edward r. tufte marvin a. ruder - heidelberg …...the book the visual display of quantitative...

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The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder Heidelberg University Seminar “How do I lie with statistics?” M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 1 / 36

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Page 1: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

The Visual Display of Quantitative InformationEdward R. Tufte

Marvin A. Ruder

Heidelberg University

Seminar “How do I lie with statistics?”

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 1 / 36

Page 2: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

The BookThe Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte

Figure: Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 2 / 36

Page 3: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

1 Graphical IntegrityDistortion in GraphicsDesign and Data VariationThe Case of Skyrocketing Government SpendingVisual Area and Numerical MeasureContext is Essential for Graphical Integrity

2 Sources of Graphical IntegrityConclusion

3 Literature

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 3 / 36

Page 4: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity

Graphical Integrity

in·teg·ri·tythe quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moraluprightness: he is known to be a man of integrity.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 4 / 36

Page 5: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Distortion in Graphics

Distortion in Graphics

A graphic does distort if the visual representation of the data is notconsistent with the numerical representation

What is “visual representation”?

Physically measured surface of the graphic?Perceived visual effect?

→ How do they relate?

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 5 / 36

Page 6: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Distortion in Graphics

Distortion in Graphics

Experiments with large group of people help analyzing the “perceivedvisual effect”

Experiments with the area of a circle lead to the power law:reported perceived area = (actual area)x, x = 0.8± 0.3

Different people have very different perception

→ What is a poor designer to do?

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 6 / 36

Page 7: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Distortion in Graphics

Distortion in GraphicsPrinciples on how to do it right?

Principles (Distortion in Graphics)

The representation of numbers, as physically measured on the surfaceof the graphic itself, should be directly proportional to the numericalquantities represented.

Clear, detailed, and thorough labeling should be used to defeatgraphical distortion and ambiguity. Write out explanations of the dataon the graphic itself. Label important events in the data.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 7 / 36

Page 8: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Distortion in Graphics

Distortion in GraphicsThe Lie Factor

Lie Factor =size of effect shown in graphic

size of effect in data

LF = 1: good job

LF 6= 1: distortion

most distortions involve overstating

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 8 / 36

Page 9: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Distortion in Graphics

Distortion in GraphicsThe Lie Factor

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 9 / 36

Page 10: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Distortion in Graphics

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Figure: New York Times, August 9, 1978, p. D-2.

Reality: 27.5−18.018.0 × 100 = 53%

Graphic: 5.3−0.60.6 × 100 = 783%

→ Lie Factor: 78353 = 14.8

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 10 / 36

Page 11: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Distortion in Graphics

Distortion in GraphicsThe Lie Factor

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 11 / 36

Page 12: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Design and Data Variation

Design and Data Variation

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 12 / 36

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 13 / 36

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Graphical Integrity Design and Data Variation

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 14 / 36

Page 15: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 15 / 36

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 16 / 36

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 17 / 36

Page 18: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Design and Data Variation

Design and Data Variation

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 18 / 36

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Graphical Integrity The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 19 / 36

Page 20: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

Figure: New York Times, February 1, 1976, p. iv-6, edited.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 20 / 36

Page 21: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 21 / 36

Page 22: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 22 / 36

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Graphical Integrity The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending

The Case of Skyrocketing Government SpendingPrinciples on how to do it right?

Principle (The Case of Skyrocketing Government Spending)

In time-series displays of money, deflated and standardized units ofmonetary measurement are nearly always better than nominal units.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 23 / 36

Page 24: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Visual Area and Numerical Measure

Visual Area and Numerical Measure

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 24 / 36

Page 25: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Visual Area and Numerical Measure

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 25 / 36

Page 26: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Visual Area and Numerical Measure

Visual Area and Numerical MeasurePrinciples on how to do it right?

Principle (Visual Area and Numerical Measure)

The number of information-carrying (variable) dimensions depictedshould not exceed the number of dimensions in the data.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 26 / 36

Page 27: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Visual Area and Numerical Measure

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 27 / 36

Page 28: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 28 / 36

Page 29: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 29 / 36

Page 30: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

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M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 30 / 36

Page 31: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

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Figure: Donald T. Campbell and H. Laurence Ross, “The Connecticut Crackdown onSpeeding: Time Series Data in Quasi-Experimental Analysis,” in Edward R. Tufte, ed.,The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems (Reading, Mass., 1970), 110-125.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 31 / 36

Page 32: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Graphical Integrity Context is Essential for Graphical Integrity

Context is Essential for Graphical IntegrityPrinciples on how to do it right?

Principle (Context is Essential for Graphical Integrity)

Graphics must not quote data out of context.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 32 / 36

Page 33: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Sources of Graphical Integrity

Sources of Graphical IntegrityWhy do artists draw graphics that lie? Why do the world’s major newspapers andmagazines publish them?

Lack of Quantitative Skills of Professional Artists

The Doctrine That Statistical Data Are Boring

The Doctrine That Graphics Are Only for the Unsophisticated Reader

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 33 / 36

Page 34: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Sources of Graphical Integrity Conclusion

Sources of Graphical IntegrityPrinciples on how to do it right?

Conclusion (Sources of Graphical Integrity)

Graphical competence demands three quite different skills: thesubstantive, statistical, and artistic. Yet now most graphical work,particularly at news publications, is under the direction of but a singleexpertise – the artistic. Substantive and quantitative expertise must alsoparticipate in the design of data graphics, at least if statistical integrityand graphical sophistication are to be achieved.

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 34 / 36

Page 35: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

Literature

Literature

Tufte, Edward Rolf (2001). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information.2nd ed. Cheshire, Conneticut, U.S.A.: Graphics Press. Chap. 2–3,pp. 53–87. 197 pp. isbn: 978-0-9613921-4-7. (Visited on 10/21/2019).

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Page 36: Edward R. Tufte Marvin A. Ruder - Heidelberg …...The Book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward R. Tufte Figure:Tufte 2001, originally published in 1983. M. Ruder

The Visual Display of Quantitative InformationEdward R. Tufte

Marvin A. Ruder

Heidelberg University

Seminar “How do I lie with statistics?”

M. Ruder (Heidelberg University) Visual Display of Quantitative Information October 24, 2019 36 / 36