Construction and Building Materials 44 (2013) 639–644

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Construction and Building Materials

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Effect of aggregate surface properties on chip seal retention performance

0950-0618/$ - see front matter � 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.060

⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 352 207 6666x32402; fax: +90 352 437 5784.E-mail address: baktas@erciyes.edu.tr (B. Aktas�).

Bekir Aktas� a,⇑, Mustafa Karas�ahin b, Mehmet Saltan c, Cahit Gürer d, Volkan Emre Uz e

a Department of Civil Engineering of Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkeyb Department of Civil Engineering of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkeyc Department of Civil Engineering of Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkeyd Department of Civil Engineering of Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkeye Department of Civil Engineering of Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

h i g h l i g h t s

� Surface properties of the aggregate play an important role on aggregate binder adhesion.� Performance of precoated aggregate considerably better in compare to dusty and clean aggregate.� Modified binder demonstrated better chip retention than the neat binder.

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 21 December 2012Received in revised form 13 March 2013Accepted 15 March 2013Available online 19 April 2013

Keywords:Chip sealRetentionAdhesionPerformance

a b s t r a c t

A common distress type of chip seals is scabbing (loss of aggregate) which is caused by insufficientadhesion between aggregate and binder. Both the physical and chemical properties of the aggregateand binder play important roles on aggregate binder adhesion. This study focuses on evaluating theeffects of aggregate surface properties on adhesion performance of chip seals using Accelerated Chip SealSimulation Device (HSKSC) test procedure. 100/150 penetration neat and modified bitumen were used inexperiments as binder. Also, clean, dusty and precoated forms of three different type aggregates wereused in HSKSC tests. The results showed that performance of precoated aggregate considerably betterin compare to dusty and clean aggregate. In addition modified binder demonstrated better chip retentionthan the neat binder.

� 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Chip seal is one of the pavement surface treatments that com-bine a layer of bituminous binder and with a layer of aggregate.It is preferred much more than other types of surface treatmentsbecause of low initial costs and, it’s easy and fast construction.There are two principal distress modes in chip seals. Bleeding orflushing and scabbing (loss of aggregate) are the common typesof deterioration. Bleeding is usually caused by hot weather andthe application of over amount of asphalt. Hence asphalt rises uponto the surface. Scabbing occurs as a result of reduction in aggre-gate-binder adhesion due to effecting parameters such as traffic,climate and aggregate properties [1]. Generally, the major aggre-gate loss takes places during the initial traffic [2]. The performanceof chip seals mostly depends on the effectiveness of the aggregate-binder bond. Adequate bond between the aggregate and binderminimize the risk of scabbing deteriorations and contributes toachieving a better chip seal performance. The bond between

aggregate and binder is a function of mechanical, chemical, electro-static and adhesive bonding mechanisms. Both the physical andchemical properties of the aggregate and binder play importantroles on chip seal’s scabbing performance. Porosity, gradation, sur-face area, surface condition, dust content, mineralogy and surfacechemistry are the aggregate characteristics that affect adhesion be-tween aggregate and binder. In regard to binder characteristics,surface energy, chemical composition and viscosity at the time ofaggregate spreading affect the bonding mechanism [3–5].

Polymer modified binder is enhanced performance of chip sealsbecause of the its positive contribute to adhesion, cohesion andelastic properties [6,7]. Chip seals where polymer-modified binderis used which have tougher, more resilient surface characteristicsthan unmodified chip seals [8]. Bahia et al. [9] reported that mod-ified binders represent as much as 15% of the total annual tonnageof asphalt binder used in the United States and this percentage isexpected to increase in the coming decade. However, any studyfound in the literature about the percentage use of modified binderin pavement preservation.

Pennsylvania Aggregate Retention Test, Sweeping Test (ASTM7000), Aggregate Retention Test (Tex-216-F) and Vialit Tests are

640 B. Aktas� et al. / Construction and Building Materials 44 (2013) 639–644

used to evaluate aggregate retention performance for chip seals.Each method has various sample fabrication method and appliesa different form of mechanical energy to evaluate aggregate-binderadhesion. But, none of these methods applies a mechanical wheelload simulating real traffic conditions. However, a third scalemodel mobile loading simulator (MMLS3) was developed by NorthCaroline State University to evaluate performance of surface treat-ment applications and has been used successfully [10]. Lee [11]used MMLS3 to assess the effects of various parameters on aggre-gate retention and bleeding deterioration of chip seals. The resultsof the study showed that the test method using with MMLS3 con-tribute to supporting the current surface treatment design and todetermine its performance [12]. Another simulation device whichis Accelerated Chip Seal Simulation Device (HSKSC) was developedin Turkey [13] to assess the chip seal performance in laboratorycondition. To evaluate performance of pavements using with thisdevices are more realistic because of the fact that traffic loadingmechanism close to field condition and ambient temperature canbe controlled. Although these methods are not replace current chipseal tests due to time consuming, it can contribute to understandperformance of surface treatments under various traffic volumeand environmental effect realistically in laboratory.

As mentioned before numerous parameters affect on adhesionbetween aggregate and binder. This study focuses on evaluatingthe effects of aggregate surface properties on adhesion perfor-mance of chip seals by using Accelerated Chip Seal SimulationDevice (HSKSC) test procedure.

2. Materials and method

2.1. Materials

In this study, three types of crushed stone were used: Type-C Basalt (CB-be-tween No. 4-3/800 sieves), Type-C Limestone (CK-between No. 4-3/800 sieves) andType-B Basalt (BB-between No. 10 – No. 4 sieves). Aggregates, CB, CK, and BB weresupplied from Cankurtaran quarry in Bolu region, Yellitepe quarry in Eskisehir re-gion and Kartal Hill quarry in Kayseri region, respectively. Gradation charts ofaggregates are given in Fig. 1. The results of the physical and mechanical tests ofthe aggregates are shown in Table 1.

Whole rock major and trace element analysis’ of aggregate specimens was per-formed in ACME Analytical Laboratories (Vancouver) Ltd. Rare earth and refractoryelements were determined by ICP mass spectrometry following a lithium metabo-rate/tetraborate fusion and nitric acid digestion of a 0.2 g sample. In addition, aseparate 0.5 g split was digested in Aqua Regia and analyzed by ICP mass spectrom-etry to determine the precious and base metals. Results of this analysis of theaggregates are presented in Table 2.

Neat and modified 100/150 penetration bitumens were used in this study.Modified bitumen was produced with BASF Butanol NS 175 at ratio of 4%. Typicalproperties of neat and modified binders were given in Table 3.

0

25

50

75

100

Per

cent

Pas

sing

, %

Sieve Size Raised to the 0.45 Power

CB

CK

BB

Fig. 1. Gradation charts of aggregates.

2.2. Experimental setup

HSKSC which was developed under the project number TUBITAK 107G081 isbidirectional vehicle load simulator. Loading system is in a climate cabin and vari-ous traffic loads can be applied under different climate conditions. HSKSC systemworks pneumatically. There are three main units of the device. First unit providesback and forth moves of the wheel through a pneumatic piston on the mold’slongitudinal direction. Second unit is used to position the wheel on the mold’stransverse direction so that multiple samples can be tested at the same time andcondition. Lastly, wheel loading unit can apply up to 1500 kgf on the specimens.All these units can be controlled by an external microprocessor-controlled, pro-grammable electronic panel. Fig. 2 shows units of HSKSC and climate cabin. HSKSCis comprised one pneumatic tire. The tire is 48.5 cm in diameter and inflated to70 psi. The wheel travel at a speed of about 1500 wheel application per hour, whichcorresponds to a dynamic loading of 0.42 Hz on the specimen surface.

It is possible to construct different pavement configurations up to 800 mmheight by using different pavement materials and various layer thicknesses in themain mold system. Dimensions of the main mold are 1.0 m (width) � 1.4 m(length). Height of the mold is adjustable through the frames which can interlockwith each other. As the aim of this study was to investigate chip seal scabbing per-formance, the top frame of the mold was replaced with modified one for chip sealspecimens. This frame enables to construct chip seal specimens without lowerstructural layers. Modified frame consists of three rectangular slots for specimenplates. Dimensions of plates 15 cm (width) � 50 cm (length). This dimension wasdetermined according to width of tire (14 cm) and main mold dimension. Hence,the wheel is in contact with the entire surface of the specimen during loading. Inthis study, all chip seal specimens were tested under 500 kgf approximately. Atlower loading levels, slightly higher deviations from standard loading level wereobserved because of pneumatic system instability. It is agreed that higher loadinglevel is not necessary by reason of chip seals are produced on a rigid plate. It mustbe considered in all test were performed at the same loading conditions.

Aggregate and binder application design rates were determined in accordancewith Austroads sprayed seal design method [15]. In this method aggregate and bin-der application rates are calculated by aggregate average least dimension and otheraffected parameters. The design objective is for the residual binder to be about50–65% of the height of the aggregate layer 2 years after construction. The quantityof binder required will depend on the size, shape and orientation of the aggregateparticles, embedment of aggregate into the base, texture of surface onto whichthe seal is being applied, and absorption of binder into either the pavement oraggregate. All the materials that were used in the experimental studies werecalculated separately taking into consideration their properties. As to specimen fab-rication, the binder was heated to 150 �C and poured on the plate at design appli-cation rate, and the pre-weighted aggregate was applied to the asphalt cementimmediately. Later, the aggregates were compacted using the rubbirezed Vialit testcylinder [16] for three full cycles along the wheel pass direction of the specimen.The specimens were cured at 25 �C for 24 h. Before each specimen was fastenedto main HSKSC device, the specimens were turned vertically and loose aggregateswere removed by lightly brushing [17].

To simulate the worst condition in field in respect to aggregate loss perfor-mance, the water was poured on the specimens and performance tests were con-ducted under water condition. To eliminate temperature effect on chip sealaggregate loss performance, the temperature was not changed during the tests.All HSKSC tests were performed at 25 �C. Fig. 3 shows a view of specimens in waterduring the wheel passing. The weight of the specimens was measured before andafter the HSKSC test to determine the aggregate loss. In addition, dislodged aggre-gates were collected after each 500th, 1000th and 2500th passes and weighted afterdrying. The percentage of aggregate loss was calculated by the following equation:

Aggregate Loss ð%Þ ¼ ððWf �WiÞ=WiÞ � 100 ð1Þ

where Wf is the final aggregate weight after the HSKSC test and Wi is initial aggregateweight before the test.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Performances of neat and modified binders

Polymers are added to bituminous binders to improve perfor-mance of surface treatments. The advantages of using polymermodified asphalt binder in chip seal applications over conventionalbinder include: reduced temperature susceptibility, improved stiff-ness and cohesion, improved flexibility, and toughness, improvedbinder-aggregate adhesion and improved resistance to in-serviceageing [2,18–20]. The effect of two different types of bituminousbinder on chip seal performance was evaluated by HSKSC test. Inthis group of experiments neat and modified binder were usedwith two types of basalt and one type of limestone aggregates to

Table 1Physical and mechanical properties of aggregates.

Aggregatecode

Specific gravity and absorption values Los Angeles abrasion(%)

Flat and elongated particles(%)

Soundness(%)

Dust content(%)

Stripping test[14]

Dry bulk specific gravity (g/cm3)

Absorption(%)

CB 2.560 2.1 18.2 10.4 0.3 1.05 25CK 2.681 0.2 25.2 22.1 1.2 1.48 80BB 2.657 1.3 11.0 9.4 2.6 1.30 85

Table 2Chemical compositions of aggregate specimens.

Aggregate sample SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO Cr2O3 Loss of ignition

CB 60.60 16.81 5.66 1.98 4.81 4.66 2.77 1.02 0.37 0.09 0.007 1.00CK 1.51 0.39 0.18 0.26 55.24 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.09 <0.01 <0.002 42.1BB 55.25 17.56 7.02 3.37 6.64 4.21 2.07 0.71 0.24 0.09 0.003 2.5

Table 3Typical properties of neat and modified binder.

Properties Neat binder Mod. binder Specification

Penetration grade 100/150 100/150-%4Penetration at 25 �C 133 90 ASTM D 5Softening point 44 �C 47.2 �C ASTM D 36DSR (G�/sind > 1 kPa) 52 �C 63 �C AASHTO T315

B. Aktas� et al. / Construction and Building Materials 44 (2013) 639–644 641

produce chip seal specimens. The aggregate application rates of7.39 kg/m2, 6.70 kg/m2, 4.42 kg/m2 and the binder applicationrates of 1.00 l/m2, 0.93 l/m2 and 0.73 l/m2 were determined forCB, CK and BB, respectively. Aggregate loss performances of thisgroup of experiments were shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 shows the HSKSC test results of BB, CB and CK group ofaggregate respectively for two types of binder. In general, theaggregate losses increase as the number of wheel loading increase.It is clearly seen that most of the aggregate loss occurs during inthe initial wheel loading and aggregate loss trend is decreasingwith the increase of wheel loading. To determine aggregate loss

Fig. 2. A View of HSKSC

with wheel passes various functions have been tried and logarith-mic function was selected according to their best determination ofregression coefficients. At the end of the HSKSC tests, aggregatelosses for neat and modified binder were determined 5.38% and4.02% for BB group of aggregate, 7.06% and 3.99% for CB group ofaggregate and 5.18% and 2.92% for CK group of aggregate respec-tively. Generally aggregates with high silica content are usuallyacidic, while aggregates with low silica contents are considered ba-sic. Also acidic aggregates are hydrophilic (water loving) and whilebasic aggregates are hydrophobic (water hating). For this reason,acidic aggregates susceptible to stripping than basic aggregates[4]. So according to the test results aggregates losses of CB sampleswith the highest silica content (60.6%) is higher than other samples(CK, BB). Although the all results are better when using the modi-fied binder but the test results of basalt aggregates with modifiedbinder (CB, BB) are worse than the limestone CK aggregate withmodified binder. Fig. 4 illustrates the improvements of aggregateretention performance in the modified binder for all types of aggre-gates used in chip seal specimens. As it clearly seen modified bin-der offer demonstrably improved rates of aggregate retention

and climate cabin.

Fig. 3. A view of specimens under water condition during the wheel passing.

y = 1.09ln(x) -3.75R² = 0.97

y = 0.81ln(x) -3.11R² = 0.93

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Agg

rega

te L

oss,

%

Wheel Passing

BB

B100/150 B100/150-%4 Mod

y = 1.37ln(x) -4.37R² = 0.95

y = 1.21ln(x) -6.62R² = 0.93

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Agg

rega

te L

oss,

%

Wheel Passing

CB

B100/150 B100/150-%4 Mod

y = 0.96ln(x) -3.01R² = 0.98

y = 0.92ln(x) -4.77R² = 0.97

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Agg

rega

te L

oss,

%

Wheel Passing

CK

B100/150 B100/150-%4 Mod

Fig. 4. Aggregate loss performances for all types of aggregates with two types of binder.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Agg

rega

te L

oss,

%

Wheel Passing

BB

Dusty Clean Precoated

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Agg

rega

te L

oss,

%

Wheel Passing

CB

Dusty Clean Precoated

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Agg

rega

te L

oss,

%

Wheel Passing

CK

Dusty Clean Precoated

Fig. 5. Aggregate loss performances for all types of aggregates for dusty, clean and precoated conditions.

642 B. Aktas� et al. / Construction and Building Materials 44 (2013) 639–644

performance, hence it could provide acceptable performance onboth high and low volume roads.

3.2. Performances of dusty, clean and precoated aggregate in HSKSCtest

Dust is defined as the percentage of fine material that is smallerthan 0.07 mm (passes the No. 200 sieve). Dust has adverse affect toadhesion between aggregate and binder. Hence, it is one of the ma-jor causes of aggregate retention problems [1]. Dust on aggregateshas a tendency to trap air when mixed with bitumen and conse-quently weaken the adhesion between bituminous binder andaggregate. It also promotes stripping by creating channels at theinterface, through which water can penetrate [4]. The percentageof dust is specified as a maximum of 1–2% at the time of aggregate

manufacture by many chip seal specifications. To improve betterbonding between aggregate and binder, chip seal aggregatesshould be clean and dry. In addition to use clean aggregate, aggre-gate precoating process can be used to increase the performance ofthe chip seal. Precoated aggregates substantially shorten the re-quired curing time by minimizing the aggregate dust and moistureproblems. The application rate of precoating depends on physicaland surface properties of aggregate, aggregate’s dust content, andtype of precoating material [21]. In general, precoated aggregateis used with penetration bitumen binders. In order to investigatethe performances of clean, dusty and precoated condition for BB,CB and CK group of aggregates, HSKSC tests were performed. Allthe tests were conducted under water condition and at 25 �C cabintemperature. Dust contents of the aggregates are given in Table 1.In this study, the amount of dust content used in the aggregate’s

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

Dusty Clean Precoated Dusty Clean Precoated Dusty Clean Precoated

KCBCBB

Agg

rega

te L

oss

(%)

Fig. 6. Comparing final aggregate losses of BB, CB ve CK for dusty, clean andprecoated conditions.

B. Aktas� et al. / Construction and Building Materials 44 (2013) 639–644 643

samples are same because, it is almost impossible to generate samedust content on the aggregate samples. Previous experimentalstudies conducted by the authors show that same amount of dustcontent was added to the clean aggregate samples but the dustdoes not retained the aggregate surfaces. Indeed, Senadheera andTock [3] generated artificially dust on aggregate samples but theyobtain various dust content according to type of aggregate sam-ples. Because, physical properties of aggregate (porosity, surfacetexture, electrical charge condition, etc.), handling, aggregate type,wearing properties, time of storage, etc. effects the amount of re-tained dust content on the aggregate surface. Therefore, in thisstudy naturally dusty aggregate samples were used and deter-mined their dust contents. The application rate for aggregates weredetermined with Vialit Plate Test method in previous study [22].Fig. 5 presents the aggregate loss performance of BB, CB and CKaggregates for dusty, clean and precoated conditions.

A logarithmic aggregate loss trend is seen for the chip seal spec-imens of all three aggregates. It is also clearly seen that most of theaggregate loss take place during the initial traffic and with an in-crease in the number of passing, loss of aggregate has also in-creased. The most important reason can be shown thataggregates have not reached the effective embedment depths.Indeed aggregate retention could be seen due to aggregates reachthe effective embedment depths by way of traffic’s rolling. Aggre-gate loss of dusty and clean samples of BB close to each other be-cause the sample’s average least dimension (ALD) is higher thanother (CB, CK). In addition, all the charts show that precoatedaggregate demonstrated considerably better performance in com-pare to dusty and clean aggregate. As it is expected aggregate lossof clean aggregate occurred less than dusty aggregate. This studyclearly shows the importance of aggregate surface condition onaggregate-binder retention performance. Regarding to aggregategradations effects; three types of crushed stone were used in thisstudy. CB (Basalt-between No. 4-3/800 sieves), CK (Limestone-be-tween No. 4-3/800 sieves) and BB (Basalt-between No. 10 – No. 4sieves). Of these aggregates CB and CK are almost same gradationbut BB is finer than the others. To evaluate gradation effect onaggregate loss performance, three aggregate gradations were usedthe experimental studies. CB and BB group of aggregates wereassessed together because of their types and silica contents.According to test results BB showed better performance than CBin dusty condition. In clean and precoated condition, the resultsof the both aggregate groups were almost same.

Aggregate loss percentages of clean, dusty, precoated specimensat the end of the 5000 wheel passes for shown in Fig. 6.

4. Conclusion and recommendation

In this study the adhesion performance of chip seals was evalu-ated using the HSKSC under a variety of factors. Based on the

experimental results presented in this paper, the following conclu-sions can be drawn:

� The results confirm that most of the aggregate loss occurs dur-ing the initial wheel loading and the trend decreases with theincrease of wheel passes. Aggregate loss can be expressed withlogarithmic functions which give the best determination ofregression coefficients.� Precoated aggregate demonstrated considerably better perfor-

mance in compare to dusty and clean aggregate. As it isexpected, aggregate loss of clean aggregate occurred less thandusty aggregate. The importance of aggregate surface conditionon aggregate-binder retention performance was clearly beingestablished with this study. Especially the experiment resultsunder water conditions showed that use of precoated aggregatesignificantly reduces the potential scabbing distress.� The results showed that modified binder improve the adhesion

between binder and aggregate which results in better chipretention. Therefore, in selection of modified binder for chipseal construction which is especially under heavy traffic andhot climate condition will provide better performance.

Acknowledgements

This study was sponsored by the Turkish Scientific and Techno-logical Research Foundation (TUBITAK project number of 107G081)and Turkish Republic General Directorate of Highways (TCK).Authors express their gratitude to TUBITAK and TCK for sponsoringthe project.

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