education in china - a snapshot
TRANSCRIPT
EDUCATION IN CHINA
A SNAPSHOTYuanyuan PAN
(20/02/2017)
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Outline
• Background information
• Organisation and management of education
• Educational reforms and current issues
• Participating regions in PISA 2015
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Background Information
on China’s Administrative System
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Administrative DivisionsC
entr
al G
over
nmen
t Municipalities Counties Towns
ProvincesCounties Towns
Autonomous Regions
Special Administrative
RegionsDistricts
• 4 Municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing• 2 Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong, Macao
Province Level County Level Township Level
Prefectures
Prefectural Level
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Hukou System (Domicile System)
• Mainly issued by family (living place)
• Two important feature– Type:
• Agricultural
• Non-agricultural
– Location
• Reform coming soon
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Organisation and Management
of Education in China
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Schooling DevelopmentMinistry of EducationManaging Development Policies and Reforms Educational Finance Teacher Student Curriculum
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Schooling Development
Tertiary PhD. Program (3/5 years)
Non-formal/Lifelong
Master Program (3 years)
Bachelor Program (4 years)
Senior Secondary (3 years) General
Specialized
Vocational
Crafts
Junior Secondary/ Lower Secondary (3 years)
Primary (6 years)
Pre-School (3-4 years)
About 6 years old
High School Entrance
Exam
Graduate programEntrance
Exam
Compulsory Education
CollegeEntrance
Exam(Gaokao)
Specialized Degree (3 years)
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Ministry/Bureau of EducationSt
ate
Cou
ncil Ministry of
Education
27 Departments
32 Affiliated Organizations
NEEA
…
75 Universities…
• Bureau of Education in local government with similar structure
• Policies go from higher level to lower level• Each public school belongs to one level of Bureau/Ministry
of Education
Managing the Development of Education
• Five-year Guideline for Education
– Educational development goal and basic ideas – Quantitative growth– Qualitative improvement in various areas
• Special Development Plan
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Basic goals in National 5-
year Guideline
5-year Guideline for
Education Development
Summarize before the next 5-year
period
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National Policies
Pilot Experiment
s
Analyse the pilot
experiments
Implement nationwide
Educational Policies and Reforms
Research or
Proposals
Draft by MOE or
BOEDraft for
commands
Published in bulletin
Send to lower-level governmen
t
Policies:
Reforms:
• National medium and long-term educational reform and development program (2010-2020)
• Department of Comprehensive Reform is established to lead reforms
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Educational Finance
• Main source: Government Appropriation for Education
• 4 priorities are emphasized by MOE
1. Rural (especially primary education), remote, poor and minority areas
2. Vocational education and pre-school education
3. Subsidization for students from poor families
4. Expense on building high-quality teaching team
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Teacher (Qualification and Register)
Written Exam
Interview
Compliance
certification
• 4 kinds of examinations for pre-school, primary, secondary, and vocational education separately, same mode:
Both Passed
• Regular Register System (implemented in 2013, every 5 years)• Requirements:
– Pass the ethic evaluation and annual assessment– Finish no less than the required 360 training hours or get the
equivalent amount credits– Psychological and physical health qualified – Other requirement by local governments
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Teacher (Training)
Teacher:• 360 class hours/5
years• 120 class hours for
new
• National Teacher Training Program – Project of Exemplary
Teacher Training – Project of Rural Key
Teacher Training
School Principal:• 240 class hours/5
years• 300 class hours for
new
• National School Principal Training Program
• A half-year sabbatical leave every 5 years
Teacher (Training)
• Teaching and Research Group System
• Lecture Auditing System
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Grade 1 Class 1
Grade 2Class 1
Grade 3 Class1
Grade 1Class 2
Grade 2 Class 2
Grade 3 Class 3
Grade 1Class 3
Grade 2 Class 3
Grade 3Class 3
– One leader in every class
– One leader in every grade
– All math teachers in one grade form a group with a leader
– All math teachers in the school form a group with a leader
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Teacher (Titles and Salaries)
Professor Senior
Senior
First-grade
Second-grade
Third-grade
Professional titles:• Starting point can be
Third/Second/First grade• Fixed percentage of all kinds of titles• Publications and rewards are needed
to win the promotion chance• Proof of help with other teachers’
improvement is also required• Special-Grade Teacher
Salaries (started in 2009):• Basic (about 70% of the total
salary)• Performance salary
Curriculum
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National Curriculum
General principles
Some course with lecture hours
Provincial Curriculum
Practical plan
Some course with lecture hours
Supervise schools
School Curriculum
School Courses with lecture hours
Three -level Curriculum
Morality
Chinese Math PE Art Englis
h Practice Science
Social S.
Elective
PrimaryGrade 1-3
PrimaryGrade 4-6
Junior Secondary
Senior Secondary
Encourage individuality development ; pilot in credit system
National-wide subjects for different grades
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Educational Reforms and Current Issues
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Inspection System Reform
Rural-urban Difference
Curriculum Reform
College Entrance Examination Reform
Inspection System Reform
• Office of National Education Inspectorate (1986)• Inspector for every school (Over 99% of schools have the inspector)
• Specialized team Administration & Teaching
• Standardized process
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Visit School
Feedback & Report
School adjustme
ntRevisit School
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Rural-urban Difference
• Balanced development of compulsory education– Infrastructure:
• Rural Primary and Secondary Schools Dilapidated Building Renovation Project in Central and Western China
• Rural Primary and Secondary Boarding Schools Project. – Better teaching resource
• Special Teaching Post Plan for Rural Schools • Free Pre-Service Teacher Education Program
– Special inspection certificate
• Migrant student’s get access to education equally– All children real free compulsory education– Gaokao in living province
Curriculum Reform
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Knowledge transmission
Subject-centered curriculum
Abstruse curriculum content
Passive learning
Exclusive identification and selection evaluation
Centralization in curriculum control
Learning how to learn
Balanced, integrated and elective curriculumEssential knowledge and
skills for lifelong learning
Problem-solving
Improvement centred Evaluation
Central government, local authorities, and
schools
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College Entrance Examination Reform
Old
• “3+X” mode• Once a year• Province
independent
New
• “3+3” mode• More national • English level
test• Some subjects
twice a year
• Shanghai & Zhejiang pilot experiment• Shanghai’s Spring Gaokao• University specific examinations
Pilots: 2014National promotion: 2017
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PISA 2015 Chinese Participants
Beijing
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Guangdong
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General Statistics City Name
Population(in million)
Area(in
km2)
GDP(in CNY trillion)
GDP per capita
(in CNY)
Beijing 21.516 16,410 2.133 99,136Shanghai 24.257 6,340 2.356 97,127Jiangsu 79.600 102,60
06.509 81,771
Guangdong
107.240 179,800
6.779 63,213
City Name Primary Education
Rank Lower Secondary Education
Rank
Beijing 21,727 1 32,544 1Shanghai 19,518 2 25,445 2Jiangsu 10,584 5 15,140 4Guangdong 6,742 19 7,509 26National Average 6,901 (31) 9,258 (31)
Budgetary Government Appropriated Funds for Education per School Student (in 2013, in CNY)
(“(31)” stands for the total. Data Source: Ministry of Education)
(All the data are of 2014. Data Source: Beijing/Shanghai/Jiangsu/Guangdong Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014, published in 2015)
Beijing
• Capital• Leads in the citizen’s education level • Best higher education resource• Developed in science and technology research
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Quality Equality
Reform Goal
• Training teachers at School
• Introduce good resource through branches
• Migrant children’s education
• Electronic enrolment system
City Features
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Shanghai
• Largest city by population • Commercial and finance centre, highest GDP per capita• Most international city
City Features
• Lead in all kinds of reforms • Examination reform• Curriculum reform
• Lead in universal education and balanced development
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• Demonstration Zone for provincial pre-school education reform and development
• First province to get the certificate of balanced development in compulsory education
• First province to open Gaokao to migrant students
Jiangsu
• Wealthy: second highest total GDP• Narrow difference in rural and urban compare to other
provinces• Wealth gap between poor north and wealthy south
City Features
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• Increase the educational investment
• Cooperation with Hong Kong and Macao
• Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
Guangdong
• Highest total GDP• Most populated, most migrant labours• Highest urbanized rate in provinces• Share Cantonese with Hong Kong and Macao, located nearby
City Features
(Source: http://leslieyg.pixnet.net/)
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Personal Summary
• Independent among province-level divisions, different but also similar
• Large regional difference– West and East– Big city and other areas
• Always on reform• Cultural influence:
– Outstanding in education = brilliant future– Good at math = clever; Social science are lower than
STEM
