Part I Grammar

ArticlesThere are two articles in English which called (aan) indefinite articles and

(the) definite article Use an before vowels (a e i o u)Use a an + a singular nounDefinite article theUse the to talk about specific things and placesUse the when the noun denotes a thing unique the sun the Earth so onNames of oceans seas straits channels canals mountain chains rivers and lakes usually take the definite articleNames of theaters cinemas museums hotels newspapers and magazines usually take the definite article

Absence of the Article Zero articleDonrsquot use when you talk about things in generalDonrsquot use with time expressions have +meals Donrsquot use in front of uncountable nounsDonrsquot use with names of continents countries cities towns and villagesDonrsquot use with names of persons streets parks squares universitiescolleges airports and railway stationDonrsquot use with names of months days of week

Exercise 1 Use articles a an Table apple door eye ear desk pen teacher engineer school film station

airport English book blackboard computer ice-cream umbrella flower

Exercise 2 Use the necessary articleFamily mother father daughter son uncle aunt niece nephew brother

sister husband wife baby child grandmother grandfather

Exercise 3 Use articles where necessaryStar London umbrella Volga Browns king Abai Square inkpot Alatau

airplane train Smith north son sun south Irtysh Almaty station earth Pacific Ocean Europe Asia USA girl west moon Thames Black Sea office east

Exercise 4 Use articles where necessary1This is hellipgood book Take hellip book from hellip table 2 We have hellip English

lesson 3 Where is your hellip brother - He is at hellip home 4 Our hellip cat is sitting near hellip chair hellip chair is in hellip middle of hellip room It is hellip large room 5Whatrsquos hellip weather like today - hellip weather is fine 6 hellip sky is blue today 7 hellip Earth is our planet 8 My father is hellip engineer 9 My mother is hellip doctor 10 We live in hellip big house I like hellip house very much 11 I like to sit on hellip sofa and read hellip book 12hellip London is hellip capital of hellip Great Britain 13 We are in hellip Almaty now

Exercise 5 Use articles where necessary1 He is hellip Bolat 2 He is in hellip office 3 Give me hellip textbook please 4 Our

Academy is in hellip Zhandosov street 5 It is hellip Lesson Ten 6 hellip blood is red 7 We write with hellip pen 8 hellip childrenrsquos room is between hellip sitting ndashroom and hellip bedroom9 There is hellip big tree in hellip garden 10 Where is hellip cat - hellip cat is on hellipsofa

Nouns (singular and plural)

Nouns are the names of objects ie things human beings animals materials and absract notions

All nouns can be divided into two main groups proper names (eg John London the Thames) and common nouns

Common nouns are subdivided into countable (things you can count an apple a table) and uncountable (things you canrsquot count water rice

Nouns (singular and plural)The plural of most nouns is built up by means of the suffix ndashs or ndashesThe suffix ndashes is added to nouns ending in s ssshchx and z (egglass-

glasses brush-brushes)It is also added to nouns in o preceded by a consonant (eg tomato-tomatoes

hero-heroes) Nouns ending in ndashy preceded by a consonant change the ndashy into ies(e g fly-

flies country-countries) But if a noun ends in ndashy preceded by a vowel only ndashs is added (eg key-keys boy-boys)

The following nouns ending in ndashf or ndashfe have the ending ndashves in the plural life-lives shelf-shelves

But these nouns ending in ndashf or fe take only ndashs in the plural roof-roofs cliff-cliffs gulf-gulfs proof-proofs safe-safes belief-beliefs grief-griefs cuff-cuffs

A few nouns form their plural by a change of vowel They are man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice child-children person-people goose-geese

Exercise 1 Use the nouns in the plurala) hat bag bench box cat shoe leg house plate dress dish hand busb) lady toy city boy family country day monkey story babyc) leaf knife thief wolf shelf wifed) man woman foot tooth mouse child person

Exercise 2 Use the nouns in the pluralPostman plane dictionary student town photo tree chief factory place

gate map Negro class apple life party rose way play map page goose

Exercise 3 Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in singularWeather furniture information advice news money watch knowledge

progress hair love anger work fish fruit

Exercise 4Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in the pluralContents wages clothes goods politics suburbs slums trousers spectacles

memoirs scales tropics

Exercise 5 Use the nouns in the singularCities factories families days toys keys heroes Negroes pianos photos

leaves knives thieves roots safes geese teeth feet dishes buses classes boxes bases

Exercise 6 Write these nouns in the right column Use the model Model countable noun uncountable noun

a sofa water an office milk

Chair milk silver gold blood music rain snow desk letter tea smoke flour dress cat child love man dust office sense hospital phone ear roof wind coffee mind cafeacute table sugar cheese butter bread house assistance event

Exercise 7 Use these word combinations in the pluralA long letter a large room an old man a little boy a beautiful flower a red

apple a cold day a long pencil an easy text a square box a round table a big house a thin paper a red rose a green tram a nice shirt a long skirt a wide street an interesting text a nice dress a dark room a deep lake a hard work

Verb be (present)

Verb to be (present) is conjugated in positive I am We are You are You are He she it is They are

Interrogative Am I Negative I am not Is shehe it Shehe it is not Are weyou they Weyou they are not Contracted form lsquom ndash am lsquore ndash are lsquos ndash is

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto berdquo in the present simpleHe hellipa student YouhellipEnglish She hellipa young lady Nickhellipfrom Glasgow

My motherhellipa doctor They hellip from Canada Assimahellipin Almaty now The book hellip thin This hellip a classroom I hellip a teacher

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative 1 I am a student 2 My brother is in the army 3 English is my favourite

subject 4 The flats in this house are very comfortable 5 They are at home 6 It is ten orsquoclock 7 You are doctors 8 I am from Kazakhstan

Exercise 3 Use to be 1 A What hellip your name

B My name hellip Amina1 A Where hellip she from

B She hellip from Almaty3 A What hellip her name

B Her name hellip Amina She hellip an actress1 A What hellip their names

B Their names hellip Ann and Jane They are singers2 A Where hellip they from B They hellip from the USA

6 A What hellip his name B His name hellip Dauren 7 A hellip he a lawyer B Yes he hellip

Exercise 4 Use the right wordA brother a dentist at an office uncle in the army a secretary a policeman

the school a teacher son a taxi driver head1 My father is hellip 2 His hellip is a computer operator 3 He is a clerk hellip 4 His

hellip is an office worker 5 My hellip is a rich businessman 6 Their son is hellip now He is a soldier 7 He is hellip and his brother is hellip 8 She is hellip and her sister is hellip 9 This man is hellip of our department 10 Her aunt is headmistress of hellip

Exercise 5 What are your relatives Model My father is an engineermother a cookfather a pensionerwife a housewifehusband an economistson a secretarydaughter a schoolgirlbrother a studentsister a teachercousin a computer operatoruncle a lawyeraunt a workergrandfather a dancergrandmother a doctor

Exercise 6 Combine the following phrases according to the model Model Irsquom glad to meet you

А I am glad Irsquom happy Irsquom ready Irsquom hungry Irsquom thirsty Irsquom late for work Irsquom sorry Irsquom busy Irsquom bored Irsquom tired Irsquom cold

B read a book go to bed have a sandwich hurry up have a drink put a coat on to meet you canrsquot find your book at work have a new car help you Exercise 7 Make up sentences using these word combinations

Model Irsquom fond of sportTo be surprised at smb to be ill to be mistaken to be sure to be proud of to

be worried to be fond of to be afraid of to be interested in to be present to be absent

Imperative MoodThe Imperative Mood is used to give commands or make requests prohibitions Infinitive + Imperative - ImperativeOpen Open the door Donrsquot open the doorThere are only two forms one + and - Singular and plural are the same Exercise 1 Read and ask a partner to do

Model Aigerim stand up please come here Donrsquot stand stop take the book go to the door donrsquot open it go to your seat

sit down please stand up please come here thank you

Exercise 2 Use the verbs of commandA 1 hellip here 2 hellip to the table 3 hellip the book 4 hellip the bag 5 hellip the door

6 hellip at my cat B 1 hellip not hellip the book 2 hellip not hellip down 3 hellip not hellip at Aigerim 4 hellip

not hellip to the door 5 hellip not hellip my pen

Exercise 3 Write instructions to the students (what to do and what not to do)

Pronouns Pronouns can be divided into the following classes

1) personal pronouns 6) indefinite pronouns2) possessive pronouns 7) reciprocal pronouns3) reflexive pronouns 8) interrogative pronouns4) emphatic pronouns 9) relative pronouns5) demonstrative pronouns

Personal pronoun Possessive pronouns Nominative case Objective case Simple form Absolute Form I me my mine You you your yours He him his his She her her hers It it its - We us our ours They them their theirs

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding ndashself (in the plural ndashselves) Myself ourselves Yourself yourselves Himself Herself themselves Itself

Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns ndash they are homonyms

Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasiseg My mother herself opened the door (or My mother opened the door

herself)

Exercise 1 Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun Model Aigerim is from Kazakhstan She is from Kazakhstan

1 Tom is from the USA 2 Peter and Ann arenrsquot from Kazakhstan 3 Aigerim

and her brother live in Astana 4 Mr Brown is a young man 5 The building is new and tall 6 Anuar and I are good friends 7 Assima speaks English very well 8 You and your sister are students

Exercise 2 Complete the chart Nominative ObjectiveI mehellip youHe hellipShe helliphellip itWe helliphellip you They hellip

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun1 I love you Do you love hellip 2 I work with John I have lunch with hellip

every day 3 Can you speak slowly I canrsquot understand hellip 4 She lives near me I often see hellip on the bus 5 She doesnrsquot like my sisters She never speaks to hellip 6 The music is terrible I hate hellip 7 What do you think about these boots- I donrsquot like hellip very much 8 I want to talk to you about something Can you phone hellip tomorrow please 9 We arrive at the airport at 8 00 Can you meet hellip 10 Excuse me I have a problem Can you help hellip

Exercise 4 Use a possessive adjective

1 Donrsquot take (we) hellip pen 2 Look at (they)hellip picture 3 I know (she)hellip teacher very well 4 Donrsquot repeat (he)hellip words 5 Answer (I) hellip questions6 Put (you) hellip paper on the table 7 Show us (you) new car 8 Donrsquot read (she) letter

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 5 Use articles where necessary1 He is hellip Bolat 2 He is in hellip office 3 Give me hellip textbook please 4 Our

Academy is in hellip Zhandosov street 5 It is hellip Lesson Ten 6 hellip blood is red 7 We write with hellip pen 8 hellip childrenrsquos room is between hellip sitting ndashroom and hellip bedroom9 There is hellip big tree in hellip garden 10 Where is hellip cat - hellip cat is on hellipsofa

Nouns (singular and plural)

Nouns are the names of objects ie things human beings animals materials and absract notions

All nouns can be divided into two main groups proper names (eg John London the Thames) and common nouns

Common nouns are subdivided into countable (things you can count an apple a table) and uncountable (things you canrsquot count water rice

Nouns (singular and plural)The plural of most nouns is built up by means of the suffix ndashs or ndashesThe suffix ndashes is added to nouns ending in s ssshchx and z (egglass-

glasses brush-brushes)It is also added to nouns in o preceded by a consonant (eg tomato-tomatoes

hero-heroes) Nouns ending in ndashy preceded by a consonant change the ndashy into ies(e g fly-

flies country-countries) But if a noun ends in ndashy preceded by a vowel only ndashs is added (eg key-keys boy-boys)

The following nouns ending in ndashf or ndashfe have the ending ndashves in the plural life-lives shelf-shelves

But these nouns ending in ndashf or fe take only ndashs in the plural roof-roofs cliff-cliffs gulf-gulfs proof-proofs safe-safes belief-beliefs grief-griefs cuff-cuffs

A few nouns form their plural by a change of vowel They are man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice child-children person-people goose-geese

Exercise 1 Use the nouns in the plurala) hat bag bench box cat shoe leg house plate dress dish hand busb) lady toy city boy family country day monkey story babyc) leaf knife thief wolf shelf wifed) man woman foot tooth mouse child person

Exercise 2 Use the nouns in the pluralPostman plane dictionary student town photo tree chief factory place

gate map Negro class apple life party rose way play map page goose

Exercise 3 Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in singularWeather furniture information advice news money watch knowledge

progress hair love anger work fish fruit

Exercise 4Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in the pluralContents wages clothes goods politics suburbs slums trousers spectacles

memoirs scales tropics

Exercise 5 Use the nouns in the singularCities factories families days toys keys heroes Negroes pianos photos

leaves knives thieves roots safes geese teeth feet dishes buses classes boxes bases

Exercise 6 Write these nouns in the right column Use the model Model countable noun uncountable noun

a sofa water an office milk

Chair milk silver gold blood music rain snow desk letter tea smoke flour dress cat child love man dust office sense hospital phone ear roof wind coffee mind cafeacute table sugar cheese butter bread house assistance event

Exercise 7 Use these word combinations in the pluralA long letter a large room an old man a little boy a beautiful flower a red

apple a cold day a long pencil an easy text a square box a round table a big house a thin paper a red rose a green tram a nice shirt a long skirt a wide street an interesting text a nice dress a dark room a deep lake a hard work

Verb be (present)

Verb to be (present) is conjugated in positive I am We are You are You are He she it is They are

Interrogative Am I Negative I am not Is shehe it Shehe it is not Are weyou they Weyou they are not Contracted form lsquom ndash am lsquore ndash are lsquos ndash is

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto berdquo in the present simpleHe hellipa student YouhellipEnglish She hellipa young lady Nickhellipfrom Glasgow

My motherhellipa doctor They hellip from Canada Assimahellipin Almaty now The book hellip thin This hellip a classroom I hellip a teacher

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative 1 I am a student 2 My brother is in the army 3 English is my favourite

subject 4 The flats in this house are very comfortable 5 They are at home 6 It is ten orsquoclock 7 You are doctors 8 I am from Kazakhstan

Exercise 3 Use to be 1 A What hellip your name

B My name hellip Amina1 A Where hellip she from

B She hellip from Almaty3 A What hellip her name

B Her name hellip Amina She hellip an actress1 A What hellip their names

B Their names hellip Ann and Jane They are singers2 A Where hellip they from B They hellip from the USA

6 A What hellip his name B His name hellip Dauren 7 A hellip he a lawyer B Yes he hellip

Exercise 4 Use the right wordA brother a dentist at an office uncle in the army a secretary a policeman

the school a teacher son a taxi driver head1 My father is hellip 2 His hellip is a computer operator 3 He is a clerk hellip 4 His

hellip is an office worker 5 My hellip is a rich businessman 6 Their son is hellip now He is a soldier 7 He is hellip and his brother is hellip 8 She is hellip and her sister is hellip 9 This man is hellip of our department 10 Her aunt is headmistress of hellip

Exercise 5 What are your relatives Model My father is an engineermother a cookfather a pensionerwife a housewifehusband an economistson a secretarydaughter a schoolgirlbrother a studentsister a teachercousin a computer operatoruncle a lawyeraunt a workergrandfather a dancergrandmother a doctor

Exercise 6 Combine the following phrases according to the model Model Irsquom glad to meet you

А I am glad Irsquom happy Irsquom ready Irsquom hungry Irsquom thirsty Irsquom late for work Irsquom sorry Irsquom busy Irsquom bored Irsquom tired Irsquom cold

B read a book go to bed have a sandwich hurry up have a drink put a coat on to meet you canrsquot find your book at work have a new car help you Exercise 7 Make up sentences using these word combinations

Model Irsquom fond of sportTo be surprised at smb to be ill to be mistaken to be sure to be proud of to

be worried to be fond of to be afraid of to be interested in to be present to be absent

Imperative MoodThe Imperative Mood is used to give commands or make requests prohibitions Infinitive + Imperative - ImperativeOpen Open the door Donrsquot open the doorThere are only two forms one + and - Singular and plural are the same Exercise 1 Read and ask a partner to do

Model Aigerim stand up please come here Donrsquot stand stop take the book go to the door donrsquot open it go to your seat

sit down please stand up please come here thank you

Exercise 2 Use the verbs of commandA 1 hellip here 2 hellip to the table 3 hellip the book 4 hellip the bag 5 hellip the door

6 hellip at my cat B 1 hellip not hellip the book 2 hellip not hellip down 3 hellip not hellip at Aigerim 4 hellip

not hellip to the door 5 hellip not hellip my pen

Exercise 3 Write instructions to the students (what to do and what not to do)

Pronouns Pronouns can be divided into the following classes

1) personal pronouns 6) indefinite pronouns2) possessive pronouns 7) reciprocal pronouns3) reflexive pronouns 8) interrogative pronouns4) emphatic pronouns 9) relative pronouns5) demonstrative pronouns

Personal pronoun Possessive pronouns Nominative case Objective case Simple form Absolute Form I me my mine You you your yours He him his his She her her hers It it its - We us our ours They them their theirs

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding ndashself (in the plural ndashselves) Myself ourselves Yourself yourselves Himself Herself themselves Itself

Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns ndash they are homonyms

Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasiseg My mother herself opened the door (or My mother opened the door

herself)

Exercise 1 Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun Model Aigerim is from Kazakhstan She is from Kazakhstan

1 Tom is from the USA 2 Peter and Ann arenrsquot from Kazakhstan 3 Aigerim

and her brother live in Astana 4 Mr Brown is a young man 5 The building is new and tall 6 Anuar and I are good friends 7 Assima speaks English very well 8 You and your sister are students

Exercise 2 Complete the chart Nominative ObjectiveI mehellip youHe hellipShe helliphellip itWe helliphellip you They hellip

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun1 I love you Do you love hellip 2 I work with John I have lunch with hellip

every day 3 Can you speak slowly I canrsquot understand hellip 4 She lives near me I often see hellip on the bus 5 She doesnrsquot like my sisters She never speaks to hellip 6 The music is terrible I hate hellip 7 What do you think about these boots- I donrsquot like hellip very much 8 I want to talk to you about something Can you phone hellip tomorrow please 9 We arrive at the airport at 8 00 Can you meet hellip 10 Excuse me I have a problem Can you help hellip

Exercise 4 Use a possessive adjective

1 Donrsquot take (we) hellip pen 2 Look at (they)hellip picture 3 I know (she)hellip teacher very well 4 Donrsquot repeat (he)hellip words 5 Answer (I) hellip questions6 Put (you) hellip paper on the table 7 Show us (you) new car 8 Donrsquot read (she) letter

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 4Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in the pluralContents wages clothes goods politics suburbs slums trousers spectacles

memoirs scales tropics

Exercise 5 Use the nouns in the singularCities factories families days toys keys heroes Negroes pianos photos

leaves knives thieves roots safes geese teeth feet dishes buses classes boxes bases

Exercise 6 Write these nouns in the right column Use the model Model countable noun uncountable noun

a sofa water an office milk

Chair milk silver gold blood music rain snow desk letter tea smoke flour dress cat child love man dust office sense hospital phone ear roof wind coffee mind cafeacute table sugar cheese butter bread house assistance event

Exercise 7 Use these word combinations in the pluralA long letter a large room an old man a little boy a beautiful flower a red

apple a cold day a long pencil an easy text a square box a round table a big house a thin paper a red rose a green tram a nice shirt a long skirt a wide street an interesting text a nice dress a dark room a deep lake a hard work

Verb be (present)

Verb to be (present) is conjugated in positive I am We are You are You are He she it is They are

Interrogative Am I Negative I am not Is shehe it Shehe it is not Are weyou they Weyou they are not Contracted form lsquom ndash am lsquore ndash are lsquos ndash is

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto berdquo in the present simpleHe hellipa student YouhellipEnglish She hellipa young lady Nickhellipfrom Glasgow

My motherhellipa doctor They hellip from Canada Assimahellipin Almaty now The book hellip thin This hellip a classroom I hellip a teacher

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative 1 I am a student 2 My brother is in the army 3 English is my favourite

subject 4 The flats in this house are very comfortable 5 They are at home 6 It is ten orsquoclock 7 You are doctors 8 I am from Kazakhstan

Exercise 3 Use to be 1 A What hellip your name

B My name hellip Amina1 A Where hellip she from

B She hellip from Almaty3 A What hellip her name

B Her name hellip Amina She hellip an actress1 A What hellip their names

B Their names hellip Ann and Jane They are singers2 A Where hellip they from B They hellip from the USA

6 A What hellip his name B His name hellip Dauren 7 A hellip he a lawyer B Yes he hellip

Exercise 4 Use the right wordA brother a dentist at an office uncle in the army a secretary a policeman

the school a teacher son a taxi driver head1 My father is hellip 2 His hellip is a computer operator 3 He is a clerk hellip 4 His

hellip is an office worker 5 My hellip is a rich businessman 6 Their son is hellip now He is a soldier 7 He is hellip and his brother is hellip 8 She is hellip and her sister is hellip 9 This man is hellip of our department 10 Her aunt is headmistress of hellip

Exercise 5 What are your relatives Model My father is an engineermother a cookfather a pensionerwife a housewifehusband an economistson a secretarydaughter a schoolgirlbrother a studentsister a teachercousin a computer operatoruncle a lawyeraunt a workergrandfather a dancergrandmother a doctor

Exercise 6 Combine the following phrases according to the model Model Irsquom glad to meet you

А I am glad Irsquom happy Irsquom ready Irsquom hungry Irsquom thirsty Irsquom late for work Irsquom sorry Irsquom busy Irsquom bored Irsquom tired Irsquom cold

B read a book go to bed have a sandwich hurry up have a drink put a coat on to meet you canrsquot find your book at work have a new car help you Exercise 7 Make up sentences using these word combinations

Model Irsquom fond of sportTo be surprised at smb to be ill to be mistaken to be sure to be proud of to

be worried to be fond of to be afraid of to be interested in to be present to be absent

Imperative MoodThe Imperative Mood is used to give commands or make requests prohibitions Infinitive + Imperative - ImperativeOpen Open the door Donrsquot open the doorThere are only two forms one + and - Singular and plural are the same Exercise 1 Read and ask a partner to do

Model Aigerim stand up please come here Donrsquot stand stop take the book go to the door donrsquot open it go to your seat

sit down please stand up please come here thank you

Exercise 2 Use the verbs of commandA 1 hellip here 2 hellip to the table 3 hellip the book 4 hellip the bag 5 hellip the door

6 hellip at my cat B 1 hellip not hellip the book 2 hellip not hellip down 3 hellip not hellip at Aigerim 4 hellip

not hellip to the door 5 hellip not hellip my pen

Exercise 3 Write instructions to the students (what to do and what not to do)

Pronouns Pronouns can be divided into the following classes

1) personal pronouns 6) indefinite pronouns2) possessive pronouns 7) reciprocal pronouns3) reflexive pronouns 8) interrogative pronouns4) emphatic pronouns 9) relative pronouns5) demonstrative pronouns

Personal pronoun Possessive pronouns Nominative case Objective case Simple form Absolute Form I me my mine You you your yours He him his his She her her hers It it its - We us our ours They them their theirs

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding ndashself (in the plural ndashselves) Myself ourselves Yourself yourselves Himself Herself themselves Itself

Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns ndash they are homonyms

Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasiseg My mother herself opened the door (or My mother opened the door

herself)

Exercise 1 Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun Model Aigerim is from Kazakhstan She is from Kazakhstan

1 Tom is from the USA 2 Peter and Ann arenrsquot from Kazakhstan 3 Aigerim

and her brother live in Astana 4 Mr Brown is a young man 5 The building is new and tall 6 Anuar and I are good friends 7 Assima speaks English very well 8 You and your sister are students

Exercise 2 Complete the chart Nominative ObjectiveI mehellip youHe hellipShe helliphellip itWe helliphellip you They hellip

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun1 I love you Do you love hellip 2 I work with John I have lunch with hellip

every day 3 Can you speak slowly I canrsquot understand hellip 4 She lives near me I often see hellip on the bus 5 She doesnrsquot like my sisters She never speaks to hellip 6 The music is terrible I hate hellip 7 What do you think about these boots- I donrsquot like hellip very much 8 I want to talk to you about something Can you phone hellip tomorrow please 9 We arrive at the airport at 8 00 Can you meet hellip 10 Excuse me I have a problem Can you help hellip

Exercise 4 Use a possessive adjective

1 Donrsquot take (we) hellip pen 2 Look at (they)hellip picture 3 I know (she)hellip teacher very well 4 Donrsquot repeat (he)hellip words 5 Answer (I) hellip questions6 Put (you) hellip paper on the table 7 Show us (you) new car 8 Donrsquot read (she) letter

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 3 Use to be 1 A What hellip your name

B My name hellip Amina1 A Where hellip she from

B She hellip from Almaty3 A What hellip her name

B Her name hellip Amina She hellip an actress1 A What hellip their names

B Their names hellip Ann and Jane They are singers2 A Where hellip they from B They hellip from the USA

6 A What hellip his name B His name hellip Dauren 7 A hellip he a lawyer B Yes he hellip

Exercise 4 Use the right wordA brother a dentist at an office uncle in the army a secretary a policeman

the school a teacher son a taxi driver head1 My father is hellip 2 His hellip is a computer operator 3 He is a clerk hellip 4 His

hellip is an office worker 5 My hellip is a rich businessman 6 Their son is hellip now He is a soldier 7 He is hellip and his brother is hellip 8 She is hellip and her sister is hellip 9 This man is hellip of our department 10 Her aunt is headmistress of hellip

Exercise 5 What are your relatives Model My father is an engineermother a cookfather a pensionerwife a housewifehusband an economistson a secretarydaughter a schoolgirlbrother a studentsister a teachercousin a computer operatoruncle a lawyeraunt a workergrandfather a dancergrandmother a doctor

Exercise 6 Combine the following phrases according to the model Model Irsquom glad to meet you

А I am glad Irsquom happy Irsquom ready Irsquom hungry Irsquom thirsty Irsquom late for work Irsquom sorry Irsquom busy Irsquom bored Irsquom tired Irsquom cold

B read a book go to bed have a sandwich hurry up have a drink put a coat on to meet you canrsquot find your book at work have a new car help you Exercise 7 Make up sentences using these word combinations

Model Irsquom fond of sportTo be surprised at smb to be ill to be mistaken to be sure to be proud of to

be worried to be fond of to be afraid of to be interested in to be present to be absent

Imperative MoodThe Imperative Mood is used to give commands or make requests prohibitions Infinitive + Imperative - ImperativeOpen Open the door Donrsquot open the doorThere are only two forms one + and - Singular and plural are the same Exercise 1 Read and ask a partner to do

Model Aigerim stand up please come here Donrsquot stand stop take the book go to the door donrsquot open it go to your seat

sit down please stand up please come here thank you

Exercise 2 Use the verbs of commandA 1 hellip here 2 hellip to the table 3 hellip the book 4 hellip the bag 5 hellip the door

6 hellip at my cat B 1 hellip not hellip the book 2 hellip not hellip down 3 hellip not hellip at Aigerim 4 hellip

not hellip to the door 5 hellip not hellip my pen

Exercise 3 Write instructions to the students (what to do and what not to do)

Pronouns Pronouns can be divided into the following classes

1) personal pronouns 6) indefinite pronouns2) possessive pronouns 7) reciprocal pronouns3) reflexive pronouns 8) interrogative pronouns4) emphatic pronouns 9) relative pronouns5) demonstrative pronouns

Personal pronoun Possessive pronouns Nominative case Objective case Simple form Absolute Form I me my mine You you your yours He him his his She her her hers It it its - We us our ours They them their theirs

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding ndashself (in the plural ndashselves) Myself ourselves Yourself yourselves Himself Herself themselves Itself

Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns ndash they are homonyms

Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasiseg My mother herself opened the door (or My mother opened the door

herself)

Exercise 1 Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun Model Aigerim is from Kazakhstan She is from Kazakhstan

1 Tom is from the USA 2 Peter and Ann arenrsquot from Kazakhstan 3 Aigerim

and her brother live in Astana 4 Mr Brown is a young man 5 The building is new and tall 6 Anuar and I are good friends 7 Assima speaks English very well 8 You and your sister are students

Exercise 2 Complete the chart Nominative ObjectiveI mehellip youHe hellipShe helliphellip itWe helliphellip you They hellip

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun1 I love you Do you love hellip 2 I work with John I have lunch with hellip

every day 3 Can you speak slowly I canrsquot understand hellip 4 She lives near me I often see hellip on the bus 5 She doesnrsquot like my sisters She never speaks to hellip 6 The music is terrible I hate hellip 7 What do you think about these boots- I donrsquot like hellip very much 8 I want to talk to you about something Can you phone hellip tomorrow please 9 We arrive at the airport at 8 00 Can you meet hellip 10 Excuse me I have a problem Can you help hellip

Exercise 4 Use a possessive adjective

1 Donrsquot take (we) hellip pen 2 Look at (they)hellip picture 3 I know (she)hellip teacher very well 4 Donrsquot repeat (he)hellip words 5 Answer (I) hellip questions6 Put (you) hellip paper on the table 7 Show us (you) new car 8 Donrsquot read (she) letter

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

B read a book go to bed have a sandwich hurry up have a drink put a coat on to meet you canrsquot find your book at work have a new car help you Exercise 7 Make up sentences using these word combinations

Model Irsquom fond of sportTo be surprised at smb to be ill to be mistaken to be sure to be proud of to

be worried to be fond of to be afraid of to be interested in to be present to be absent

Imperative MoodThe Imperative Mood is used to give commands or make requests prohibitions Infinitive + Imperative - ImperativeOpen Open the door Donrsquot open the doorThere are only two forms one + and - Singular and plural are the same Exercise 1 Read and ask a partner to do

Model Aigerim stand up please come here Donrsquot stand stop take the book go to the door donrsquot open it go to your seat

sit down please stand up please come here thank you

Exercise 2 Use the verbs of commandA 1 hellip here 2 hellip to the table 3 hellip the book 4 hellip the bag 5 hellip the door

6 hellip at my cat B 1 hellip not hellip the book 2 hellip not hellip down 3 hellip not hellip at Aigerim 4 hellip

not hellip to the door 5 hellip not hellip my pen

Exercise 3 Write instructions to the students (what to do and what not to do)

Pronouns Pronouns can be divided into the following classes

1) personal pronouns 6) indefinite pronouns2) possessive pronouns 7) reciprocal pronouns3) reflexive pronouns 8) interrogative pronouns4) emphatic pronouns 9) relative pronouns5) demonstrative pronouns

Personal pronoun Possessive pronouns Nominative case Objective case Simple form Absolute Form I me my mine You you your yours He him his his She her her hers It it its - We us our ours They them their theirs

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding ndashself (in the plural ndashselves) Myself ourselves Yourself yourselves Himself Herself themselves Itself

Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns ndash they are homonyms

Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasiseg My mother herself opened the door (or My mother opened the door

herself)

Exercise 1 Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun Model Aigerim is from Kazakhstan She is from Kazakhstan

1 Tom is from the USA 2 Peter and Ann arenrsquot from Kazakhstan 3 Aigerim

and her brother live in Astana 4 Mr Brown is a young man 5 The building is new and tall 6 Anuar and I are good friends 7 Assima speaks English very well 8 You and your sister are students

Exercise 2 Complete the chart Nominative ObjectiveI mehellip youHe hellipShe helliphellip itWe helliphellip you They hellip

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun1 I love you Do you love hellip 2 I work with John I have lunch with hellip

every day 3 Can you speak slowly I canrsquot understand hellip 4 She lives near me I often see hellip on the bus 5 She doesnrsquot like my sisters She never speaks to hellip 6 The music is terrible I hate hellip 7 What do you think about these boots- I donrsquot like hellip very much 8 I want to talk to you about something Can you phone hellip tomorrow please 9 We arrive at the airport at 8 00 Can you meet hellip 10 Excuse me I have a problem Can you help hellip

Exercise 4 Use a possessive adjective

1 Donrsquot take (we) hellip pen 2 Look at (they)hellip picture 3 I know (she)hellip teacher very well 4 Donrsquot repeat (he)hellip words 5 Answer (I) hellip questions6 Put (you) hellip paper on the table 7 Show us (you) new car 8 Donrsquot read (she) letter

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding ndashself (in the plural ndashselves) Myself ourselves Yourself yourselves Himself Herself themselves Itself

Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns ndash they are homonyms

Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasiseg My mother herself opened the door (or My mother opened the door

herself)

Exercise 1 Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun Model Aigerim is from Kazakhstan She is from Kazakhstan

1 Tom is from the USA 2 Peter and Ann arenrsquot from Kazakhstan 3 Aigerim

and her brother live in Astana 4 Mr Brown is a young man 5 The building is new and tall 6 Anuar and I are good friends 7 Assima speaks English very well 8 You and your sister are students

Exercise 2 Complete the chart Nominative ObjectiveI mehellip youHe hellipShe helliphellip itWe helliphellip you They hellip

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun1 I love you Do you love hellip 2 I work with John I have lunch with hellip

every day 3 Can you speak slowly I canrsquot understand hellip 4 She lives near me I often see hellip on the bus 5 She doesnrsquot like my sisters She never speaks to hellip 6 The music is terrible I hate hellip 7 What do you think about these boots- I donrsquot like hellip very much 8 I want to talk to you about something Can you phone hellip tomorrow please 9 We arrive at the airport at 8 00 Can you meet hellip 10 Excuse me I have a problem Can you help hellip

Exercise 4 Use a possessive adjective

1 Donrsquot take (we) hellip pen 2 Look at (they)hellip picture 3 I know (she)hellip teacher very well 4 Donrsquot repeat (he)hellip words 5 Answer (I) hellip questions6 Put (you) hellip paper on the table 7 Show us (you) new car 8 Donrsquot read (she) letter

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

1 Donrsquot take (we) hellip pen 2 Look at (they)hellip picture 3 I know (she)hellip teacher very well 4 Donrsquot repeat (he)hellip words 5 Answer (I) hellip questions6 Put (you) hellip paper on the table 7 Show us (you) new car 8 Donrsquot read (she) letter

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 5 Use an object pronoun1 I see a newspaper in your hand Give it to hellip please 2 This present is from

Jane Come and thank hellip 3 I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with hellip 4 Where is my bag I canrsquot find hellip here 5 My son canrsquot do this task Go and help hellip please 6 We often meet our friends We meet hellip at the Institute 7 Your shoes are dirty Donrsquot wear hellip 8 Your home task is very difficultWe must help hellip

Exercise 6 Use the absolute form1 Their house is better than (our house) 2 Is this her coat - Yes itrsquos (her

coat)2 Your pen is bad Take (my pen) 4 Our room is larger than (their room) 5

My car is older than (your car) 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister) 7 Their work is better than (your work) 8 His book is thicker than (her book)

Exercise 5 Use a reflexive pronou1 He bought a new car 2 She speaks very little of 3 Be careful

Donrsquot hurt 4 Wersquoll find it 5 They told me the news 6 Did you invite him

Demonstrative pronouns thisthatthesethose

Use thisthat + a singular nounUse thesethose + plural nounsThisthatthesethose can be pronouns or adjectives

Exercise 1Use the nouns in the pluralthis waiter this tea-cup this king that wall that door this man that woman

that shelf that lady this knife that fork this story that picture that umbrella this bag

Exercise 2 Usea) thisthese1 My name is Amina and hellip are my parents 2 hellip man is our neighbour

3 How much are hellip pens 4 hellip is my brother and hellip are my parents 5hellip is an umbrella hellip are pictures 6hellip are dogs 7 hellip is a flower

b) thatthose 1 I want to buy hellip book2 Look at hellip photo 3 Do you like hellip cars 4 Can

you give me hellip pencil please 5 Put hellip letters on the table 6 hellip windows are clean

Exercise 3 Use the nouns and these sentences in the plural

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

a)That woman that man this wall that corner that forest that river this chair that bench this paper that letter this goose that duck this photo that picture

b) 1 This is a table 2 This table is big 3 That is a book 4 That is an English book 5 This is a black cat 6 That is a thin notebook 7 This is a young woman 8 Thatrsquos a nice picture 9 This man is my English teacher 10 What is this

Sentences with there is are

We use ldquoThere is arerdquo constructions talking about the existence of people things etc

There is (singular) There are (plural) + There is an apple There are apples - There isnrsquot an apple There arenrsquot apples Is there an apple Are there apples

Exercise 1 Use there is are1hellip a table in my study room 2 hellip two large windows in the kitchen

3hellip flowers in the vase 4 hellip a film on TV hellip a mirror in the bathroom5hellip no balcony in my room 6 hellip a lot of newspapers on the shelf 7 hellip a cup of tea on the table 8 hellip English books on the shelf

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 There is a fireplace in the house 2 There is a garden in front of the house

3 There is a piece of chalk on the blackboard 4 There are trees in the street5 There are girls in the yard 6 There is a glass of water on the table 7 There is a bus in the street 8 There are pens under the book

Exercise 3 Finish the sentence1 There is a hellip 2 There are hellip 3 There is no hellip 4 There are no hellip 5 Is

there hellip 6 Are there hellip

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with suitable noun phrasesa big dog some little plates some fresh milk some cheese a new pen some

children a little mouse a blue vase two pictures some English books a white cat ten red apples some pretty girls a red rose

1 There is hellip in the yard 2 There are hellip on the table 3There is hellip on the shelf4 There is hellip in the bottle 5 There are hellip in the park 6 There is hellip on the floor7 There ishellip on the bed 8 There are hellip on the wall 9 There are hellip on the dish10There is hellip in my pocket 11 There are hellip on the dancing-floor 12There are hellip on the shelf 13 There is hellip in the garden 14 There is in the fridge

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statement Model There is a bright lamp on his table

There is a bright lamp on his table isnrsquot there1 There is a cake on the plate 2 There is a cat on the carpet 3 There are

some children in the garden 4 There is a flower in the glass 5 There are some apples on the table 6 There is snow in the street 7 There are some cups on the shelf 8 There is a mouse on the floor 9 There is a ball under the bed 10 There are some girls by the window 11 There is milk in the bottle 12 There are some people in the street

NumeralsNumerals include two classes of words- cardinal and ordinal numerals

Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals One first Two second Three third Four fourth Five fifth Six sixth Twelve twelfth Sixteen sixteenth Twenty one twenty first Sixty sixtiethRemember 503 ndash five hundred and three 2075 ndash two thousand and seventy five

Dates are read in the following way1st September ndashthe first of September (September the first)5th June 1959 ndashthe fifth of June nineteen fifty nine Common fractions are read in the following way 23 ndashtwo thirdsDecimal fractions are read as 35 ndash three point five 803-eight point naught three

Exercise 1 Write the numbers in words3 19 24 28 50 48 1 2 11 94 12 57 79 83 88 59 9 34 45 5 10

Exercise 2 Write the numbers and the dates in words1957 2007 June 5 1959 13 23 212 frac14 025 the 30th of September

1005 5345 phone number 451236 100 1000 1005 1000000000

Exercise 3 Write the dates in words1959 1988 2004 2006 1979 1464 1547 5VI 18IX 23X 17XII 10V

Exercise 4 Order weekdays and monthsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)Tuesday Saturday Friday Monday Thursday Wednesday Sunday

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy)December April January November August February June October July March September May

TIMEWhat time is it

Itrsquos 900 (nine orsquoclock)830 (half past eight)715 (a quarter past seven)645 (a quarter to seven)1405 (five minutes past two)935 (twenty five to ten)

Exercise 5 Write the times in wordsModel Itrsquos 1000 (ten orsquoclock)1200 1530 1745 2015 600 7 25 1416 1953 2115 1817 1000

Have got and have

Use have got for possession Donrsquot use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have got

Always contract havehas got in + and ndasheg Irsquove got a car I havenrsquot got a car Hersquos got a fax He hasnrsquot got a fax

Use have with possession and activities Use the auxiliary verb dodoes with have

I have We have I donrsquot have We donrsquot haveYou have They have You donrsquot have They donrsquot have

He she it has He she it doesnrsquot have

Exercise 1 Use ldquoto haverdquo in the right form1 I hellip a brother 2 He hellip a new car 3 They hellip got a large family 4 Jane hellip

an English class today 5 We hellip breakfast in the morning 6 You hellip a test today7 She hellip two cousins and an aunt and an uncle 8 Daniyar hellip a sister

Exercise 2 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 Amina has got a lot of friends 2 I have got a question 3 He has a car

4They have good results in swimming 5 We have dinner at the hotel today 6 You have got skates 7 Hersquos got a computer 8 She has two sons and a daughter

Exercise 3 Give short answersModel Have you got a family - Yes I have or No I havenrsquotHas he got a cat ndashYes he has or No he hasnrsquot

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

1 Have you got any sisters or brothers 2 Have you got any relatives in London 3 Has your father got a lot of money 4 Has your grandmother got a lot of grandchildren 5 Has your cousin got a friend 6 Has your sister got apet 7 Has your friend got a cat and a dog 8 Have they got a new house

Possessive lsquosThe possessive is formed by means of the suffix ndashs and the apostrophe (-lsquo)

aloneThe ndashlsquos is added to singular nouns and also to irregular plural nouns eg

menrsquos womenrsquosThe apostrophe (-lsquo) alone is added to regular plural nouns eg parentsrsquo

workersrsquo and also to proper names ending in ndashs eg Herculesrsquo labours Use lsquos with people My brotherrsquos wife Use srsquo with plural nouns My parentsrsquo car Use of with things The capital of Italy

Exercise 1 Use possessive lsquos1 (The numberthe car) is 175 2 (bedroomthe parents) is on the second

floor 3 These are my (bookssister) 4 (officethe boss) is very large5 Your (pictureschildren) are so nice 6 (friendJack) is Peter 7 (the reportthe student) is very interesting 8 (childrenmy neighbour) are very good

Exercise 2 Write the sentences with an apostrophe (lsquo)

Model Martha is my brothers girlfriendMartha is my brotherrsquos girlfriend

1 This is my parents car 2 Do you know Aizhans sister 3 The womens toilets are over there 4 I think this is that womans bag 5 Our teachers wife is French 6 We have coffee in the teachers room at 1000 7 His pupils tasks are hard 8 Her friends sister is an artist

Prepositions

Prepositions are structural words which are used with a noun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence Prepositions may be single words eg in for below and also phrases consisting of more than one word eg because of due to in front of Besides there are a large number of combinations in English based on the pattern preposition+noun+preposition eg in addition to on top of on account of

Prepositions of time in on at after before duringPrepositions of direction into from of to out of under over nearPrepositions of place on under in at in front of by over behind between

fromUse in for parts of the day months years and seasonsUse on for specific days and datesUse at for times of the day and festivals Remember at night at the weekend

Exercise 1 Use prepositions on in or into at

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

1 There are many people hellip the park today 2 Why is the girl crying ndash She has dropped her doll hellip the water 3 The picture is hellip the wall 4 There are some books and pens hellip the teacherrsquos table 5 We put the box hellip the box 6 I like to sit hellip the sofa hellip my room 7 Mother is cooking dinner hellip the kitchen 8 There is no tea hellip my cup 9 I get up hellip seven orsquoclock or hellip a quarter past seven 10 hellip Sunday I usually get up hellip nine orsquoclock or hellip half past nine 11 My birthday is hellip the fifth of June 12 hellip the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas 14 hellip Wednesday I usually have a lot of work 15 Lev Tolstoy liked to get up hellip sunrise Exercise 2 Use prepositions to or of

1 London is the capital hellip Great Britain 2 It is clear hellip me that you donrsquot know your lesson 3 I explained hellip the teacher that by the end hellip the lesson I had not finished the translation hellip the text4 I sent a letter hellip my friend 5 He bought a book hellip English poem and gave it hellip his sister 6 The roof hellip the house is old

Exercise 3 Use prepositions where necessary1 We tried to speak hellip him but he did not want to listen hellip us 2 He did not

even look hellip us and did not answer hellip our questions 3 He says you always laugh hellip him never speak hellip him and answer hellip his questions4How many cities do you have hellip your country 5 I cannot speak hellip you now the professor is waiting hellip me6 There is a monument hellip Abai hellip the square hellip Arts 7 She works hellip an office 8 Every morning I look hellip the mirror wash and comb hellip my hair 9 Turn hellip the corner hellip the house and look hellip the flowers grown hellip my mother 10 I must go hellip the institute and explain hellip him some details hellip our work

Exercise 4 Answer the questions using the following words at the wall in front of in the left (right) ndashhand corner to the right of on the left to the left on in the centre of in the middle of at the opposite wall above the table on the wall between the windows round the table

1 Where is your dining-room in your flat 2 Where is your wardrobe 3 Where are the chairs 4 Where is the TV set 5 Where is the dressing table 6 Where is the sofa 7 Where is the sideboard 8 Where are the pictures 9 Where is the standard lamp 10 Where are the arm-chairs 11 Where is the lamp 12 Where is the piano 13 Where are the books

The Present Simple

Use the Present Simple for things you do every dayweekyearRemember therdquo s ldquo for + she he itUse the auxiliary verb ldquoto dordquo in negative interrogative short answersContracted form donrsquot = do not doesnrsquot = does not

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

The Present Simple is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often seldom sometimes always never ever usually occasionally once (twice three times) a week every year (week month day)

Exercise 1 Use the verbs in the present simple1 We (to learn) English at the Institute 2 I (to like) music and pictures

3 Gulmira (to play) tennis very well 4 They (to live) in London 5 My friend (to work) at an office 6 He (to walk) much 7 Amina (to know) many songs8 Anuar (to go out) to parties every weekend 9 He (to be) a handsome boy 10 Assima (to have) many friends at the Institute

Exercise 2 Make these statements interrogative and negative Use the model Model She speaks two foreign languages

She doesnrsquot speak two foreign languagesDoes she speak two foreign languages

1 I go to the Institute every day 2 Assima dances very well 3 Mary speaks French Spanish and Russian 4 My family is large 5 Every day my father works in the garden 6 They play football twice a week 7 Dauren is good at foreign languages 8 In the evening we meet our friends

Exercise 3 Combine the right word combinations Model cook dinner

a)cook watch read play drive wear live answer get up ask speak buy have get go away do eat write go

b) a car the phone tennis television in a flat dinner a magazine a uniform English question early a taxi in a restaurant a flower for the weekend sport or exercise letters to friends shopping for clothes lunch

Exercise 4 Use lsquos (possessive) lsquos (plural) or lsquos third person where necessary1 My friend hellip father work hellip in Germany 2 His brother hellip a lawyer He hellip

25 He workhellip at a plant 3 He livehellip in Paris with his three childrenhellip He has two boyhellip and a girl 4 My brother hellip wife hellip is Aizhan She hellip an economist 5 Pauline parent hellip live in Paris too 6 Her brother lookhellip like Paulinehellip mother but not her father

Exercise 5 Add question tags to the following statementModel He studies English doesnrsquot he1 I have a computer 2 She doesnrsquot go to the cinema 3 I like beautiful

flowers 4 They donrsquot go to the university on Saturday 5 We do our home task

everyday 6 He speaks German 7 She often goes to the theatre 8 My wife is pretty

Exercise 6 Use the right verb1 I ( livelives) in Astana My best friend (livelives) in Astana too

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

2The boy (walkwalks) to school 3 Pilots (sleepsleeps) in hotel 4 Liz (taketakes) her dog for a walk 5 Nurses ( workworks) every day

6 She (buybuys) a new dress 7 They ( havehas) an English class today

Interrogative pronounsInterrogative pronouns are who (whom) whose what which how much how many They are all used in forming questions

Word order in questions Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Do you read Does she speak English Where do they live What time does he come back

How manyhellip + countable nouns How much hellip + uncountable nounsRemember word order ASI and QASIExercise 1 Make up questions

1 My sister likes painting (What) 2 He studies at the University (Where) 3 Her mother is a school teacher (What) 4 Her eyes are dark blue (What colour) 5 Our granny is 65 (How old) 6 I go to the theatre on Sunday (When)

Exercise 2 Insert suitable question words How often What What time When How much How many Which

What kind Why Who Where hellip do you livehellip do you live withhellip hellip of music do you likehellip hellip do you usually get up in the morninghellip are you learning Englishhellipdo you go to the swimming -poolhellip hellip do you go to the cinemahellip do you prefer tea or coffeehellip hellip brothers and sisters have you got hellip hellip tea and coffee do you drink a day hellip do you do

Exercise 3 Order the words to make sentences1 cinema my in there street a is2 in three this there supermarkets are town3 mobile bagphone mythereisnrsquot inthe4 cross two the there bridges river are

5 houseScotlandsisterrsquosinmyis 6 Barbaraherworksshopbrotherrsquosin

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

7 Japanhercarboyfriendrsquosisfrom 8 daughterrsquosbankinfriendourworksa 9 moneymotherlotearnsofSusanrsquosa 10 jobstressfulis Tomrsquosvery

Exercise 4 Order the words to make negative form 1 hot a Betty doesnrsquot shower take

2 dancing like he doesnrsquot 3 such I like donrsquot weather 4 in the you in walk never park eveningsthe 5 live mother doesnrsquot the in country your 6 to south his donrsquot the sisters summer in go

Exercise 5 Order the words to make questions 1 your helps to you lesson whodo 2 the leave when you do institute 3 day your doyour grandmother parents visitevery 4 your you do brother homework his help with 5 how go to hairdresserrsquos the oftendoyou 6 English want learn to you do why 7 English like you do why 8 get the institute how you to do 9 Daurenworkwhat timefinishdoes 10 livetheywheredo

Exercise 6 Complete the questions with do or does1 hellip you live in a flat2 hellip your parents work in an office3 hellip you speak French4 hellip Amina play the piano5 hellip your father smoke6 hellip they have lunch at home7 hellip Assima do exercise at the weekend8 hellip you go on holiday every year

Exercise 7 Answer these questions 1 What time do you get up

2 Do you do your morning exercises every day3 What do you have for breakfast4 What time do you leave home5 What time do you come to your institute6 How long does it take to get there7 What time is your lunch hour8 Where do you go after classes9 What do you do in the evening

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

10 Where do you usually spend the weekend

Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns express various degrees and various kinds of indefiniteness We find the following subgroups among them1 indefinite pronouns propera)someanynob) somebody anybody something anything someone anyone Negative no none nobody nothing no one2) distributive pronounsa) all every each other either neither bothb) everybodyeveryone everything3) quantative pronounsmuch many little few a few a little a lot of lots of a great deal a great manyetcReciprocal pronouns each other one another

Remember Use some + C nouns in + sentences Some =not an exact numberquantity Use any + C plural nouns and U nouns in ndash and-

Remember Use much little a little with uncountable noun Use many few a few with countable noun

Reciprocal pronouns

There are two reciprocal pronouns each other and one another They show that something is done mutually Both pronouns are mainly used in the function of an object in the sentence

Relative pronouns

The pronouns who (whom) whose what which whose They are all used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal cluses Owing to their auxiliary function they are called relative pronouns

eg Do you know who has bought the house Yoursquoll never guess what present I want him to give me

Exercise 1 Use some any no 1 I want to show you hellip pictures 2 There is hellip coffee at home 3 Are there

hellip bookshelves in your study room 4 There are hellip English students in our Institute 5 Are hellip newspapers on the desk 6 Have you got hellip children7 Jane has hellipbrothers or sisters 8 Has he hellip French magazines at home-Yes he has hellip 9 I have hellip friends in Britain 10 We have hellip pets at home

Exercise 2 Complete the dialogue with a an some or any

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

A I invited my sister for dinner Is that OKB No it isnrsquot We donrsquot have hellip foodA There are hellip eggs and hellip cheese I can make hellip omeletsB There arenrsquot hellip eggs I had the last two A We can make hellip pasta Are there hellip tomatoesB Yes and therersquos hellip onion What about drink Is there hellip wineA Yes therersquos hellip bottle of red wine

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with some any no something anything nothing somebody anybody nobody and each other one another

1 Do you have hellip classes today - No we have hellip classes on Saturday2 Is there hellip interesting in the newspaper - Yes there is hellip interesting here3 Is there hellip in the house - No there is hellip 4 There is light in the flatI think hellip is at home 5 There is hellip in the fridge Go and get hellip food6 I have hellip relatives in London 7 Have they got hellip chairs in the kitchen8 We have hellip friends in Paris 9 Ann and Kevin help hellip with the housework 10 We donrsquot speak hellip 11 They often see 12 They have known for two years

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 4 Insert suitable nouns1 There is a hellip in my study room (table kitchen desk) 2 Is there any hellip in that room (cooker furniture fridge) 3 There is no hellip in the house ( mirror fireplace telephone) 4 Is there hellip in your kitchen (hot water garage computer) 5 There is no balcony in my hellip (garden room bathroom) 6 There are two large hellip in the sitting room (TV sets wardrobes windows) 7 We have a table and some hellip in the dining room (chairs bookshelves beds) 8 They have two hellip near the fireplace (beds armchairs tables)

Exercise 5 Insert much many little few a few a little 1 There are hellip spoons on the table 2 There is hellip ink in my pen Have you

got any ink 3 Irsquod like to say hellip words about my journey 4 I have hellip money so we canrsquot go to the cinema 5 The clerk works hellip thatrsquos why he knows nothing 6 There are two large windows in this room and there is hellip light in the room 7 hellip of these students donrsquot like to look up words in the dictionary 8 Do you have hellip time this week 9 Wait hellip 10 Has he got hellip books ndash No only hellip

Exercise 6 Translate these sentences

1 I donrsquot know which of them speaks French 2 That is not what I want 3 The man who is sitting next to Mr Smith is my English teacher 4 The woman who was here is a book-keeper 5 The books which are on the table are mine 6 There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday 7 I donrsquot know whose handwriting is it

Exercise 7 Complete the questions with how muchhow manyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip people are there at the partyᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip milk does she drink

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip coffee did you drink yesterdayᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip eggs are there in the fridge ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip money do you have with youᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip hours does your baby sleepᤀ ᤀᤄᤀ 5ᤀሄᄀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀ ᬄ 5 ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀ ᬄ 5ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄ ሄༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀ ༀᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬙᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄᬄ䐄끃 ᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀᤀ ᤀᤀᤀᤀ ᤀ ᤀᤀᤄᤀᬄ ᤀ ᤀᤄᤀᬄᤀᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄᬄ ᬄ Ą䨱oȁȀĀЀࠀᤀ切쐟 Ā䰀Ư䴀Ư䅅āĀ䰀Ư䰀ƯȀ4forall껪꽍က䀀 ⨀ 堀䀀耀䀄Unknown ƐIgraveȂЅȅЃᙇ  窇 耀ǿTimes New Roman Ɛԅȁᘵက耀SymbolȆ ƐIgrave ଂІȂȂЂ  窇 耀ǿArial Ɛ ʇKZ Times New RomanTimes New Roman ƐIgrave Ꮜ ȅȂЂ˯ꀀ⁻䀀Calibri Ѯacuteacute膁㐞깱깱Ā偈ᤀᤀ㼁ڥ䁟滮6Uuml䁟滮6Uumlܚꔴܚᢈ˄Ũꔳӣ翿翿翿翿翿翿翿ῺAuml2CustomerCustomerD

hellip free time do you have during the week The Past Simple

Use the Past Simple ( V2 ) (regular and irregular verbs) to talk about finished actions in the past The Past Simple is the same for all persons But the interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the past simple and the infinitive without to

Use did + infinitive in interrogative and didnrsquot + infinitive in negative Present to past amis ndash was are - were Present to past there isare ndash there was were

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences Use was were wasnrsquotA Whorsquos thatB Itrsquos William ShakespeareA Why hellip he famousB He hellip a writerA hellip he ScottishB No he hellip He hellip English He hellipborn in Stratford ndashupon-AvonA And hellip he marriedB Yes he hellip married His wifersquos name hellipAnneA And hellip they happyB I donrsquot know

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with present and past forms of be1 Today is Monday so yesterday was Sunday2 A Hi hellip your sister at home

B No she hellip She helliphere this morning but now she hellip at work3 My books hellip here on my desk this morning Where hellip they now4 James hellip born in England but his parents hellip born in Singapore5 My boss hellip angry today because I hellip very late for work yesterday and this

morning too

Exercise 3 Write three main forms of the following verbsa) to ask to like to look to learn to smoke to talk to thank to work to help

to hope to pass to watch to close to excuse to love to shave to open to answer to order to prepare to play to stay to try to need to dictate to repeat to translate to want

b) to buy to think to teach to see to write to wake up to speak to tell to meet to get to leave to read to drink to sit to have to come to give to eat to pay to hear to do to be to know to say to take

Exercise 4 Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 I got up very early 2 I made breakfast 3 I left the house at seven 4 He

came on time 5 We saw her in the office 6 Jane passed her exam in English 7 He showed me his new flat 8 I did morning exercises in the morning 9 She needed money 10 He went to his club at night

Exercise 5 Give three main forms of the following verbs and write them in the right column according to the rules of pronunciationModel [t] [d] [id]

smoked lived wantedTo study to walk to live to wash to want to stop to close to stop to end to

watch to play to decide to attend to kiss to use to smile to smoke to arrive to help to enjoy to dance to last to listen to translate to pass to start to finish

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 6 Complete the dialogue with the past simpleA Where did you go last nightB I went to that jazz club in townA hellip it goodB Yes it was great A Who hellip with youB I went with my boyfriend and some friendsA What hellip you hellip B I wore my long skirt and a new top I bought last weekA What time hellip you hellip homeB We got home at about 300 in the morningA hellip you hellip a taxi homeB No my boyfriend has a carA hellip you hellip a good timeB Yes we had a really good time

Exercise 7 Complete the text Use there was there wereI went on holiday to Greece last month I stayed in a nice hotel there hellip two

swimming pools in the garden There hellip a small beach in front of the hotel There hellip any cars on the road but there hellip some buses and a lot of tourists

There hellip a restaurant in the hotel but there hellip some very nice restaurants in the town There hellip a big window so I could see the sea In the evening when there hellip any people on the beach it was very beautiful

Exercise 8 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the past simpleYesterday (be) my birthday My boyfriend (buy) me a beautiful jacket In the

evening we (go) out I (wear) my new jacket We (look) for a Chinese restaurant but we(not can) find one so we (have) dinner in our favourite Italian restaurant After that (meet) two friends at a nightclub We (dance) for two hours We (not get) home until 300I (be) very tired and I (go) straight to bed

Exercise 9 Complete the following questions using the past simple Model Did you go out last night

1 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you wear)2 Wherehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you go)3 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you do)4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip with you (your sister go)5 Whathelliphelliphelliphelliphellip to eat (you have)6 What time helliphelliphelliphelliphellip (the party finish)7 What timehelliphelliphelliphelliphellip (you get home)8 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipa good time (you have)

Modal verbs

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

We find the following modal verbs in English must may can should ought to shall need and dare Besides to have and to be in some of their uses are also classed among modal verbs

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Use must 1 for obligation 2 for strong recommendationUse maymight to say what is possibly going to happen (but you arenrsquot sure)

permissionUse cancould to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability

to do somethingNeednrsquot - no obligationShould ought to- duty

Exercise 1 Make these statements interrogative and negative 1 We must discuss it now 2 I may go to the cinema this evening 3 They

can understand what he means 4 Anuar must return the book to the library 5 You must leave the room at once 6 I must explain it all to you 7 You may ask him to be the chairman 8 She can show you how to do it

Exercise 2 Complete with can must or may1 He hellip speak English 2 hellip I come in - Yes you hellip 3 This hellip be your

coat 4 It hellip be very interesting 4 You hellip do this task tomorrow 5 You hellip work at your English 6 She hellip be English with a name like Jane

Exercise 3 Translate these sentencesa)1 Peter can speak three foreign languages 2 Gulmira can translate this

text into English 3 Can you play the piano 4 Dauren canrsquot play tennis can he 5 Can she show me her new picture 6 He can go there now

b) 1 The children may watch TV tonight 2 May I have your textbook 3 May I smoke here 4 You may look through the magazines 5 They may come back tomorrow

c) 1 We must finish the work tonight 2 Amina must be in class now 3 You mustnrsquot smoke here 4 She must be a French teacher She has a lot French books 5 ldquomust we do it nowrdquo- ldquoNo you donrsquot have to

d) 1 They have to do their homework every day 2 Weekdays she has to get up at 6 orsquoclock every day 3 Do you have to go to class every day 4 Does he have to see them tonight 5 We donrsquot have to learn these sentences by heart

Exercise 4 Use ldquomustrdquo or ldquoneednrsquotrdquo1 Must I tell the truth - hellip itrsquos important 2 Must I go shopping -hellip we

have a lot of food 3 Must I do this work now - hellip you can do later 4 Must I tape these papers today - hellip I need them today 5 Must I take the dog out for a walk - hellip Irsquom busy now 6 Must I come on Sunday - hellip itrsquos your birthdayExercise 5 Use modal verbs can could be (to) must have(to)

It was autumn A hungry fox was walking about the forest looking for something to eat but he hellip find nothing Then he came up to the lake ldquoThere hellip be some fishrdquo he thought ldquoIf I hellip catch one I shall hellip to have dinnerrdquo He saw a few fishes but they were swimming too fast The fox hellip not swim ldquoHow hellip I catch themrdquo he thought and said ldquoLittle fishesrdquo- ldquoWe hellip not hear yourdquo- ldquoCome

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

nearer you hellip come on land and live in peace as I do You hellip always find something to eat in the forest and you will hellip to meet friendsrdquo- ldquoHe hellip be stupid if he tells us to come on landrdquo thought the fishes

Exercise 6 Use must mustnrsquot neednrsquot have should shouldnrsquot -Well kids this is Kelly your baby sitter for the time wersquore away You hellip be nice to her Dad and I are sorry we hellip leave you for a month but we really hellip -Hi you hellipbe Sam and this hellip be the little Nancy-Oh you hellip be so noisy Come Kelly we hellip show you around the house You hellip do a lot of work The only thing you hellip do is feed them and look after them during the day - hellip I go shopping- No you hellip we have a housekeeper and a mild- hellip I wash up- No you hellip you hellip do any work about the house-What time hellip I come in the morning-You hellip come at 9 and stay till 5 but you hellip late in the morning and you hellip allow Sam to stay out in the garden long You hellip be firm about it If anything goes wrong you hellip phone us-You hellip worry Irsquoll do my best

Exercise 7 Translate these sentences1 You will be able to come tomorrow 2 She might go for a walk 3 The

children will be allowed to swim if the weather is warm 4 You mustnrsquot go out today 5 I have to get up very early 6 We didnrsquot have to wait 7 You should follow my advice 8 You neednrsquot do it now 10 You ought to help her 11 He is to arrive on Monday

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences negative and then interrogative form

1 I often have to go to the library 2 She has to stay in bed 3 Irsquove to speak to you 4 Hersquos to see a lot of people today 5 He had to go for the book at once 6 She had to go to bed late last night

The Future Simple

Use the Future Simple with the auxiliary verbs shall ( for the first person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive without to It should be mentioned that in present- day English there is a tendency to use will for all the personsI we shall + infinitiveYou he she it they will + infinitiveUse be going to + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 1 Use the future simple1Next year he hellip (to be) 25 2 We hellip (to be) very glad to see you as soon as

possible 3 The meeting hellip (to take place) on Tuesday at 3 pm 4 I hellip (to come) and help you 5 I think the weather hellip (to clear) tomorrow 6 I hellip(to book) tickets in advance

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs1hellip I show the city 2 hellip you give me a camera for a moment 3 hellip he

spend his free time at home on weekend 4 hellip she meet us at the station5hellip you tell me how to get to the centre 6 hellip I show you the way Exercise 3 Make these statements negative and interrogative

1 Her relatives will live in Canada 2 She will know French3 We shall have a class in English4 He will be a student of the University 5 I shall have an interesting job 6 There will be many people on Sunday here

Exercise 4 Make these statements negative and interrogative1 We are going to revise the grammar rules2 He is going to write a letter to his friend3 My sisters are going to translate the text tomorrow morning4 I am going to go to Astana next week5 These engineers are going to be in the Ministry next month6 I am going to meet my friend tonight

Exercise 5 Answer these questions1 When are you going to have your English2 What are you going to do in the evening3 When are going to speak to your friend4 Is your friend going to play football5 Are you going to read a new text

Exercise 6 Complete the predictions with ( to be) going to and a verbbe break have not pass wake up winModel Itrsquos my dream holiday I know Irsquom going to have a good holiday

1 Theyrsquore playing very well I think they hellip the match2 Shersquos very bad student She hellip the exam3 Look at the blue sky It hellip a beautiful day4 Yoursquore driving very fast We hellip an accident 5 Be careful with that glass You hellip it 6 The baby is very tired I donrsquot think she hellip tonight

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Correlative conjunctions

Both hellip and either hellipor neither hellip norRemember With we you and they when A does something to B and B does the same to AFor A and B use both hellip and hellipFor not A and B use neitherhellip nor hellipFor A or B use eitherhellip or hellip

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 Both Ann and Jim are coming Both of them are coming 2 Neither Rome

nor Madrid has got a port Neither of them has got a port 3 You can have either a cake or an ice cream You can have either of them 4 Both the mother and the son have brown hair Both of them have brown hair 5 Neither the father nor the mother wears glasses Neither of them wears glasses 6 They look like either English or French Exercise 2 Complete the text with both either neither or each other

Irsquove got two older sisters but I donrsquot like hellip of them hellip of them are tall In fact they work as models They help hellip with the work They are hellip married but hellip of them has children They are very busy I havenrsquot seen hellip them for over a month

Exercise 3 Make up six sentences using bothhellip and eitherhellip or neitherhellipnor

The Continuous TensesUse the Continuous Tenses with auxiliary verb to be in the Present (Past

Future) Indefinite Tenses and the ndashing form of the verbRemember To be + Participle I (ing)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 We are writing some exercises 2 She is writing something 3 They are having an English lesson 4 He is studying English5 We are going to the Institute 6 It is raining

Exercise 2 Put questions to the missing parts of the following sentences1 They are having an hellip lesson 2 hellip is teaching them English 3 The

teacher is writing hellip on the blackboard 4 They are looking at hellip 5 She is coming from hellip 6 The old man is sitting on hellip 7 The old man is listening to hellip 8 hellip are falling from the branches on the ground

Exercise 3 Put the verb in the present continuous A HelloB Oh Dad Where are youA Irsquom in my hotel Irsquom having a drink in the bar (have) It (rain) a lot here Is Mam there

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

B Yes but she (talk) to somebody on the mobile just now A Oh What (do) you hellipB My friend Jane is here A Jane Why (notdo) you hellip your homeworkB Donrsquot worry We (study) together

Exercise 4 Use the continuous tenses1 She hellip (to work) very hard nowadays 2 I hellip (to use) Johnrsquos mobile phone

because Irsquove left mine at home 3 The weather (to get) hotter and hotter 4 Where you (to go)-I (to go) to the supermarket 5 The Browns (to come) to see us tonight 6 Where is Ann -She (to do) the flat 7 What you (to do) when I rang you up yesterday -I (to draw) pictures for my little sister 8 Tomorrow wersquoll have a party What dress you (to wear) -I donrsquot know

Exercise 5 Use the correct form of ldquoto berdquo1 you going to the bakerrsquos Buy a loaf of bread for me please

2 We driving too fast and didnrsquot see the traffic lights 3 He choosing an umbrella too long but didnrsquot buy any 4 I hope it not raining tomorrow Itrsquos our shopping day 5 He celebrating his birthday tomorrow Letrsquos go and buy him some present 6 What you looking for ndash I trying to find a Christmas present for my wife 7 While my mother paying for the things I bought a bar of chocolate for myself 8 Where you going ndash I going to the theatre 8 she sitting in the living room now

Exercise 6 Give short answers to these questions1 Am I speaking to Ann 2 Are you buying anything 3 Was I speaking too

long 4 Were you driving too fast 5 Was it raining in the morning 6 Will you be wearing your new dress 7 Shall I be seeing you tomorrow 8 Will she be waiting for you

Exercise 7 Circle the correct form present simple or present continuous1 What do you doWhat are you doing here - Irsquom waiting for a friend

2 Do you walkAre you walking to work every day 3 Barbara isnrsquot here She buysis buying a present for her daughter 4 I goam going to work now See you later5 It rainsis raining a lot here in the winter 6 My husband watchesis watching football three times a week

Exercise 8 Write each of the following sentences first in negative and then in interrogative form

a) 1 At seven orsquoclock he was just getting up 2 When I saw him he was opening the door of your house 3 While Amina was washing up Dauren was taking his bath 4 When the bell rang they were all sleeping 5 They were having a walk in the park 6 At that time she was walking her dog 7 When the phone rang they were dancing in the sitting-room 8 In the kitchen she was cooking dinner

b) 1 Irsquoll be taking my friends out to dinner tomorrow night 2 Wersquoll be packing if they come at nine 3 Theyrsquoll be discussing this problem at this time

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

tomorrow 4 Irsquoll be seeing the engineers tomorrow afternoon 5 Irsquoll be going to the cinema at 3orsquoclock tomorrow 6 They will be having dinner at that time 7 I shall be meeting my old friends in Astana soon 8 He will be waiting for you at seven in the evening

Exercise 9 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 What were you doing when I rang you up 2 What were you reading

while I was writing my composition 3 What was Anuar doing while Aizhan was laying the table 4 What were you looking for when I opened the door 5 What were they doing when it began raining 6 What was the mother doing while they were leaving home

b) 1What will you be doing if I come at eight 2 Will you be hurrying home after classes 3 Where will you be going for your holidays 4 Do you know when yoursquoll be taking your English exam this year 5 Where will you be going at 3 orsquoclock tomorrow 6 What time will you be waiting for your friend tomorrow

Exercise 10 Use the past simple or past continuous1 A few minutes later a young man hellip (to arrive) 2 One fine morning as she

hellip in her room someone hellip at the door ( to sit to knock) 3 When I hellip into the room Tom hellip bread and butter (to come to cut) 4 He hellip something but I hellip him well (to cry to hear) 5 When he hellip in she hellip in a big armchair by the window(to come to sit) 6 When he hellip you home you hellip chess (to call to play)

The Perfect Tenses

The Perfect Tenses are formed by using the auxiliary verb to have in the Present (Past Future) Indefinite Tenses and Participle II The Present Perfect Tense is used for an action that is just finished

Remember To have + Participle II (Past Participle)

Exercise 1 Write each of the following sentences first in the negative and then in the interrogative form

1 They have done something 2 He has given them some money 3 You have brought something for us 4 I have taken some English books from you 5 She has read it to her 6 He has written it to somebody

Exercise 2 Change the verbs in the following sentences into the present perfect1 I am eating my breakfast 2 We are drinking water 3 He is bringing them

some meat and vegetables 4 You are putting the dishes on the table 5 They are having tea 6 She is taking the dirty plates from the table

Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect1 I donrsquot know this girl I never (meet) her before 2 ldquoWhere is Motherrdquo-

ldquoShe just (go) out 3 Donrsquot worry about the letter I already (post) it 4rdquo Do you

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

speak Spanishrdquo - ldquoNo I never (study) it 5 He (see not) his friends since last September 6 I (notspeak) to her yet

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 4 Put the questions to all the parts of the sentence1 He has told us a good fortune 2 I have put his things in the room next to

yours 3 The cat has been asleep most of the day 4 She has lived in Almaty for five years5 The trees have thrown off their yellow leaves 6 I have finished my writing for today Exercise 5 Complete with the correct word for since yet already just 1 I wrote to him three weeks ago but he hasnrsquot answered my letter hellip 2 A How long have you been living there B hellip six months 3 A Do you want a cigarette

B No thanks Irsquove hellip had one 4 Hersquos had his car hellip last April 5 A Indiana Jones is on TV tonight B Oh no Irsquove hellip seen it about five times

Exercise 6 Think of the questions for which the following might be answers1 Aigerim has cooked a very wonderful cake 2 He has gone home 3 She

hasnrsquot seen him since the summer 4 He has given her a beautiful rose 5 The alarm clock has just rung 6 She has put her umbrella on the table 7 She has changed her name 8 She has always tried to stop him Exercise 7 Add question - tag to the following statements and then give short answers

Model She doesnrsquot study SpanishShe doesnrsquot study Spanish does she Yes she does (No she doesnrsquot)1 Hersquos French 2 This is the train to London 3 Banks donrsquot open on Sunday

4 Yoursquove been to London before 5 Yoursquore late for class 6 She doesnrsquot eat meat7 You didnrsquot come to our place yesterday 8 Your sister doesnrsquot study EnglishExercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the present indefinite and present perfect

1 Look They (stop) 2 I (want) to see you I (notsee) you for ages 3rdquo What (be) his namerdquo- ldquoHis name (be) Jackrdquo ldquoHow long you (know) himrdquo - ldquoI (know) him for 10 yearsrdquo 4 ldquoYou (know) the girl who just (leave) the shoprdquo - ldquoThat (be) Bellardquo - She (be) a customer of yoursrdquo - ldquoNot exactly She (be) here several times but she never (buy) anythingrdquo 5 I (notsee) your pictures for a long time Can I look around 6 There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (notdo) them

Exercise 9 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (Present perfect or past indefinite) 1 A You ever (visit) Chicago B Yes I (be) there several times C Yes I (be) there a few years ago 2 A You (be) at the Ryanrsquos lately B Yes I (be) C Yes I (go) there last night

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

3 A He (speak) to you about his plans recently B No he (notspeak) C No he (go) to Vilnius last week and (notarrive) yet

Exercise 10 Open the brackets using A past perfect B future perfectA 1 She hoped that I (to pay for the tickets already) 2 When we came the

performance (to begin) 3 He went to bed as soon as he (to switch) off TV set) 4 By the end of the year she (to play in two films) 5 When they came home the football match (to finish) 6 By the time the director arrived the actress (to learn her part) 7 She went for a holiday after she (to pass the exam) 8 I didnrsquot know what to do when I (to spend all the money)

B 1 When the uncle returns from Australia his son (to grow up) 2 By the end of this year I (to learn English very well) 3 Irsquoll need this magazine Will you (to look through it by morning) 4 If you come at 9 the concert ( to finish) 5 We mustnrsquot be late They (to eat everything) by the time we come 6 Before they choose a suitable house they (to see hundreds of them) 7 When you go out it (to stop raining) 8 By the end of May she (to pass all the exams)

Exercise 11 Use the past perfectExamples Why didnrsquot you listen to that play on the radio(hear) I didnrsquot listen to that play on the radio because I had heard it before 1 Why didnrsquot you see Fred when you came to Moscow (leave) 2 Why didnrsquot Madina want to go the cinema (see the film) 3 Why didnrsquot you tell him my new address (forget) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get into your flat at once (lose the key) 5 Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday (spend all the money)

Exercise 12 Put the verb in brackets into the past indefinite and past perfect1 After dinner Mr Brown proposed a game of cards He (notplay) cards

since his illness 2 His smile (be) something she never (see) before 3 He decided to wait till he (talk) to the man himself 4 He (come) into the room a moment after I( get ) there 5 When he (return) at eleven orsquoclock the telegram (arrive) 6 He (promise) to ring me up when he (get) a definite answer 7 She (know) why he (come) 8 They (move) into the new house when their friends (come)

Exercise 13 Answer the questions in the future perfect using the words in brackets

Examples Will you still be busy if I call you at six (finish) Oh no we will have finished by that time 1 Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow (move to their new house) 2 Will you be discussing the plan at 2 orsquoclock (make a decision) 3 Will your students be writing a test at ten in the morning (finish) 4 Will your brother still be a student next autumn (graduate) 5 Will you still remember me in five years (forget)

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite future indefinite and future perfect

1 He (be) here for two hours by the time he (come) back 2rdquo It (be) very laterdquo- ldquoThey (be) back soonrdquo 3 ldquoThere (be) no planes tonightrdquo- ldquoNever mind I (go) by trainrdquo 4 You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it 5 By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work 6 ldquoI (be) afraid my train (leave) by that timerdquo- ldquo(notworry) I (drive) you homerdquo 7 I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning 8 If you (think) it over you (see) I am right

Exercise 15 Put the verb in brackets into present past future simple present past continuous

1 Where your brother (to work)- He (to work) at an institute 2 Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday 3 What your brother (to do) tomorrow 4 I (not to go 0 to the shop tomorrow 5 Where Kate (to go) when you meet her yesterday 6 Look at these children they (to skate) very well7 You (to skate) last Sunday- Yes we (to skate)the whole day last Sunday We (to skate) again next Sunday 8 What you (to do ) now-I (to wash) the dishes 9 What you ( to do ) at three orsquoclock yesterday- I(to have) dinner 10 You (to have) dinner now 11 Your father (to go) on business trip last month 12 Look My friends (to play) football

The Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by using the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the ing-form of the notional verbRememberIt is usually used with- since- forI have been learning English for 10 yearsI have been learning Spanish since we last met and have made some progress in itCompare I live in AlmatyI have been living in Almaty since childhoodShe is doing her homework She has been doing her homework since morningRemember

Donrsquot use these verbs in the present perfect continuous to see to hear to feel to watch to love to hate to like to dislike to think to understand to know to have

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous

1 I ( work) on this problem for two months 2 She (sleep) all this time 3 You

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

( talk) this nonsense all day long4 He says he (notfeel) well for the past week5 You are red all over How long you (lie) in the sun today 6 We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helenrsquos placeExercise 2 Use the present continuous or present perfect continuous

1 He (translate) the text for two and half hours 2 He (translate) the text now 3 They (watch) TV now 4 They (watch) TV since 7 orsquoclock 5 Mike (do) the problems at that moment 6 Mike (do) the problems since he came from college Exercise 3 Put the verb in brackets into the present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous

1 This man (to be) a writer He (to write) books He(to write) books since he was a young man He already (to write) eight books 2 What you (to do) here since morning 3 Lena is a very good girl She always (to help) her mother about the house Today she (to help) her mother since morning 4 He (to run) now He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest 5 Where he (to be) now ndash He (to be) in the garden He (to play) volleyball with his friends They (to play) since breakfast time 6 I(to live)in Almaty since 1997 7You (to find) your notebook-No I still (to look ) for it I already (to look) for it two hours but (not yet to find) it8 You (to play) with a ball for three hours already Go home do your homework 9 What you (to do) ndash I (to read) 10 I(to read) for two hours already I already (to read) sixty pages11 I (to wait) for you since two orsquoclock 12 It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it

The Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the ing ndashform of the verb(egI had been working He had been working) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms Irsquod hersquod shersquod wersquod yoursquod and theyrsquod are used in affirmative sentences and hadnrsquot in negative sentences

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the past perfect continuous

1 For the last five minutes he had been shouting at me to hurry 2 I could not believe that he had been sitting beside me all this time 3 He threw the letter he had been reading on to the table and turned to me 4 She looked up No she had not been dreaming 5 The man who had been staring at the blank wall looked up at the inspector 6 The man was still leaning against the wall He had been leaning against the wall when I came into the room his arms folded across his chest7 Jane who had been helping Kate to set the room tidy again sat down at the table

Exercise 1 Put the verb in brackets into the past perfect continuous1 He opened the box and looked at the tablets Yes they were the same (to

have) 2 As we set off he began to talk about his recent visit to Bradford where

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

he (to take part) in a wrestling match 3 It wasnrsquot hard for me to work out that you (to visit Richard 4 She realized that she (to feel) that way for days 5 That morning he told me that he (to dream ) about the mountains 6 She smiled She (to wait) for exactly that question 7 He wondered why the man (to tell) lies for such a long time8 I (to hope) for a chat with him but he was unable to give me his attention

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison positive comparative and superlative positive comparative superlative

One syllableHot hotter the hottestLarge larger the largest

Two or more syllable wordsInteresting more interesting the most interestingBeautiful more beautiful the most beautiful Irregular formsGood better the bestBad worse the worst Many much more the most

Old older the oldest elder the eldest

Far farther the farthest further the furthesTo say that two things are the same use ashelliphellipas The dog as big as a horseTo say that two things are different use not so hellipas She was not so young as he thought Remember thehellipthe The more we study the more we know much better much more exciting The party was much more exciting than I thought

Exercise 1 Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectivesa) Tall green new short great warm fresh young light full long sweet

high poor small clear quick freeb) Heavy early easy happy lazy dirty pretty angry busy funny clever

slender simple noble polite complete sincere severec) Famous active serious stupid splendid immense

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

d) Beautiful careful interesting outstanding pleasant attentive wonderful comfortable excellent favourite

e) Good bad little many much far old

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 2 Write comparative sentences Model The Nilethe Amazon (long) the Nile is longer than the Amazon 1 Drivingflying (dangerous) 2 My Englishyour English (bad) 3 This

chair that chair (comfortable) 4 Busestrains (cheap) 5 French wine English wine (good)

Exercise 3 Give full answers to the following questionsa) 1 Is your sister taller than you 2 Is my room warmer than yours 3 Is she

prettier than her mother 4 Is the path narrower than that one 5 Is he cleverer than his brother 6 Is he more attentive than his brother 7 Is your flat more comfortable than mine 8 Is honey sweeter than sugar

b) 1 Is his work the best 2 Is she the prettiest girl of the group 2 Is he the most outstanding writer of the world 4 Is this the most interesting play of the season 5 Is he the worst student of the faculty 6 Is he the best friend of yours 7 Is the story the longest in the book 8 Is this bag the heaviest

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative degree of the adjectives

1 She is (lovely) woman in the world 2 His pride is (strong) part of his nature 3 I think you are (pretty) than any one else 4 I spend my (happy) hours with you 5 This deer looks (tall) and (proud) than the others 6 That is (good) thing it is (good) than anything else 7 The park seems even (beautiful) than before 8 You are (kind) man in the world 9 My sister is six years (old) than I 10 He is (bad) partner I can think of

Exercise 5 Insert the forms older elder oldest or eldestModel She is the oldest woman in the village1 What is your hellip brother 2 My sister is two years hellip than I 3 Mary is the

hellip of the three sisters 4 He is the hellip boy in our group 5 Semey is one of the hellip town in our country 6 He is the hellip of the two brothers 7 Uncle Ben is the hellip man in the village 8 This is the hellip oak-tree in the whole park 9 It is hellip than any of the trees in the wood 10 She is five years hellip than her hellip sister Exercise 6 Insert suitable phrases into the sentences below

Three times as wide four times as deep five times as narrow twice as big ten times as clever twice as strong ten times as fascinating twice as hot many times as long

1 The lake we have just crossed is hellip as the one we crossed yesterday 2 Now the road seemed hellip which always happens when you dead tired 3 The streets in the new district were hellip as in the old one 4 Have you seen the new film To my mind it is hellip as the one you took me to last week 5 Take care This cup is hellip as that one6 Tom boasted that he was hellip as me 7 She was hellip as her husband thatrsquos why everybody sought her advice 8 This house is hellip as that one 9 The canyon before them hellip as the one they had so successfully got over the day before

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoas + adj + asrdquo

1 This tree is hellip 2 This road is hellip 3 Their dining room is hellip 4 The flowers in my garden hellip 5 In spring days are hellip 6 My study is hellip 7 My dog is hellip 8 Her watch is hellip

Exercise 8 Give full answers to the following questions 1 Is she as pretty as her mother 2 Is this book not so interesting as that

one 3 Is it as cold today as yesterday 4 Are they not so busy as you 5 Are the cats as clever as the dogs 6 Are their friends not so hard-working as they 7 Is your new dress not so long as that one 8 Is this rule not so difficult as the previous one

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences making use of the pattern ldquoso +adj + asrdquo

1 Her face is not hellip 2 Their marks are not hellip 3 My friend is not hellip 4 Her eyes are not hellip 5 Our kitchen is not hellip 6 The days are not hellip Exercise 10 Insert as hellip as or so hellip as

1 He is hellip kind to me hellip you 2 His voice is hellip disagreeable hellip his face 3 She is not hellip clever hellip her friend 4 In all the country-side there is no garden hellip lovely hellip his 5 The sea is not hellip blue hellip the sky 6 I am going to be hellip good hellip my grandmother7 Relatives are never hellip good hellip friends 8 Her face is hellip pleased hellip the face of the woman at the gate

Exercise 11 Choose adjective or adverb Underline the right word1 Our teacher speaks very slowslowly 2 Her English is perfect perfectly 3

Everything happened very quickquickly 4 The food was very good well 5 Please drive carefulcarefully 6 You can walk safesafely 7 My sister dresses very goodwell 8 The weather is terribleterribly tonight 9 Hersquos very politepolitely

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences with adverbs from these adjectives Bad good careful hard easy healthy slow quiet beautiful

Model I donrsquot speak French well1 We played hellip in the semi-final and we lost 3-12 Hurry up Yoursquore walking very hellip3 Can you talk hellip please Your father is asleep4 We had a good map and we found their househellip5 The boss likes him because he works hellip6 Open the bag hellip There are eggs inside7 He eats very hellip - lots of fruit and vegetables8 She sings hellip Irsquom sure shersquos going to be famous9 He speaks English hellip

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Future- in- the- Past

The Future- in- the -Past is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs should (for the first person singular and plural) and would (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the participle to(egI said I should do it He said he would do it) The same auxiliary is used to form the interrogative and negative forms In spoken English the contracted forms shouldnrsquot and wouldnrsquot in negative sentences

Remember Shouldwould + infinitive

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple or future in the past1 I know we (not to be late) 2 I knew we (not to be late) 3 I want to know

whether he (to be) at home 4 I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home5 He asked when I (to be) ready 6 I am afraid I (to be) late7 He hopes you often (to visit) him 8 He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there

Exercise 2 Write these sentences in past 1 Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days 2 They expect

he will be at home in a few days 3 Are you afraid we shanrsquot be in time 4 She promises that she will finish the work in a week 5 I think Henry will help us 6 I think we shall do it Exercise 3 Use these sentences in the subordinate clause and the sentences in brackets use in the principal clause

Model My brother will be sleeping I supposed that my brother would be sleeping(I supposed he believed She was sure We were told I heard she said He understood She imagined The letter said)

1 He will solve the problem in no time 2 The new film will be in many cinemas 3 The teacher will have corrected our papers by the beginning of the lesson4 She will not like this TV programme 5 The train will arrive on time 6 The children will be playing in the yard 7 All the newspapers will publish this information 8 They will win the game 9 I shall go to the south 10 My sister will not forget to ring me up

Exercise 4 Put the verbs in brackets into present past future simple present past future continuous present past and future perfect

1 Mike (to eat) ice cream every day Look he (to eat) ice cream now When I (to see) him in the morning he (to eat) ice cream too He (to say) he (to eat) one ice cream already by that time I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice cream

2 They (to walk) along the street and (to talk) Suddenly Hick (to stop) and (to say) ldquoOh what shall we do I (to lose) the key to the doorrdquo ldquoIf you (not to find) itrdquo said Pete ldquowe (to have) to wait for mother in the streetrdquo 3 When I (to come) to the station yesterday I (to learn) that my train already (to leave) 4 What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday 5 I (to give) you this book as soon as

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

I (to finish) reading it 6 When the ship (to cross) the ocean a great storm (to break) out 7 Letrsquos go for a walk The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) 8 If you (to help) me I (to do) this work well 9 I always (to get) up at eight orsquoclock but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later 10 When I (to come) home yesterday my brother (to sleep)

The Passive VoiceUse the passive- When we are not especially interested in the person or people who did in action e g The film was made in 1997 (we are not interested in the people who made it)- If the person who did the action is also important use byThe film was made in 1997 by James CameronThe Present Indefinite Passive ndash is(amare) doneThe Past Indefinite Passive ndash was(were) doneThe Future Indefinite Passive ndash will (shall) be doneThe Present Perfect Passive ndash have( has) been done The Past Perfect Passive - had been doneThe Future Perfect Passive - will(shall) have been doneThe Present Continuous Passive ndash is (amare) being doneThe Past Continuous Passive - was (were) being done Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present past or future simple passive

1 The postbox (to empty) every day 2 The stamps (to postmark) at the post office 3 The letters (to sort) into the different towns4My question (to answer) yesterday 5 His new book (to finish) next year 6 Bread (to eat) every day 7 I (to ask) at the lesson every day 8 Many houses (to build) in our town every year 9 These trees (to plant) last autumn10This work (to do) tomorrow 11We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday 12 St Petersburg (to found) in1703

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the use of the passive voice

1 Christmas Day has been celebrated since ancient times2The birthday cake with candles has been brought in 3 A New-Year tree has been decorated in the centre of the square 4What is being done in the house for the guests -The whole house is being decorated the guest room is being washed and cleaned big dinner is being cooked a cake is being baked and celebration cards are being written for the guests5 The second course was followed by fruit salad 6 His name is often referred to in the articles 6 If you wear this hat yoursquoll be laughed at 7 Your luggage will be looked after 8 We had been taken out our luggage before the car arrived

Exercise 3Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form (active or passive)The ceremony of Trooping the Colour (to be ) one of the most fascinating It

(to stage) in front of Buckingham Palace It (to hold) annually on the monarchrsquos

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

ldquoofficialrdquo birthday which is the second Saturday in June Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (to be) Colonel-in-Chief of the Life Guards She (to escort) by Horse Guards riding to the Palace The ceremony (to accompany) by the music of bands The procession (to head) by the Queen

Exercise 4 Express the following sentences in the passive Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs The first sentence has been done for youExample They asked me my name and address I was asked my name and address

1 Someone told us a very funny story yesterday 2 They have offered my brother a very good job 3 They never tell me the family news 4 A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London 5 The examiners didnrsquot give us enough time to answer all the questions 6 The teacher hasnrsquot asked Peter any questions at this lesson 7 The house agents showed us some very nice flats 8 You must obey the rules 9 You can buy videos like this anywhere10 Itrsquos raining 11 Someone will drive you to the airport

Exercise 5 Use the verbs in the passive voice1 They have decorated a new -year tree in the centre of the square 2 We had

taken out luggage before the car arrived3 What music are they playing 4 They are speaking on educational problems 5 I have cooked the dinner and laid the table 6 They were singing folk songs 7 She opened the door and let him in 8 I hope that he will have received my letter by Saturday Donrsquot worry wersquoll look after your children 10 Nobody has lived in this house for a long time

Exercise 6 Use prepositions with or by1 America was discovered hellip Columbus 2 The boy was cured hellip a very

skilful doctor 3 His letter was written hellip a pencil4 ldquoHamletrdquo was written hellip Shakespeare 5 He was killed hellip a knife 6 He was knocked down hellip a big stick

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 1 Use indirect speech instead of direct speechModel She says ldquoI get up at sevenrdquo She says (that) she gets up at seven

She says ldquoHe is my friendrdquo 2 She saysrdquo We must be there at fiverdquo 3 She saysrdquo I can help yourdquo 4 She says rdquoI liked him and always felt sorry for himrdquo 5 She says ldquoYoursquoll find everything in the kitchenrdquo 6 She says ldquoThey were watching TV at the timerdquo 7 She says rdquoYoursquove torn your stockingrdquo 8 She says ldquoHe didnrsquot tell me anythingrdquo

Model She says rdquoWhat is herdquo She asks (me) what he is

1 She says rdquoWho is this girlrdquo 2 She says rdquoWhat colour is your new hatrdquo 3 She says rdquoHow much did you pay for itrdquo4 She says rdquoWho can help mersquo5

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

She says ldquoWhy are you cryingrdquo 6 She says ldquoWho will come to your partyrdquo 7 She says ldquoWhy donrsquot you answerrdquo 8 She says ldquoWho has done all thisrsquo

Model She says ldquoAre you a doctorrdquo She asks (me) ifwhether I am a doctor

1 She says ldquoIs it all rightrdquo 2 She says rdquoIs it still snowingrdquo 3 She says ldquoMust I answer at oncerdquo 4 She says ldquoWill you come to the discordquo 5 She says ldquoHave you ever been hererdquo 6 She says ldquoDid you meet her in Moscowrdquo 7 She says ldquoDonrsquot they agreerdquo 8 She says ldquoWas she there toordquo

Model He says ldquoStop talkingrdquo He tells them to stop talking

1 He says ldquoGet uprdquo 2 He says ldquoPlease give me a pencilrdquo3 He says rdquoCall me Jackrdquo 4 He says ldquoOpen your books pleaserdquo 5 He says ldquoLet me have any jobrdquo 6 He says ldquoStop cryingrdquo 7 He says ldquoPlease wake me up at eightrdquo 8 He says ldquoPlease help yourselfrdquo

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of Tense is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal cluse

RememberStudy how the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of

tenses

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I dohellip I didhellipPresent Continuous Past ContinuousHe is doinghellip He was doinghellipPresent Perfect Past PerfectI have donehellip I had donehellipPast Indefinite Past Perfect (or stays the same)I didhellip I didhad donehellipPast Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousI was doinghellip I had been doinghellipPast Perfect does not changeI had donehellipFuture Indefinite Future ndashin-the-PastShallwill do shouldwould doTime and place changes Here there

This thatThese thoseNow then at that momentToday that dayYesterday the day beforeA year ago a year before

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Last night the previous nightTonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Direct and indirect speechIndirect statementsHe said ldquoI am an engineer I work at a plantrdquoHe said that he was an engineer and worked at a plantHe said to me ldquoI saw my friend yesterdayrdquoHe told me that he had seen his friend the day before

Indirect commandsHe told me ldquoKeep quiet Donrsquot make noiserdquoHe asked me to keep quiet and not to make noise

Indirect questionsHe asked me rdquoWhat is Nick doingrdquoHe asked me what Nick was doingHe asked ldquoHave you done your homeworkrdquoHe wondered if I had done my homework Exercise 1 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 She said to me ldquoJohnrsquos planning to graduate from college next yearrdquo 2 He said ldquoI hope the weather will be better next weekrdquo 3 Mr Brown saidrdquo Irsquove had seven visitors todayrdquo 4 The secretary said rdquoMr Smith left a message for you yesterdayrdquo 5 The old teacher said to me ldquoIt happened many years agordquo6 Ann said to me ldquoIrsquom going to London for the weekendrdquo 7 Mary said ldquoWersquoll come and pick you up tomorrow morningrdquo 8 She said ldquoYoursquoll have to make a hotel reservation in advancerdquo

Exercise 2 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 John asked Bill ldquoHave you visited the Tretyakov Galleryrdquo 2 He asked me rdquoWill you return next monthrdquo 3 ldquoWhen is your plane leavingrsquo she asked me 4 ldquoWhose team won the game yesterdayrdquo he asked me 5 She asked the policeman ldquoIs there a bus from here to New York Universityrdquo 6 ldquoWhere did it happenrdquo he asked John 7 Mary asked Ann ldquoIs it far from herersquo 8 ldquoWhen will you take us for a drive around the cityrdquo he asked

Exercise 3 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoPlease read this textrdquo said the teacher 2 Mrs Brown said ldquoJohn donrsquot buy any fruit todayrdquo 3 The mother said to her son ldquoPlease donrsquot stay there longrdquo 4 We asked John ldquoPlease read your new poemrdquo 5 ldquoDonrsquot pour milk in my tea pleaserdquo Ann said 6 Donrsquot have ice cream please You have a coldrdquo the mother said to her daughter 7 ldquoPlease repeat these words after merdquo she said

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 4 Transform direct speech into reported speech making the necessary changes

1 ldquoTom go to bedrdquo said his mother 2 ldquoI have never seen your toysrdquo said Tom to Pete 3 Our grandmother said ldquowe shall go to the zoo tomorrowrdquo 4 ldquo I saw my friend at the stadium yesterdayrdquo said Ann to her sister 5 Her brother said ldquoWhy didnrsquot you ask your teacher to explain itrdquo 6 ldquoThere are a lot of trains to my station Sundayrdquo said Andrew to us 7 Nancy asked me ldquoDid you see ldquoHamletrdquo last nightrsquo 8 ldquoPlease donrsquot touch merdquo he said to me

Exercise 5 Transform reported speech into direct speech making the necessary changes

1 Mike said he liked Dickensrsquos novels very much 2 He told me he had read ldquoHamletrdquo the year before 3 The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day 2 She asked me to buy some bread on my way home 5 Mother told me not to be late for dinner 5 The teacher asked who was ill 6 Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum 7 Amina said that she had seen the film several months before 8 Boris told me that he had made a radio-set 9 She said she had seen Assima that day 10 Jack said that he often went to see Bob

The Gerund and The InfinitiveThe gerund (verb+ ing)Remember Use the gerund1 after prepositions2 after certain verbs like love hate donrsquot like enjoy mind finish stop3 as a subject as a sentence

Use to + infinitive1 to answer the question ldquowhyrdquo2 after adjectives3 after certain verbs would like want need decide hope expect plan forget seem try promise offer refuse learn and manage Use infinitive (without to)1 after make and let2 after some expressions ( would rather had better)

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct form gerund or infinitive 1 John and Marry are planning hellip soon (get married) 2 Carol left without hellip goodbye (say) 3 hellip by plane is quite expensive (travel) 4 Irsquom trying hellip a new flat mate (find0 5 Itrsquos difficult hellip when you worried (sleep) 6 I went to the supermarket hellip some vegetables (get) 7 She doesnrsquot mind hellip but she hates hellip (cook shop) 8 Markrsquos good at hellip Hersquod like hellip an architect (draw be)

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 2 Answer with a gerund or an infinitive Complete with to do or doing 1 What do you hate in the house 2 What are you thinking of hellip next summer 3 What do you want hellip tonight 4 What do you like hellip in your free time 5 Are you planning hellip anything next weekend 6 What do you find difficult hellip when yoursquore tired

Exercise 3 Complete with a verb in a gerund or an infinitive 1 Could you help me cook the dinner Irsquom sorry Irsquom not very good at hellip 2 Why are you going to the supermarket now

hellip some milk We have got any 3 Would you like hellip to the cinema tonight

I canrsquot I need hellip Irsquove got an exam tomorrow 4 I donrsquot really enjoy hellip sport but I donrsquot mind tennis In fact my girlfriendrsquos trying hellip me how to play 5 I fell asleep on the sofa last night hellip TV

Exercise 4Complete the following sentences using a gerund1 Go on hellip 2 He stopped hellip 3 He couldnrsquot help hellip 4 We all enjoyed hellip

5 Have you finished hellip 6 I donrsquot mind hellip 7 Her cousin is fond of hellip 8 The child is rather good at hellip 9 She goes in for hellip 10 The boy doesnrsquot read a sentence without hellip 11 The poem is worth hellip 12 You wonrsquot go there without hellip

Exercise 5 Put ldquotordquo where itrsquos necessary1 I like hellip play football 2 My sister canrsquot hellip speak English 3 They wanted

hellip cross the river 5 Itrsquos time for your sister hellip go to bed 6 May I hellip use your mobile 7 I would ratherhellip stay at home today 8 Let me hellip help you withyour test 9 You look tired You had better hellip go home 10 Irsquom glad meet you 11 we were planning do a lot of things yesterday 12 What makes you think that you are wrong 13 The mother didnrsquot let her ghild go outside 14 I think you ought apologize 15 Make him speak louder 16 The man told me not walk on the grass

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

The Participle

The Participle has two syntactic functionsan attribute Building The young men building our house with me are my brothers Being built The stone house being built near the park is a new building of our school Built They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th centuryan adverbial modifierBuilding He made his living building houses for peopleBeing built Being built with great skill the house has been used by the them for centuriesBuilt If built of the local stone the road will serve for yearsHaving built Having built the house he began building a greenhouse Having been built Having been built of concrete the house was always cold in winter

Exercise 1 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 The boy playing in the garden is my sisterrsquos son 2 You can get the recommended book in the library 3 Having lived in that town all his life he knew it very well 4 Being checked with great care the report didnrsquot contain any errors5 Seeing her he raised his hat 6 Having been advised by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend her holiday in Sochi 7 Informed of the arrival of the ship they sent a car to the port 8 Having been well prepared for the interview he could answer all the questions Exercise 2 Translate the sentences from English into native language paying attention to the function of the participle in the sentence

1 A person bringing good news is always welcome 2 While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself 3 Books read in childhood seem like old friends 4 Being a great book-lover he spent a lot of money on books 5 There are many books describing the life of people in the North 6 When writing an essay we must use new words and phrases

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences using participles instead of italicized clauses Model When the shop assistant discovered that he had a talent for music he

gave up his job to become a singer Discovering that he had a talent for music the shop assistant gave up his job

to become a singer 1 When I visit a strange city I like to have a guide-book with me 2 All the

people who live in this house are students 3 The man who is speaking now is our new secretary 4 As he thought that it was his brother at the window Paul decided to open it 5 Since he knew who the man was Paul was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him 6 People who take books from the library must return them in time 7 There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of activities

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

The Complex Object

The Complex Object (the Objective ndash with ndashthe ndash Infinitive Construction) consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the

infinitive It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive

The Complex object is used after the verbsTo think to want would like to believe to know to expect to find and to understand to suppose after such verbs the bare infinitive (with to) is usedTo hear to see to make to let to watch to feel to observe etc After such verbs the bare infinitive (without to) is used

Exercise 1 Underline the complex object1 Ann wants me to wait for her after school 2 She doesnrsquot want us to get wet

through 3 I would like you to get ready for the party 4 Nick didnrsquot want his friend to go with him to the mountains 5 Kate wants her sister to wash her hands 6 Theyrsquod like us to invite Ann 7 I wanted my father to help me with my English 8 I wouldnrsquot like you to go to the theatre

Exercise 2 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questionsModel I want Mike to answer the questionsWhat do you want Mike to do1 I want him to make a speech 2 The doctor wants the boy to lie in bed for

two days 3 Ann wouldnrsquot like the teacher to ask her some questions 4 The man wanted his son to work in a plant 5 Theyrsquod like me to join the game 6 I would like you to go there

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the complex object 1 I would like you hellip 2 They believe him hellip 3 He knows her hellip 4 They

believed us hellip 5 Mother asked her daughter hellip 6 Father knew his son hellip

Exercise 4 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectI did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers 2 He knows that my mother is a kind woman 3 She expected that her brother would bring her the book 4 Do you know that my uncle is an excellent mathematician 5 I know that my friend is a clever man 6 I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it

Exercise 5 Underline the complex object1 They saw the child cross the road 2 We saw the man leave the house 3

The woman heard the baby cry 4 We watched her water the flowers 5 The grandmother watched Ann do her homework 6 The teacher made us write this exercise once more 7 The father made his son work hard 8 He watched the

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

clerks talk and laugh during the break 9 I felt the blood rush into cheeks 10 Donrsquot let it trouble you

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 6 Join the following sentences using the complex objectModel The farmers worked in the field We saw it ndash We saw the farmers

work in the field 1 Ann watered the flowers The woman saw it 2 Somebody sang in the park

I heard it 3 The doctor touched his leg The boy felt it 4 The farmers were busy We saw it 5 The father got angry The children felt it 6 My little sister watered the flowers I didnrsquot see it 7 The schoolchildren planted some trees The man saw it 8 The house was on fire The people saw it

Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the complex object1 I saw hellip 2 I heard hellip 3 I watched hellip 4 I made hellip

Exercise 8 Ask ldquowhatrdquo questions for your group mates to answer Model The mother made Peter bring some fish for dinner ndashWhat did her

mother make Peter do The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress ndash Why couldnrsquot

the mother make her daughter wear the red dress1 The grandfather made Nick carry this box away 2 The teacher made the

boy learn these words 3 The farmer made his workers work till 8 orsquoclock 4 The teacher made her pupils complete the work by 2 orsquoclock 5 He made them promise to return the books the next week 6 Helen couldnrsquot make her sister put on this dress 7 She couldnrsquot make her brother help her about the house 8 I couldnrsquot make Ann tell me the truth

1Exercise 9 Ask ldquowhyrdquo questions for your partner to answer

Model The mother couldnrsquot make her daughter wear the red dress- Why couldnrsquot the mother make her daughter wear the red dress

She couldnrsquot make her wear the red dress because the girl didnrsquot like it

1 She couldnrsquot make Pete eat fish 2 Nick couldnrsquot make his dog sit still 3 She couldnrsquot make me carry the basket 4 Nobody makes us change the plan 5 Nobody could make Alec work hard 6 The mother couldnrsquot make Jane go to the party 7 The teacher couldnrsquot make that boy work hard 8 The woman couldnrsquot make her son help her in the garden

Exercise 10 Rewrite these sentences using the complex objectModel He was reading in the garden I saw him She saw him reading in the garden

1 The girl was sleeping I saw her 2 They were talking about computers He heard them 3 You and your friend were walking along the street yesterday I saw you 4 The little girls were playing on the grass We watched them 5 The ship was leaving the port He stood and looked at it 6 They were fishing We saw it 7 The pupils were writing a test paper The teacher watched them

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Conditional sentences

Conditional Sentences may express real or unreal condition They are introduced by the conjunctions if when as soon as until in case unless

Condition subordinate clause principal clause

First conditional if = present simple willwonrsquot = infinitiveReal If it looks like rain wersquoll stay at home If he is working on Friday he wonrsquot be able to go with us

Second conditional if + past simple wouldwouldnrsquot + infinitiveUnreal If I had more time I would come over If you knew him better you wouldnrsquot think so

Third conditional If +past perfect would have + past participleUnreal If it hadnrsquot been so hot last summer we could have gone to the South

Exercise 1 Use the correct tense form of the verbs in the subordinate clauses of time and condition

1 Irsquoll call you as soon as I (to buy) tickets for the train2 If the day (to be ) hot we shall go to the beach 3 If he (to return) home before Friday he will help us to do the translation 4 If you (to want) to see all these places you must stay here for a week 5 Please drive to the airport if you (to have) time tomorrow in the morning 6 Speak to him about it when you (to see) him7 Will you wait until he (to come) back 8 They will go for a walk before they (to go) to bed

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with the verbsModel Hurry up Wersquoll miss the train if we donrsquot run (miss not run)

1 I know itrsquos a secret but if you hellip me I hellip anybody (tell not tell) 2 Ithellip expensive to fly If we hellip it cheaper (drive be) 3 Their house is difficult to find You hellip lost if you hellip a map (get not take) 4 Shersquos very lazy If she hellip harder she hellip the exam ( not work not pass) 5 Itrsquos midnight If you hellip to bed now you hellip tired in the morning (not go be)

Exercise 3 Say what you will do1 When I have my house Irsquoll hellip 2 When I arrive in London Irsquoll hellip 3 If I

know English very well Irsquoll hellip 4 When I am free Irsquoll hellip 5 Before I go to New York Irsquollhellip6 If you look through todayrsquos paper yoursquoll hellip

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 4 Practise the following according to the modelModel He runs round the park in the morning so he keeps very fit If he ran round the park in the morning he would keep fit too

1 He lives in the South so he can grow a lot of flowers 2 They use electric typewriters so they finish their work soon 3 He lives near his work so he is never late 4 He goes to bed early so he always wakes up in time5 His French is good so he reads French books in original 6 They have a maid so they can enjoy themselves

Exercise 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verbModel If I( to know) about it I ( to help) you If I had known about it I would have been helped you

1 The place was very dull Even if it (not to be raining) the whole week we (not enjoy) our holiday 2 If you (not to interfere) they (to forget) all about it in an hour 3 The accident (not to happen) if you (to be) more attentive 4 Someone (may notice) if she (to open) the letter 5 She (to go) there even if she (to have) to walk all the way 6 She (to know) how to behave if she (to be) a born lady

Wish + past simplepast perfect + would + infinitive

Use wish + past simple to say that you regret (are sorry about) a present situation

eg I wish I had more money (but I havenrsquot got more)Use wish + past perfect to say that you regret (are sorry about ) a past

situation eg I wish I hadnrsquot said that (but I said it and Irsquom sorry now )Use wish + person + would to say that you want another person to do (or not

to do) something because are annoyedeg I wish he would come (He is late I want he come) eg I wish you wouldnrsquot play your music so loudly (I want you to stop Itrsquos

annoying me)You can also use wish + would when you want something to happeneg I wish it would stop raining Remember Donrsquot use wish+would for a wish about yourself

Exercise 1Translate these sentences into your native language in written form1 I wish you I knew what is wrong with my car 2 I wish you had given him

my phone number 3 I wish you had not tried to deal with the matter You only made it worse 4 I wish it were not snowing now 5 I wish he had borrowed that book from the library 6 ldquoI wish I were independent of my motherrdquo said Jane 7 I wish you had not discouraged him 8 I wish he were here now 9 I wish I knew them

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 2 Respond to these statetments according to the model Model John is always late

I wish he werenrsquot1 Jane is always angry with me 2 He often borrows money from his brother

3 She often changes her mind 4 You canrsquot change anything now 5 Jim wonrsquot apologize to her

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

Exercise 3 Change your sentences using I wish Translate them Model Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know Mr Smith

I wish I knew Mr Smith 1 Irsquom sorry I cannot deal with this matter 2 Irsquom sorry Irsquoll have to go to the

doctorrsquos for a checkup 3 Irsquom sorry I donrsquot know how to do it 4 Irsquom sorry you canrsquot read the book in the originalModel Irsquom sorry Iwe didnrsquot think of it before I wish wersquod thought of it before

1 Irsquom sorry he didnrsquot leave a message 2 Irsquom sorry they rejected our offer 3 Irsquom sorry the play wasnrsquot a success 4 Irsquom sorry you had to hurry 5 Irsquom sorry they refused our invitation

Exercise 4Do these sentences to practise the forms ( first orally and then in writing)

1 I wish I (have) a tape recorder 2 John wishes he (be) a student 3 I wish I (go) to the movies with you last night 4 Alice wishes she (visit) her friend yesterday 5 I wish I(can) help you but I canrsquot 6 I wished when a boy I (learn) to skate 7 I wish I (watch) this show on TV last night 8 I wish I (answer) that letter

Used todidnrsquot use to

Use1 for past habits2 for past situations or states that have changed

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences 1 You used to live in London 2 He didnrsquot use to smoke as much as he does now 3 There used to be an old apple tree in the garden 4 You didnrsquot use to make that mistake 5 Did you use to climb the old apple tree in the garden 6 I used to work in London but I donrsquot work there now 7 Nick used to go for a walk every day last summer 8 He used to help his brother with mathematics when his brother was in the 5th gradeExercise 2 Rewrite the sentences with any more

Model I used to work there but I donrsquot now I donrsquot work any more

1 I used to like coffee but I donrsquot 2 He used to be a teacher but now he isnrsquot 3 Ann used to live here but now she doesnrsquot 4 They used to love each other but now they donrsquot 5 She used to smoke but now shersquos stopped 6 We used to keep in touch but now we donrsquot

Exercise 3 Answer the questions 1 Did she use to attend lectures on American literature when she taught at college 2 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child 3 When you were at school did you use to do any sport

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live

4 When she was a child did she use to afraid of anything 5 When you were a child did you use to watch a lot of TV 6 When you were at home did you use to get up early 7 When you were a teenager did you use to smoke

The Complex Sentence

The complex sentence consists of an independent (principal ) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subjectobject predicative attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives

Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectivesthat what if whether who whoever which whatever where why how

how+adjective eg I told you what I know He thought that the train arrived at 615 He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences1 The doctorrsquos advice was that my sister should go to the south immediately

2 That the matter should have taken such a turn is not suprising 3 We have never discovered who did it 4 You may rely upon what he says 5 I think he is in the office 6 I shall ask him whether he will arrange it for me 7 He isnrsquot what he pretends to be 8 I cannot understand why he did it 9 I am not satisfied with what I have done 10 The question is whether they will arrive in time to take part in this work 11 The newspapers report that the delagation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow 12 As soon as he saw me he asked whether the manager had returned from London 13 While we were discharging the SS ldquoPskovrdquo we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water 14 He said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived

Exercise 2 Read these complex sentences and define subordinate clauses Translate these sentences Look up the words you do not know in the dictionary

1 This was what I wanted to do 2 And this is what he remembered 3 Now the question is whether hersquoll go back on his word or not 4 Irsquom sorry that I allowed you to call on us 5 But you know perfectly well this is not what I meant 6 Then Harris who was sitting near the window looked out 7 Have you found the book we were talking about the other day 8 In the distance lay the park where the trees covered with snow 9 I saw everything there was to see 10 I shall always think so as long as I live