة

اد - دة ومستویات اإلجھ ادات األكس ین مض يالتفاعل ب ة الملح روتین مقارن ادة نسبة الب ى زی ات أدى إل ر بالنبات الغی

.في المستویات العالیة من الملوحة النتائج أقل من الكنترول ولكن ظلت ھذهمعاملة

ت - ائج دل ي النت اد عل ة عن مستویات اإلجھ ار الضارة الناجم ل اآلث ى تقلی واد المضادة لألكسدة أدى إل أن إضافة الم

.الزراعة موسميالبذور خالل فيلبروتین لالمرتفعة الملحي

)تجربة الحقل(التجربة الثانیة

تم إجراء تجربة حقلیة في محطة بحوث تاج العز حیث تم اختیار منطقتان في المزرعة یختلفان في مستوى ملوحة -

:التربة، وكانت كالتالي

.)لتر/ملجم( ١٩٠٠: المنطقة األولى -١

. )لتر/ملجم( ٣٢٠٠: المنطقة الثانیة -٢

-التوكوفیرول -حمض االسكوربیك - السالسیلیك حمض (تم نقع بذور الفول البلدي في المواد المضادة لألكسدة -

یوم ٤٥، ٣٠ساعة ، و تم رش النباتات بنفس المواد عند ١٢لمدة ) مستخلص الخمیرة الجافة - حمض الھیومیك

.من الزراعة


---------------------------------------------------------------- ٦ -----------------------------------------------------------------

–ارتفاع النبات ( الخضرينباتات عشوائیا من كل وحدة تجریبیة عند الحصاد لدراسة صفات النمو ١٠تم أخذ -

.لنباتل )الجافزن وال –الوزن الغض – النبات/الكلیة الورقیة المساحة

.للنبات )محصول الفدان –وزن البذور –قرون الوزن –عدد القرون(تم دراسة صفات المحصول و مكوناتھ -

: یليو كان من أھم النتائج المتحصل علیھا ما -: صفات النمو

و -١ فات النم ع ص اض جمی ي انخف ة إل ت التجرب ة تح تویات الملوح ريأدت مس ة الخض دي مقارن ول البل ات الف لنبات

ة ة مستوي الملوح ر/ملیجرام( ٣٢٠٠بمعاملة الكنترول، وسجلت معامل اض ) لت ي درجات االنخف يأعل صفات ف

.النمو

ادة -٢ واد المض افة الم ة بإض ادة معنوی و زادت زی فات النم ع ص دةجمی یلیك ( لألكس ض السالس ض -حم حم

وفیرول -االسكوربیك ك -التوك ة -حمض الھیومی رة الجاف ة )مستخلص الخمی ة بالمقارن ر معامل ات الغی ع النبات م

.مستویات الملوحة التي تم اختیارھانفس في )الكنترول(

ة األول -٣ ي مستوي الملوح أثیرا ف ر ت ر/ملجم( ١٩٠٠كانت المواد المضادة لألكسدة أكث ر مضادات ) لت ت أكث وكان

ى ثم األكسدة تأثرا ھي حمض االسكوربیك وفیرول عل م التوك ك ث رة، الھیومی حمض السالسیلیك، مستخلص الخمی

.التوالي

-: صفات المحصول و مكوناتھ

رون ( أدت المعاملة بمواد مضادات األكسدة زیادة معنویة واضحة في جمیع صفات المحصول و مكوناتھ -١ عدد الق

ات –وزن البذور للنبات –وزن قرون النبات –للنبات دان للنب ت ) محصول الف اد الملحي تح ي مستویات اإلجھ ف

).الكنترول(الدراسة خاصة في المستوى األول مقارنة مع النباتات الغیر معاملة

اد ألكسدةل ةمضادأظھرت النتائج أن المعاملة بالمواد ال -٢ أدى إلى تقلیل اآلثار الضارة الناجمة عن مستویات اإلجھ

ان دي، و ك ول البل ات الف ھ لنبات ول و مكونات فات المحص ى ص ة عل ي المرتفع ض الملح كوربیك حم ٢٥٠(االس

.ھو األكثر تأثیرا في ھذا المجال)لتر/ملیجرام

)تجربة المعمل(التجربة الثالثة

معمل على بذور نباتات الفول البلدي الناتجة من تجربة األصص أقیمت تجربة معملیة تحت ظروف ال

، حمض اإلسكوربیك )لتر/ملیجرام٢٥٠(حمض السالسیلیك ([لدراسة تأثیر بعض مواد مضادات األكسدة


---------------------------------------------------------------- ٧ -----------------------------------------------------------------

ومستخلص ) لتر/ملیجرام١٠٠٠(، حمض الھیومیك )لتر/ملیجرام١٠٠(، الفاتوكوفیرول )لتر/ملیجرام٢٥٠(

لتر، /ملیجرام ٢٠٠٠لتر،/ملیجرام٣٢٠(مستویات الملوحة المختلفة بعض و ])لتر/ملیجرام٢٠٠٠(الخمیرة

:وذلك على صفات )لتر/ملیجرام ٨٠٠٠لتر و/ملیجرام٦٠٠٠لتر ، /ملیجرام٤٠٠٠

.نسبة اإلنبات -١

.دلیل سرعة اإلنبات -٢

).سم(طول الریشة والجذیر -٣

. دلیل قوة البادرات -٤

٣٢٠(إلي انخفاض جمیع صفات جودة البذور مقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول جمیع مستویات الملوحة تحت الدراسة أدت -

.أعلي قیم االنخفاض لصفات جودة البذور) لتر/ملیجرام( ٨٠٠٠كما سجل مستوى الملوحة ). لتر/ملیجرام

أدى استخدام مواد مضادات األكسدة تحت الدراسة إلي تحسن ملحوظ في صفات جودة البذور مقارنة بمعاملة -

).ماء مقطر(ول الكنتر

أدى التفاعل بین مستویات الملوحة المختلفة واستخدام مواد مضادات األكسدة إلي تقلیل الضرر الناتج عن أجھاد -

.الملوحة وتحسین صفات وجودة البذور

یةــــوصــالت

النمو صفات یتضح من ھذا البحث انھ یمكن التغلب على اآلثار الضارة لإلجھاد الناشئ عن ملوحة التربة على

لنبات الفول البلدي باستخدام المواد المضادة لألكسدة الطبیعیة البیوكیمائیةالمحتویات ھ وتانوومكوالمحصول الخضري

رشا ،اآلمنة نقعا معا وزیادة إنتاجیتھا من إجھاد ملوحة التربةمقاومة إليحیث أدي استخدام ھذه المواد ، أو نقعا ورشا

األراضي التي بھا نسبة مزید من األرض الزراعیة وذلك بإضافة رقعة وبذلك یمكن زیادة مساحة . محصول الفول البلدي

وبیئ اآلمنةبعض المواد باستخدامملوحة إلى المساحة المنزرعة أصال وذلك من مضادات األكسدة مما ینعكس یا صحیا

.البلديفول الباإلیجاب على زیادة محصول

إقــرار

المسجل لدرجة الدكتوراه بقسم النبات -محمد طھ عبد الرحمن زلمھ / أقر أنا .جامعة المنصورة، بأن رسالة الدكتوراه حدیثة ولم تنشر من قبل –كلیة الزراعة –الزراعي

-:باللغة العربیة العنوانالبلدي تحت ظروف تأثیر بعض مضادات األكسدة على جودة التقاوي والمحصول في الفول

.اإلجھاد الملحي - :العنوان باللغة اإلنجلیزیة -

"Effect of some antioxidants on seed quality and yield of faba bean

under salinity stress"

-:األبحاث المنشورةعدد

المنشور بھا البحث اتالمجلة أو الدوری عنوان البحث األبحاث

١ Response of faba bean plants to

application of some growth promoters under salinity stress conditions.

J. Plant production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 5 (1): 79-94, 2014

اسم الطالب

محمد طھ عبد الرحمن زلمھ

مسجل لدرجة الدكتوراه بقسم النبات الزراعي

جامعة المنصورة

الزراعةكلیة الزراعى قسم النبات

تأثیر بعض مضادات األكسدة على جودة التقاوي والمحصول .في الفول البلدي تحت ظروف اإلجھاد الملحي

رسالة مقدمة من

مھـمن زلـھ عبد الرحـد طـمـحـم

)١٩٩٩( جامعة المنصورة -ة كلیة الزراع -الزراعیة المحاصیل قسم - بكالوریوس العلوم الزراعیة )٢٠٠٧( المنصورةجامعة - كلیة الزراعة - الزراعیة محاصیلقسم -ماجستیر العلوم الزراعیة

الفلسفة دكتوراه كجزء من المتطلبات للحصول على درجة

فى العلوم الزراعیة) نبات زراعى (

رافـــــاإلش

األستاذ الدكتور قرـھ صـب طـــمح

لوجیا النباتفسیو ذأستا جامعة المنصورة –كلیة الزراعة

األستاذ الدكتور زین العابدین عبد الحمید محمد

الزراعيأستاذ النبات جامعة المنصورة –كلیة الزراعة

األستاذ الدكتور مروءة إسماعیل عطا

قسم بحوث تكنولوجیا البذور –رئیس بحوث معھد بحوث المحاصیل الحقلیة

٢٠١٤

المنصورة جامعة الزراعةكلیة

الزراعى قسم النبات

ونــالمشرف

تأثیر بعض مضادات األكسدة على جودة التقاوي -:عنوان الرسالةوالمحصول في الفول البلدي تحت ظروف اإلجھاد

.الملحي

محمد طھ عبد الرحمن زلمھ - :البـاحـث اســـم

- :لجنة اإلشراف االسم م

التوقیع الوظیفة

قرــھ صــب طــمح /د.أ ١ الزراعي أستاذ فسیولوجیا النبات جامعة المنصورة –كلیة الزراعة

زین العابدین عبد الحمید محمد /د.أ ٢ النبات ورئیس قسم أستاذ

كلیة الزراعة – الزراعي ة المنصورةجامع

عطامحمد مروءة إسماعیل / د.أ ٣قسم بحوث –رئیس بحوث

معھد بحوث –تكنولوجیا البذور المحاصیل الحقلیة

رئیس القسم

زین العابدین عبد الحمید محمد /د.ا

وكیل الكلیة للدراسات العلیا والبحوث

یاسر محمد نور الدین شبانھ /د.ا

عمید الكلیة

یاسر مختار الحدیدي /د.ا

جامعة المنصورة

الزراعةكلیة الزراعى قسم النبات

قرار لجنة المناقشة والحكم

تأثیر بعض مضادات األكسدة على جودة التقاوي والمحصول :عنوان الرسالة .في الفول البلدي تحت ظروف اإلجھاد الملحي

محمد طھ عبد الرحمن زلمھ: اســــم البـاحـث

: رافـلجنة اإلش التوقیع الوظیفة االسم م

الزراعي أستاذ فسیولوجیا النبات محب طھ صقر /د.أ ١ جامعة المنصورة –كلیة الزراعة

زین العابدین عبد الحمید محمد /د.أ ٢ النبات الزراعي ورئیس قسم أستاذ جامعة المنصورة –كلیة الزراعة

مروءة إسماعیل عطا /د.أ ٣قسم بحوث تكنولوجیا –رئیس بحوث

معھد بحوث المحاصیل –البذور الحقلیة

:لجنة المناقشة والحكم التوقیع الوظیفة االسم م

الزراعي أستاذ فسیولوجیا النبات محب طھ صقر /د.أ ١جامعة المنصورة – كلیة الزراعة

الزراعي النباتفسیولوجیا ستاذ أ حسني محمد عبد الدایم /د.أ ٢بنھا جامعة – مشتھر كلیة زراعة

الزراعي أستاذ فسیولوجیا النبات محمود محمد درویش /د.أ ٣ جامعة المنصورة – كلیة الزراعة

زین العابدین عبد الحمید محمد /د.أ ٤ النبات الزراعي ورئیس قسم أستاذ جامعة المنصورة –كلیة الزراعة

٢٠١٤ / / : اریخ المناقشة ت

عمید الكلیة كیل الكلیة للدراسات العلیا والبحوثو رئیس القسم

یاسر مختار الحدیدي /د.ا یاسر محمد نور الدین شبانھ /د.ا زین العابدین عبد الحمید محمد /د.ا

effect of some antioxidants on seed quality and yield … · mohamed taha abd al-rahman zalama b....

Documents