education of the marginalized with special reference to india

By Hathib k.k.

What is Marginalization?

Marginalization is forcing a person or a particular group of a particular society to be away from the mainstream of the society by denying him or it all the rights and opportunities for developing himself or itself by getting education and participating in such developmental activities.

By Hathib k.k.

Discrimination is treating different categories of people of a society or group in different manner that some categories among them are treated with injustice and prejudice by denying them privileges that are offered to the other categories because of some hidden causes .

What is Social Discrimination? By Hathib k.k.

Social Exclusion is making a person or a particular group of a particular society out of the social order by denying them even the most primary human rights. It is a severe than marginalization that in marginalization, such groups enjoy the basic rights, though they are forced to remain at a corner of the society without getting opportunity for developing themselves, as the privileged groups do.

What is Social Exclusion? By Hathib k.k.

It is clear that Marginalization and Social Exclusion Occur When there is Social Discrimination

By Hathib k.k.

Discrimination may occur at two levels. They are 1. Individual 2. Social

By Hathib k.k.

Individual discrimination is when an individual is denied the provisions and rights give to others in a society on account of some prejudice. Individual discrimination occurs in families, in classrooms, and at times in society itself on account of prejudice of parents, lack of skill in classrooms, or because of some epidemic called aids.

Individual Discrimination By Hathib k.k.

Social discrimination occur when a particular group of a particular society is denied the provisions and rights given to other groups in that society on account of their existence in a particular gender, religion, cat, race, linguistic group etc. Here rights are denied not on the basis of one’s individual traits or characteristics, but on the basis of the social background that he belongs to.

Social Discrimination By Hathib k.k.

There are Different Types of Discrimination. The Following Slides Make a Glance at them

By Hathib k.k.

Gender discrimination or Gender bias is denying some particular gender groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other gender groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular gender. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular gender is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called gender discrimination or gender bias.

Gender Discrimination or Gender Bias

By Hathib k.k.

Racial discrimination is denying some particular racial groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other racial groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular race. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular race is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called racial discrimination.

Racial Discrimination By Hathib k.k.

Cast discrimination is denying some particular cast groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other cast groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular cast. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular cast is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called cast based discrimination.

Cast Based Discrimination By Hathib k.k.

Religious discrimination is denying some particular religious groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other religious groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular religion. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular religion is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called religious discrimination.

Religious Discrimination By Hathib k.k.

Linguistic discrimination is

denying some particular

Linguistic groups the rights and

opportunities that are enjoyed

by some other linguistic groups

of the same society such getting

education in their own mother

tongue.

Linguistic Discrimination By Hathib k.k.

And it is widely said and discussed that there have been severe discriminations in India on the basis of religion, cast, race, language, gender etc., and for making such people, too, the part of mainstream, the Constitution as well as different Govt. policies offer some positive discrimination towards such people.

By Hathib k.k.

Positive Discrimination is some

special privileges and reservation

offered to the marginalized groups,

in different developmental areas like

education, employment,

administration etc. to fetch them,

too, into the mainstream of the

society. It is also known as

compensatory discrimination on the

argument that they were

marginalized on account of different

historical and social factors

Then What is Positive Discrimination?

By Hathib k.k.

By Hathib k.k.

The following slides discuss the provisions and privileges that Indian Constitution offers to the marginalized groups as a part of Positive Discrimination Policy.

By Hathib k.k.

Article 14

The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth

By Hathib k.k.

Article 14 Actually Says

That all the people should not be treated in the same manner, but people belong to same circumstances should be treated in the same manner.eg. Each person should not be taxed by the same standard, but the people of the same circumstances should be taxed by the same standard

By Hathib k.k.

Hence Article 14 Does say

That all the people should not be considered for admission for educational institution or appointment for the govt. sector on the basis of same criteria, but people of same circumstances shall be considered on the basis of same criteria

By Hathib k.k.

So its clear that Artic14 Offers special privileges for the Marginalized Groups

By Hathib k.k.

Article 15 (3)

Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children ( Actually the Article is for Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. How ever, on the basis of this the state should not hesitate to offer special provisions for such people)

By Hathib k.k.

Article 15 (4)

Nothing in this article or in clause ( 2 ) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes ( clause ( 2 ) of Article 29 says that no citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them)

By Hathib k.k.

So the Indian Constitution says that the state shall not misinterpret the main clause of the Article 15 and clause (2) of the Article 29 for denying the

special provision for the marginalized ones.

By Hathib k.k.

Article 17

Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden The enforcement of any disability arising out of Untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law

By Hathib k.k.

So Article 17 strictly prohibits segregation on the basis of religion or cast or such issue in classrooms and school campuses, which often make students from such circumstances stop their education

uncompleted .

By Hathib k.k.

Article 30 (1)

All minorities, whether

based on religion or

language, shall have the

right to establish and

administer educational

institutions of their choice

By Hathib k.k.

Article 30 (2)

The state shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language

By Hathib k.k.

So Article 30 ensures that the people of Minority groups also get enough opportunity for gaining proper education so that to be a part of the

mainstream .

By Hathib k.k.

Article 350 (A)

It shall be the endeavor of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups; and the President may issue such directions to any State as he considers necessary or proper for securing the provision of such facilities.

By Hathib k.k.

S497 of the Indian

Penal Code

Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such case the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor.

By Hathib k.k.

So S497 of IPC says that people of different circumstances may not be treated in the same manner

By Hathib k.k.

Let’s see the reservation of seats for the marginalized groups in different Educational Institutions

By Hathib k.k.

Government Colleges

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Open Quota Reservation

Distribution of Total Seats

By Hathib k.k.

Government Colleges

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

SEBC EBFC SC/ST

8% 10%

15%

7%

5%

1% 1%

3%

Distribution of Reserved Seats Out of 50 % of the Total Seats

EZ

MU

LC OBX

OBH

SC

ST

SEBC( Socially & Educationally

Backward Classes)

EBFC ( Economically Backward

Among Forward communities)

SC/ST( Scheduled Cast &

Scheduled Tribes)

EZ ( Ezhave) ,MU ( Muslim)

LC ( Latin Cathelic)

OBX( Other Backward

Christians)

OBH( Other Backward Hindus)

SC( Scheduled Cast)

ST ( Scheduled Tribe)

By Hathib k.k.

Government Colleges By Hathib k.k.

Mandatory reservation in Aided & Affiliated Colleges

50%

15% 5% 10%

20%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Forward Community colleges

40%

15% 5%

20% 20%

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

Minority Community colleges

By Hathib k.k.

Mandatory reservation in Aided & Affiliated Colleges

By Hathib k.k.

Reservation in Self financing Programmes

50%

15% 5% 9% 8% 2% 1% 5% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

By Hathib k.k.

Reservation in Self financing Programmes

By Hathib k.k.

Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized

Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a

part of Positive discrimination Policy in India

By Hathib k.k.

As it has been echoing at the air during different eras that women in India has been being deprived since the ancient period, and the

major factor behind this miserable status of them, is the

discrimination in the case of education, the constitution as well

as different Governments of different ages in India have been offering them many a privilege in

the case of education.

By Hathib k.k.

The status of women during Vedic Age is seen through two

dimensions: Some view that they enjoyed high position while some others are of the view that they were severely segregated by the male dominant society. Another view is that they had been equal to men during early Vedic Age

while their status got deteriorated during the later Vedic Age.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period

By Hathib k.k.

So there is a big question mark before

us: which of these views is true?

By Hathib k.k.

Actually, both are correct, in one or

another sense. Let’s look….

By Hathib k.k.

If you look at it through a traditionalist’s view you can see

that women enjoyed higher status that people offered them all the sorts of honor and respect as a

mother, wife and daughter, and they were provided education

exclusive for them, which concentrated on the duties of women to husbands, religious

rituals etc.

By Hathib k.k.

If you look at it through a

modernist’s eye, you will say that

such a respect itself is a part of

hypocrisy that they were forcing

them sit at the chambers at home

by providing such a ‘respect’.

By Hathib k.k.

However, even those who say that there were educational

opportunities for women during Vedic Age, are of the view that

girls were not allowed to participate in Upanayana Ceremony i.e. the initial

ceremony for starting education during the Vedic Age

By Hathib k.k.

And the modern critics may proclaim that even the

Kshathriya Women were not allowed to indulge in practicing warfare arts or martial arts, as

you can hardly see women warriors of the great Epic

Periods.

By Hathib k.k.

More over, most of the legendary women in India

were ardent devotees of their husbands, who

displayed unprecedented honesty and service to their husband even by sacrificing

their own interests and tastes.

By Hathib k.k.




With all these we can assume that, though the women in India during

the Vedic Age were honored and served just below to God, they were

not allowed to actively indulge in public activities with male counter

parts. This was the common phenomena in the educational

system, too, that women during those times were provided

education at their homes, that too , related with their duties as a

women as well as the religious rituals and scriptures.

By Hathib k.k.




There are different views on the status of women during Budhist

Age, too. Some are of the view that during later Vedic age, status of women was so tragic, and Budha

was liberator for them, who allowed them join Sanghas and Viharas. Some other say that the status of

women became deteriorated during the Budhist Period.

By Hathib k.k.




An article, written by Ashwani Kumar and Namita Singh

(http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1997_01_02.pdf), says that it was during Budhist Age that women became exactly equal to

men.

By Hathib k.k.

http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1997_01_02.pdf













History regards the Medieval Age in India i.e. the age when India was

ruled by the Muslim Kings, the status of women was the most

pathetic, as they were not allowed to go outside or participate in public activities because of the Purdha System. However, as

historians say, the women of upper class families were enjoying

education at their home.

By Hathib k.k.




And it is widely said that the status of women started climbing upwards during the British Rule in India, as

the Christian Missionaries took charge of spreading modern

education in India. (http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com

/india-2/changes-in-the-status-of-indian-women-during-british-rule-

essay/4400/)

By Hathib k.k.




They started the first girls school

in Bombay in 1824.

The Hunter Commission in

1881, recommended female

education

After 1882, Girls were allowed to

get admitted for higher

education.

By Hathib k.k.




The Social Reform Movement of 19th Century under the leadership of Rajaram Mohan Rai, played a

vital role in the enhancement of the status of women in India. They

worked hard for the abolishment of the social evil called ‘Sati’. They were also successful in making

great awareness among people on the importance of modern

education for gents as well as women.

By Hathib k.k.




Like Rajaram Mohan Rai,

Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar, also

played an important role in the

enhancement of the status of

women in India. He was the real

force behind the passing of

Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.

By Hathib k.k.




Maharshi Karve was another

pioneer in this regard, who

started SNDT Women’s

University in Maharashtra in

1916

By Hathib k.k.




Leaders like Mahathma Gandhi,

Swami Vivekananda, Swami

Dayananda Saraswati and Annie

Besant were also the ardent

promoters of women education

and enhancement of their social

status.

By Hathib k.k.




Different women organizations of

the time like Bharat mahila Parishad

(1904), Bharat Stri

Mahamandal(1910) Women’s Indian

Association (1917), National Council

of Women in India (1925) and All

India Women’s Conference (1927)

also fought for the development of

women in all the walks of life.

By Hathib k.k.




However, Women folk was still a

marginalized group during the time

when India gained independence .

Later Indian Constitution and

different Governments in different

eras introduced and implemented

different Provisions and Schemes, as

a part of Positive discrimination

Policy in India

By Hathib k.k.

Now, we are going to discuss the provisions and privileges offered to Women Folk in India by the

Indian Constitution and Governments

By Hathib k.k.

Article 15 (3)

Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children ( Actually the Article is for Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. How ever, on the basis of this the state should not hesitate to offer special provisions for such people)

By Hathib k.k.

S497 of the Indian

Penal Code

Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such case the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor.

By Hathib k.k.

Article 16

Article 16 of constitution of India ensures equal employment opportunity to every citizen of India. As per article 16 there should not be any discrimination in respect of employment opportunity under the State only on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, and place of birth, residence or any of them

By Hathib k.k.

Article 39

Article 39:- Article 39 of constitution of India ensures the benefit of the directive principles of state policy to the women.. Article 39(a) of directive principles of state policy ensures and directs a state to apply policies which focus on a men and women have an equal right of adequate means of livelihood and article 39(c) ensures equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

.

By Hathib k.k.

Article 243

Article 243:- Article 243 of constitution of India ensures reservation of seats in gram panchayat for women.

By Hathib k.k.

Now, let us look at some Govt.

Schemes introduced and Implemented for Women

By Hathib k.k.

It was launched in 1988 as a result of following the recommendations of the New Educational Policy of 1986 for the empowerment of women in rural areas especially of women of socially and economically marginalized sectors of the society.

Mahila Samakhya Programme(1988)

By Hathib k.k.

Enhancement self esteem & self confidence in women Building positive image of women Development of critical thinking in women Fostering collective decision making & action among women Enabling for accurate choice regarding to education,

employment and health Ensuring equal participation in the developmental process Providing information, knowledge & skill for economic

independence Providing legal literacy on their rights and provisions.

Mahila Samakhya : Objectives

By Hathib k.k.

It was a part of SSA. The main focus of this scheme was to provide educational facilities for girls belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, minority communities and families below the poverty line in Educationally Backward Blocks.

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya of 2004

By Hathib k.k.

This is a conditional cash transfer scheme for the girl child with insurance cover which would go a long way towards ensuring the survival of the girl child and assuring a better life for her. The direct and tangible objective of the scheme is to provide a set of financial incentives for families to encourage them to retain a girl child, educate her and prevent child marriage.

Dhanalakshmi Scheme (2008)

By Hathib k.k.

Dhanalakshmi Scheme :Conditions

For all girls born after 19 November 2008 Girls who are on immunization On enrolment in school and retention in school till Standard 8 An insurance maturity cover will be taken for the girl child

born after 19 November 2008 and if the girl child remains unmarried till the age of 18 years, she will get Rs. 1 lakh.

The scheme will apply to all girl children irrespective of their socio-economic status and the number of girl children in the family.

By Hathib k.k.

Saakshar Bharat has been formulated in 2009 with the objective of achieving 80% literacy level by 2012 at national level, by focusing on adult women literacy seeking – to reduce the gap between male and female literacy to not more than 10 percentage points

By Hathib k.k.

The Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) Sabla is a centrally sponsored program of Government of India initiated on April 1, 2011 under Ministry of Women and Child Development.

Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent girls(RGSEAG)

By Hathib k.k.

Enabling the Adolescent girls for self-development and empowerment Improve their nutrition and health status. Promote awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition, adolescent reproductive

and sexual health (ARSH) and family and child care. Upgrade home-based skills, life skills and integrate with the National Skill

Development Program (NSDP) for vocational skills. Provide information/guidance about existing public services such as PHC,

CHC, Post Office, Bank, Police Station, etc.

(RGSEAG): Objectives

By Hathib k.k.

Statistics show that there has been tremendous improvement among women folk in India in the case of education and employment, though the crime and harassment against them is going on increasing day by day

By Hathib k.k.

So let us go through the present status of women compared to the past in the coming slides

By Hathib k.k.

Literacy Rate Among Men and Women from 1951 to 2011

By Hathib k.k.

27.20%

80.90%

8.90%

64.60%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

1951 2011

Men

Women


By Hathib k.k.


What a tremendous Improvement! Look, there an increase of about 25% in the case of women literacy rate, while it was only about 16% in the men literacy rate between 1991 and 2011

By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Enrollment at School Stage Among male and female from

1951 to 2014 Figures are in Lakhs

By Hathib k.k.

13800000.00

67200000.

5400000.00

62800000.

0.00

10000000.00

20000000.00

30000000.00

40000000.00

50000000.00

60000000.00

70000000.00

80000000.00

1950-51 2013-14

Men

women

Level Wise Enrollment at Primary Level Among male and female from

1951 to 2014

By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Enrollment at Upper Primary Level Among male and

female from 1951 to 2014

2600000

33700000.

500000.

32000000.

0.00

5000000.00

10000000.00

15000000.00

20000000.00

25000000.00

30000000.00

35000000.00

40000000.00

1950-51 2013-14

Series 1

Series 2

By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage Among male and female as the

Census in 2013-14

By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage Among male and female as the

Census in 2013-14

21.50%

39.20% 48.10%

18.30%

32.90%

46.70%

19.80%

36.30% 47.40%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

1-V 1-V111 1-X

Boys

Girls

Total

By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage Among male and female of SC

Category as the Census in 2013-14

17.50%

42.40% 51.80%

15.40%

34.40%

48.00%

16.60%

38.80% 50.10%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

1-V 1-V111 1-X

Boys

Girls

Total

By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage Among male and female of ST

Category as the Census in 2013-14

31.90%

49.80% 63.20%

30.70%

46.40%

61.40%

31.30%

48.20% 62.40%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

1-V 1-V111 1-X

Boys

Girls

Total

By Hathib k.k.

So it shows that the percentage of girls who stops education uncompleted at any level is lesser than the number of boys from all the categories of the society in India. It is also amazing to see that the percentage of dropouts among girls at all levels is lesser than total percentage dropouts.

By Hathib k.k.

Statistics of Examination Results at Class X in 2010

By Hathib k.k.


73.20%

67.20%

62.40%

77.40%

71.30%

61.50%

75%

69% 62%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

General SC ST

Boys

Girls

Total

By Hathib k.k.

So it shows that the percentage of girls who pass the examination at class X is greater than the number of boys except in ST category of the society in India. It is also amazing to see that the percentage of girl students who pass class X exam is greater than the percentage of the total students who pass class X examination in India

By Hathib k.k.

Statistics of Examination Results at Class X11 in 2010

By Hathib k.k.


73.20%

67.10%

65.40%

81.50%

75.80%

69.70%

77%

71% 67%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

General SC ST

Boys

Girls

Total

By Hathib k.k.

So it shows that the percentage of girls who pass the examination at class X11 is greater than the number of boys except in all the categories of the society in India. It is also amazing to see that the percentage of girl students who pass class X11 exam is greater than the percentage of the total students who pass class X11 examination in India

By Hathib k.k.

Thank You