EDUCATOR'S GUIDE

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTER

To Walk in Beauty:Native American Art, Past and Present

January 21 -March 26 2017

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For all NativeAmericans past,present andfuture, we honoryour strength andendurance. Thankyou for welcomingus to your Nativeplace and sharingyour culture andtraditions with us.

Table of Contents:

To download a copy of this guide, and forother info about the exhibition andPeninsula Fine Arts Center visit us online atwww.pfac-va.org

Virginia Standards of Learning To Walk In Beauty: Native American Art, Past and Present aligns with Virginia SOLStandards as follows:

History and Social Science: 2.2 , 2.4, 3.3a,3.3b,Virginia Studies: VS.2d-g, VS.3gVisual Arts: K.12, K.13, K.14, K.15, K.16, 1.13,1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 2.11,2.12, 2.13, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21,3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.17, 3.20, 4.12,4.13, 4.14, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 5.12, 5.13,514, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.23, 5.24

Grades 2-5: Middle School:US History to 1865: USI.3a-cVisual Arts: 6.9, 6.14, 6.15, 6.16,6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12,7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19,7.20, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14,8.15, 8.16,8.17, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21

High School:Virginia and United States History: VUS.2, VUS.6b

Tours for high school students can be adjusted to meet the specific requirements of thecurriculum. Please feel free to discuss your objectives upon scheduling the field trip.

SOL Alignment .................................(see below)Overview ...............................................................3Common Questions ...........................................4The Exhibition .....................................................5Native Americans in Virginia ..........................6Native Americans Across the US ...................8History of Hampton University .....................9About PFAC .......................................................10Your Visit ............................................................11Glossary ..............................................................12

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Peninsula Fine Arts Center (PFAC) is pleased to announce To Walk in Beauty: NativeAmerican Art, Past and Present. From January 21, 2017 through March 26, 2017 visitorsto PFAC will have the opportunity to view textiles, regalia, woven rugs, clay pottery andsculpture, blown glass, bronze sculptures, watercolor and drawings as part of a deeperlook at Native American life past and present. Showcasing objects representingtraditional Native American arts as an expression of identity and heritage, drawn frommuseums, state museums, artist and private collections. The exhibition surveys thebreadth and depth of the indigenous art of North America, from the historical to thecontemporary.

In this exhibition series, PFAC combines several stimulating works and collections,examining the Native American art and culture which has developed over thousands ofyears. The individual galleries will reflect the dynamic tradition of Native American art.Artifacts from Native American life in Jamestown, Virginia from the 1600s will bepresented alongside late 19th century Native American objects.

Overview

“Louis Firetail (Sioux, Crow Creek), wearing tribal clothing, in American history class,Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia;" late 1890s.

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTERCommon Questions

All of the above terms are acceptable.The consensus, however, is thatwhenever possible, Native peopleprefer to be called by their specifictribal name, such as Lenape orCherokee. Native peoples in theWestern Hemisphere are bestunderstood as thousands of distinctcommunities and cultures. ManyNative communities have distinctlanguages, religious beliefs,ceremonies, and social and politicalsystems. The inclusive word Indian (aname given by Christopher Columbus,who upon his arrival in the Caribbeanmistakenly believed he had sailed toIndia) says little about the diversityand independence of the cultures.

What is the correct terminology: AmericanIndian, Indian, Native American, or Native?

Information courtesy of the National Museum of the American Indian: http://nmai.si.edu/home/.Information is derived from two sources: Do All Indians Live in Tipis? Questions and Answers fromthe National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian Institution, 2007 and Infinity ofNations.

What is a tribe and how many are there?

A tribe is a group of people made up offamilies who share a common ancestryand culture. They are socially andpolitically organized, often based onkinship structures. Some tribes arealso made up of a collection of severaldifferent tribes. In the United Statesthere are more than 566 AmericanIndian tribes recognized by thefederal government. There arehundreds of other tribes andcommunities that are recognized bythe states in which they reside. A tribemay refer to itself as a nation, village,band, pueblo, or community, and it isimportant to remember that eachgroup has a word or phrase in its ownlanguage that identifies it.

What are the Indian Populations of theUnited States?

According to the U.S. Census of 2010, theAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativepopulation totals 2,932,248, or nine-tenths of1 percent of the total population of thecountry. An additional 2,288,331 peoplereported themselves as American Indian orAlaska Native in combination with otherraces. The total proportion of the population,then, that identified itself as entirely orpartially American Indian was 1.7 percent. Inthe U.S. Census of 2010, the ten states withthe largest American Indian populations were(in order) California, Oklahoma, Arizona,Texas, New York, New Mexico, Washington,North Carolina, Florida, and Michigan.

Census figures, however, should not be takenat face value, since they do not reflect thosewho were not counted or did not want toidentify themselves as Native American.Some American Indians are suspicious ofgovernment representatives.

In the past, some Native communities did notallow census workers to complete theirsurveys, and independent researchers haveconcluded that Native Americans wereundercounted in 1960 and 1970.

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This exhibition includes but is not limited to:• Artifacts from various Native Americangroups dating back as far as the 1600s (Plains,Southwest and Eastern Woodland Indians)• 19th century drawings created by PlainsIndians that allow a look at daily life and feelingsof their makers•From the collection of the PennsylvaniaAcademy of Fine Arts, Plain Indian drawings byyoung Native American artists from theHampton Institute (now Hampton University) inVirginia, in 1879. Many of the images portrayactual events in which they had participated. Allof these young men had experienced life on theGreat Plains as their people had known it beforebeing confined to reservations. The fortydrawings include scenes of camp or reservationlife as well as landscape scenes or architecturaldrawings.• Over a dozen bronze busts of NativeAmericans by artist Griffin Chiles, on loan fromChristopher Newport University. Chiles' worksrepresent Pocahontas, Sitting Bull, andrepresentatives of the following tribes:Chickahominy, Mattaponi, Nansemond,Powhatan, Monacan, Rappahannock, Pamunkey,Hopi and Sioux• Contemporary Blown Glass Works by PrestonSingletary, “Through teaching and collaboratingin glass with other Native American Tribes... I'vecome to see that glass brings another dimensionto indigenous art. The artistic perspective ofindigenous people reflects a unique and vitalvisual language which has connections to theancient codes and symbols of the land, and thisinteraction has informed and inspired my ownwork. My work with glass transforms the notionthat Native artists are only best whentraditional materials are used. It has helpedadvocate on the behalf of all indigenous people—affirming that we are still here—that that weare declaring who we are through our art inconnection to our culture.”

The Exhibtion

Two Moons and a Wolf, 2010,Preston Singletary, glass sculpture

Bowl with Pocahontas and JohnSmith story ca. 1930s - Mary PageBradby (1903-1986)

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Three distinctive tribes lived in Virginia during in the 1600s:

Powhatan, Monacan, Cherokee

Native Americans in Virginia

They spoke 3 languages:

Algonquian, Siouan, Iroquoian

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTERNative Americans in Virginia

Virginia's 11 officially recognized tribes today:

Chickahominy - Charles City County

Eastern Chickahominy - New Kent County

Mattaponi - Mattaponi River/King William County

Upper Mataponi - King William County

Nansemond - Cities of Suffolk and Chesapeake

Rappahannock - Indian Neck/King & Queen County

Monacan Indian Nation - Bear Mountain/Amherst County

Pamunkey - Pamunkey River/King William County

Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) - Courtland/Southampton County

Nottoway of Virginia - Capron/Southampton County

Patowomeck - Stafford County

Monacan

Pamunkey

Cheroenhaka

Patowomeck

Chickahominy

Mattaponi

Nansemond

Rappahannock

Chick-uh-HAH-muh-nee

MATTA-puh-nye

NAN-suh-mawnd

Rap-uh-HAN-ick

MAWN-uh-kuhn

Puh-MUN-kee

Chair-oh- en-HAH-kah

Pet- OW-e-meck

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTERNative Americans Across the United States

Native American Cultures of the United States

After the ice age ended and the glaciers of North America retreated, vegetation andforests returned to the land, lakes and rivers formed, and Native Americans were able toexpand the area where they could live.

Over thousands of years, very distinct cultures of Native Americans formed based on theregional environment to which they had to adapt.

In the United States, Native Americans (also known as American Indians or simply Indians)are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land withinthe country's modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of numerous distincttribes, bands, and ethnic groups, and many of these groups survive intact today as partiallysovereign nations.

• Eastern Woodlands Indians had

forests they could use for hunting as

well as for gathering wild roots, fruits

and berries.

• Plains Indians could follow and hunt

buffalo and American bison.

• Southwest Indians had to adapt to

very harsh desert environment by

following animal herds or settling

near stable sources of water for

cultivation.

What is Native American Sovereignty?Native Americans were sovereign nations from the beginning of time. When the French andEnglish started coming to this land, those representatives of the sovereign nations of Franceand Great Britain recognized the sovereignty of the tribes they met. Therefore they signedtreaties with those Indian Nations they met and conducted business with, such as theCherokee Nation. When the United States became its own country, it still recognized thesovereignty of Indian Nations and therefore continued to sign treaties with Indian Nations.The tragic history, however, is that the US Government has never fulfilled the obligationsspelled out in those treaties with Native Americans. Today, there are more than 1,100 tribalnations in the U.S. and Canada (called First Nations in Canada). As sovereign nations theygovern their people, which can include maintaining their own police force and courts. ManyNative Americans hold dual citizenship in their own Nation and country, US or Canada. SomeNativepeople choose to only recognize their Native citizenship. There are hundreds of tribal groupsstill petitioning the US government for federal recognition, a long process where they have toprove their tribal identity in order to have access to federal funds that are spelled out in othertreaties.

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTERHistory of Hampton University

After the Civil War ended in 1861, a camp to housenewly freed slaves was formed outside of FortMonroe. Mary Peake, a free African-Americanwoman, was asked to teach 20 African-Americanchildren under an oak tree—it was later called theEmancipation Oak and you can still visit it today.

In 1878, a group of Native Americansarrived from Ft. Sill, where they wereonce imprisoned before beingconsidered no longer dangerous.

These 70 men and women became thefirst American Indian students atHampton University and began aNative American education programthat lasted for more than 40 years. Onview at PFAC as part of the exhibitionfrom the Pennsylvania Academy of FineArts, Plains Indian drawings by youngNative American artists from theHampton Institute (now HamptonUniversity) in Virginia, in 1879. Manyof the images portray actual events inwhich they had participated.

Image Right: Daily Press- Snow Falling on 1-17-16 at HamptonUniversity, Emancipation Oak, By Jerry Gammon

In 1863 using government funds, the school Mary Peake started wastransformed into the Butler School, where African-American childrencould learn arithmetic, writing, geography and grammar—and latertrades.

By 1872, the school was called the Hampton Normal AgriculturalInstitute and students were coming from all over the country toattend, even Booker T. Washington!

All of these young men had experienced life on the Great Plains as their people had knownit before being confined to reservations. The forty drawings include scenes of camp orreservation life as well as landscape scenes or architectural drawings.(http://www.hamptonu.edu/about/history.cfm)

Image Above Right: "Off on the Warpath" , Carl Matches, The Matches sketchbook (accession number 8016),Collection of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTERAbout Peninsula Fine Arts Center

The Peninsula Fine Arts Center (Pfac) was established in 1962 by a passionate group of artsupporters from the Hampton Roads area looking for opportunities to create and exhibitartwork. The center was originally located in downtown Newport News at the former JohnW. Daniel School Building – the first home of Christopher Newport College. In 1983, the PAAbecame the Peninsula Fine Arts Center and was named an affiliate of the VMFA.

Why it called a center and not a museum? We are called a center because we do not have apermanent collection of art. Our exhibitions change 4 times each year

About PFAC:

The museum is divided into 4 galleries: the Ferguson Gallery, the Ranhorne Gallery, theAscending Gallery and the Halsey Gallery There is a sculpture garden at the center wherestudents and teachers can enjoy lunch outdoors during pleasant weather. We have a HandsOn For Kids gallery as well that can be reserved for smaller groups for an additionalrestocking fee.

What will I see at Peninsula Fine Arts Center?

Art Education and Outreach: Pfac’s Art Education Department seeks toprovide balanced and stimulating programs ofexhibition-based art appreciation thatappeals to both children and adults. Inquiry-based and participatory learning coupled withrelated hands-on art making components helpto instill aesthetic values found throughoutthe artwork on view. The extensive lessons inlooking at art are facilitated by a strongdocent program that provides tours for eachexhibition series.

Hands on for Kids: Discover a place where budding artists can enjoy a full range of artisticexperiences.

Discovery Baskets: Free and fun educational tools for teachers and classrooms that enhancestudent’s learning about historic cultures.

ARTreach: Experience Mali is an exciting distance-learning initiative designed to enhanceStandards of Learning-based education.

Teacher Resources: Audio-visual library of a wide range of art-related topics, including Mali,famous artists and the principles and elements of art.

Virginia Department of Learning Standards of Education: PFAC is attentive to the needs ofteachers in meeting the Virginia SOL requirements. Our changing exhibition schedule reflectswell researched programs that satisfy state mandated standard of learning requirements.

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTERYour Visit

Our goal at PFAC for visitors to experience rare works of fine art and artifacts in a friendlyand educational atmosphere. We are not a collecting institution, so the art you see does notbelong to PFAC. Most is on loan from other museums, collectors or the artists themselves. It’svery important that we preserve the artworks and artifacts that you see in the exhibitions.

Museum Etiquette1. Eating and drinking are prohibited in the gallery spaces. Also, gum and candy are notallowed in exhibition areas.2. Photography and video are allowed, but please refrain from using flash photography.3. Please refrain from touching the artworks. The oils that are on our hands and skin candamage the museum’s pieces. Also, damage can occur if pieces are bumped or moved. Pleasebe careful moving around the galleries.4. Please listen to the docents and raise your hand if you have a question. We are happy toanswer questions, but it’s important to refrain from talking so that others can enjoy their visit.5. Be respectful of our docents, other visitors and each other.

Accessibility:PFAC welcomes all visitors and is committed to making its programs and services accessibleto everyone. Wheelchairs and gallery stools are available at no charge. Guide Dogs arepermitted in the galleries and a water bowl is available upon request. Large caption panelcopy and gallery guides are available - advance notice is needed.

Most tours take around 50 minutes. Visiting schools are normally divided intogroups of 25 students or less, rotating through each gallery and led by a trainedGallery Host.

PENINSULA FINE ARTS CENTERGlossary

Cherokee (cher-uh-kee) –A Native American people from the Southeastern US and who numberapproximately 300,000 today. In the early 19th century the Cherokee were forced to leave theirhomelands and move to Oklahoma, an event remembered as the Trail of Tears. Today three Cherokeecommunities in Oklahoma and North Carolina hold federalrecognition; 9 tribes are state recognized; and 24 are non-recognized across 11 states.

Chickahominy - a member of a North American Indian tribe of the Powhatan confederacy that inhabitedeastern Virginia.

Hopi - a member of a Pueblo people occupying a number of mesa-top pueblos on reservation land innortheast Arizona. The Hopi are noted for their dry-farming techniques, rich ceremonial life, andcraftsmanship in basketry, pottery, silverwork, and weaving

indigenous - originating from a particular region

Lenape - (lu-nah-pay) (also known as Delaware)–an alliance of three divisions of people indigenous tothe Delaware Valley that included the Munsee, Unami, and Unalactigo (Nanticoke). Today the Lenapenumberapproximately 18,000 among 14 different tribal entities: three federally recognized US tribes inOklahoma and Wisconsin; three Canadian First Nations; four non-recognized entities in Colorado, Idaho,Kansas, and Oklahoma; and 4 state recognized tribes in Delaware and New Jersey.

Mataponi - one of only two Virginia Indian tribes in the Commonwealth of Virginia that owns reservationland, 32 acres of land in Hanover County.

Monacan - one of several Native American tribes recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia in theUnited States. ... They are located primarily in Amherst County, Virginia near Lynchburg, Virginia.

Nansemond - recognized as a Native American tribe by the Commonwealth of Virginia, along with tenother Virginia Indian tribes. Most members of the tribe live in the Suffolk/Chesapeake, Virginia area. Atthe time of European encounter, the historic Nansemond tribe spoke one of the Algonquian languages.

Pamunkey - one of 11 Virginia Indian tribes recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia, and thestate's only federally recognized tribe, receiving its status in 2015. The historical tribe was part of thePowhatan paramountcy, made up of Algonquian-speaking tribes.

Plains Indians - a member of any of the Native American peoples inhabiting the Great Plains of theUnited States and Canada. The Plains Indians spoke a variety of unrelated languages but shared certaincultural features such as nomadic buffalo hunting, the use of conical tepees, and a reliance on the horsein hunting and warfare.

Powhatan - a Native American people in Virginia. It may also refer to the leader of those tribes,commonly referred to as Powtitianna. It is estimated that there were about 14,000–21,000 Powhatanpeople in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607

Rappahannock - a state-recognized Indian tribe whose tribal area is located in Indian Neck in King andQueen County

regalia - the distinctive clothing work and ornaments carried at formal occasions as an indication ofone's identity and status

Sioux - groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can referto any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects.

sovereign –a self-governing nation. Sovereign Native American Nations have authority to governthemselves by maintaining their own courts, police forces, and social services. They also have access tofederal funding andservices.

tribe –a social and political group of people made up of families who share a common ancestry andculture

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