Proceeduuie of the 7th International Workmg Conference on Stored-product Protectwn - Volume 1

Effect of 25 plant essential oils against Callosobruchusmaculatus

LI HUlxm1 ,LI Ruhar , WeI Mushan", YI Pinyan", Ke ZhIgU02 and Nan Yusheng/

Abstract

Mung beans were mixed with 0.1 % essential OIls to controlCallosobruchus maculatus Results showed that, theeffectiveness of the essennal 011 of Murraya pomiculata ,Cnuuimomuni cassw, Ocimuni basilicum ,Chenopoiucm. ambrosuiides , Pelaromnan gmveolens,Carurn carin, Cinnamomurn burmanmii , Foeniculumvulgare, Zamihoxlum bungeanum and Agemtumconuzoulee was relatively ideal The rate of populationreduction, the rate of protection on msect penetration andthe save rate of weight loss were all over 90%.

Introduction

'Bread IS the staff of hfe ' and 'store gram against the leanyear' , these two Chmese sayings have been spread amongthe people m China, which shows that It IS Important tostore gram However, the grams were damaged by insectsand rotten dunng storage, losmg their edible value andcausing great economic loss The pesticides were WIdelyused in the gram storage and have achieved good results, butthese agncultural chemicals polluted the gram and decreasetheir quality in color, smell and taste In order to controlthe stored gram insects, the scholars have conducted a largenumber of researches to get active matenals from theplants For example, a systematlc study have bemg done onSandorwum mdlcum Cav m the Umted States, Germany,IndIa, etc (Amason,. et al 1989) Another effectIveresearch bemg done by Zhao Shanhuan (1989), Chang Xmg(1983), NanYusheng (1995), Wu WenJun (1985) on theactlvlty of the plant msectlCldes WIth the extracts fromSandoncum mdLcum Car, MelLa toosendan Sieb etZucc, Picrasrrw quasswu1es (D Don) Ben, Celash"'USangulatus Maxm Yao Kang, Yang ChangJu (1982), LiGuangcan (1985), Ke ZhigUO (1992) also made greatprogress m the research of usmg plant essentlal OIls tocontrol stored gram msects The purpose of thIS research IS

I Gram and Plant-Oil Center of Storage and TransportatIon ofTIanmen CIty

Wuhan Institute of Botany, the Chmese Academy of Science

to fmd the SUItable sorts of plant essential 011 for blamessynthesis or use It directly to control insect pests and protectgrams.

Materials and Methods

Insect

Callosobruchus maculatus fed WIth stenhzed bean andreared in the mcubator under 27 - 28°C.

Plant names of essential oil

1 Anethum graveolens L2 Pothomorphe sp3 Elsholtzia cupram: (Pavel) S. chav et Hen4. E unniiuuui5. Ongan urn valgere L6. Zanthoxylum nitulum.7 Chenopodium. ambroeiouiee 1.8. Ageratum conyzomes 1.9 Ocununi bosilicuni L10. Lusea cubeba (Lour) pers11 Ariemisui apuicea Hance12 Dendranthema uuiicum (L ) Des Monl13. Cymbopogorl citrafus (OC) Stopf14. Pelarqomum graveolens L'Hent15 Carum carm 1.16. Gaultheria [orrestni Dlels17 Cinnamomum burmanna BI18 FoenwuJum vulgare MIll19. Murraya paniculata (1. ) Jack20 Zanthoxlurn &ungeannm MaXIm21 Cdrus grandLs (Lmn) Osb22. CmnarnomU,m ca,ssw, Presl23 Adenosma buchneroides Bonatl24 Cmnamomum parthenxylurn (Jack) Nees25 Eupatormrn adenophor'itm Sprong

Testing Methods

Mung bean was bought from market, dlsmfested at 60°Cand the mOIsture content was adjusted to 13.5 ± 0 .5% 50gmung bean were used m every treatment and four duplIcateswere made Dosage taken was lkg mung bean mIxed WIth1ml essentlal 011, and the control mung bean was WIthoutany treatment Iday after dosmg, 10 couples of one-day old

849

Proceeduiqs of the 7th Internatunuil Workl/lg Conference 01/ Stored-product Protection - Volume 1

adult of C. maculatus were introduced, and mcubatedunder 28°C and R. H. 75 ± 4% for 10 days.. Then all theadults were taken out, and the number of eggs and larvaehatched were checked, and mcubated contmuously After 45days or 115 days, the number of adults, the ratio of kernelsdamaged by msects and the ratio of weight loss of the mungbean were checked again.

Results and Analyses

Results of 25 plant essential oils treatmg mung bean againstC. maculatus ; were listed m table 1 and 2In table 1, the protection effect of the essential oils of

Chenopodium ambrosioules Lmn and Ocimum basilicumL. agamst C. maculatus was excellent. 115 days afterdosing, the reduction of popula tion of adult msect reached100%, and the protection effect on insect penetration andthe weight loss were 100 % and 0.83 % respectively.The protection effect of the essential oils of the

Ageratum conuxcule« Linn, E. unnituuui and Litseacubeba (Lour) Pers agamst C. nwculatus was also goodThe reductlon of populatIon of adult msect reached 91 -98.4 %, and the protectIon effect on msect penetration andthe weIght loss were 95.9 - 100 % and 1. 2 - 3%respectl vel y.

The protection effect of the essential oils of the Anethumgraveolens Lmn. and Origanum rolqere Lmn. against C.maculatus was satisfactory. The reduction of population ofadul t insect reached 85. 6 - 90. 8 %, and the protectioneffect on msect penetration and the weight loss were 81.8 -91.8% and 4.1- 5% respectivelyThe protection effect of the essential oils of the Artemisia

apiacea Hance and Dendranthenui indicum (L ) des Monlwas relatively poorIn table 2, the effectiveness of the essential oils of

Murraya pomiculaia , Pelarccnuum» graveolens L'Hent,Carum carm L. , Cmnamonium. burmannu ,Foeniculum indqare , Zauthoxlum bungeanum MaXImand Cmmarnonium cassta Presl was excellent 45 daysafter dosmg, The reduction of population of adult msect wasabove 99%, the effect of protection on msect penetrationwas 100 %, the weight loss were 0 - O. 1% and the ratio ofmhibmon on oviposition IS 82.5 - 94 8%The effectiveness of the essential oils of Cymbopogon

citrafue and Adenosma buchnerouies was good And thereductlon of populatIOn of adult msect was above 99%, theeffect of protection on msect penetratIon was over 90 % .The essential Olls of Gaultherza forrestii, Citrus

grand~, Cmnamomun parthenxylum and Eupatoriumade1wphorum had a fair effectiveness

Table 1. Results of 12 plant essential Olls agamst Callosobruchus maculatus .

adul ts emergence holes onprotection weIght loss

Number results (%)of plants

100

populatlon reductIOn (%) kernelson msects

loss (%) save rate ( % )number penetration

1* 130 -90.8 31 81.8 4.1 76.1

2* 1018 -27.6 148 13.4 18 -5.1

3* 853 -39.4 49 71.3 13.4 21.4

4* 127 -91 7 95.9 3 82.5

5* 203 -85.6 14 91.8 5 70.8

6* 490 -65.2 36 78.9 8.3 51.7

7* 0 -100 0 100.0 0.9 94.9

8* 22 -98.4 1.5 99 1 1.7 90.3

9* 0 -100 0 100 0.9 94.9

10* 22 -98.4 0 100 1.2 93.0

11* 1339 -4 8 163 4.6 20.7 -20.7

12 * 1228 -12.7 130 23.9 20 1 -17.5

CK 1407 0 171 0 17.1 0

850

Proceedinqs of the 7th lnteriuiiumal Workzng Con.terence Oil Stored-product. Protection - Yolunie 1

Table 2. Results of 13 plant essential OIls against Callosooruch.us maculaius .

ratio ofadults emergence

holes onprotection weight loss

Numbereggs per

results (%)

of plants100 mlubmon on population 100 loss save rate

number on msectskernels oviposition reduction ( % ) kernels (% ) (% )penetration

13* 10.67 67 25 -91.3 2 93.1 1.9 81.9

14* 5.33 83.5 0 -100 0 100 0 100

15* 5.33 83.5 0 -100 0 100 0.1 99 4

16* 11 66 114 -60.6 11.67 59.8 5 53.1

17* 4.33 86.6 o 3 -99.9 0 100 0 10018* 3.67 88.6 0 -100 0 100 0.1 98.8

19* 1.33 95.9 0 -100 0 100 0 100

20* 5.67 82.5 0 -100 0 100 0.1 98.8

21" 9 33 71.1 77 -73.4 6 79.3 6 1 43 1

22* 1.67 94.8 0.3 -99.9 0 100 0 100

23* 14 56.7 14.3 -99.9 2.1 92.8 2.8 73.1

24* 6.67 79.4 31.3 -39.2 2.6 91 3 71.9

25" 8 75.3 68 -76.5 6 79.3 7.1 33.1

CK 32.3 0 29 0 29 0 10.7 0

Summary and Discussion

The expenmental results of 25 plant essential oils treatingmung bean to control Callosobruchus nuiculatus , showedthat the effectiveness of the essential 011 of Murmyatxnuculata , Cinnamomumi cassw, Ocunum baeiticum ,Chenopodium tmibrosiouies , Pelurqomum gmveolens,Carum cann, Cuuuimomuni burnuinuii , Foeniculurnvulgare, Zanthoxium bunqean urn and Agemtumconuzoules was relatively Ideal. The rate of populationreduction, the rate of protection on msect penetration andthe save rate of weight loss were all over 90% .According to the authors' expenmental observation of the

edible fungi, these essential OIls also had faIrly gooddlsmfectIon effect. It IS worth carrymg on further study.The plant essentIal OIls could be used for other purpose as

condIment, perfumes, beverages, food, etc and asmedlcme, to relIeve a cough, ease pam, kIll bactena, etc.So, they would have a bnght future to become a new wayfor controllmg msect pests m our enVIronment

References

Amason, J. T. et al ,1989 InsectICIdes of plant ongm,

ACS, Ser 387Ke Zluguo , 1992. The apphcation of some plant extractsagainst Caltoeobruchus maculatus m stored gram. PlantProtection, 1,20 - 21 (in Chmese)LI Guangcann, 1985 Expenments on the plant aromaticvolatile OIls for controlhng sstored gram insects Ipirmal ofGram Storage, 14(4): 1 - 9 (m Chmese)Nan Yusheng, 1995. Advances m plant pesticide Angledbitter sweed. Pesticides. 7,28 - 31 (in Chinese)Wu wenjun , 1985. The mode of action of msecticidical plantCelastrus anqulata to insects and effects in controllmgPiens Rapae WIth the root-bark powder of this plant ActaPhytophylacica Snuca , 1,57 - 62. (m Chinese)Yao Kang and Yang Changju, 1982. Using pheasant pepperseed 011 for controllmg the broad bean weevil ActaEntomologlca Simca 2, 173- 180 (m Chmese)Zhao Shanhuan, 1989. PrelImmary report of neem treemtroductIOn and cultIvatIOn m Chma Journal of SouthChma Agncultural Umverslty, 4, 1-4 (m Chmese)Zhao Shanhuan and Chang Xmg, 1983 Expenments of someplant matenals controllmg nce weevIls Journal of GramStorage 1, 3 - 8 (m Chmese)

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