ICT in Initial and In-Service Teacher Training

Eduardo Coba ArangoIFIIE

Contents1. Objectives of Education: Competences and

ICT Training in Education.2. Teacher Training in the European Union:

Initial Training, Training in ICT and In-service Training.

3. Initial Training in Spain: Bachelor in Primary Education and Master in Secondary Education.

4. In-service Training in Spain: Competence Framework, Actions of the Ministry.

1. Objectives of Education

1.1. Competence Training

Common objectives in the EUIn December 2006, the European Parliament and the Council passed the Recommendation on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning. These competences are a reference tool targeting education and training policies in Member States, which must endeavour to make initial education and training provide the youth with the means to develop the competences required to be prepared for adult life and for complementary learning.

Key Competences1. Competence in linguistic communication. 2. Mathematical competence. 3. Knowledge and interaction with the physical world. 4. Information processing and digital competence.5. Social and civic competence. 6. Cultural and artistic competence. 7. Learning to learn. 8. Initiative and entrepreneurship.

Objectives of Education in Spain

One of the principles inspiring the 2006 Spanish Act on Education (LOE) is the commitment posed by the EU in two directions: on the one hand, to establish common objectives of education, which should prepare pupils to live in the society of knowledge, science and technology, continuously evolving and having a profound impact on social development; on the other hand, to achieve a more competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy.

Objectives of Education in Spain

The inclusion of key competences in the curriculum involves changes in planning, in methodology, in assessment, in materials and organisation...But schools’ activity ultimately falls on teachers. Therefore, the success or failure of any reform will, to a large extent, depend on teachers. This requires Authorities to commit to a teacher training linked to the teaching practice, and based on the principle that the society as a whole is responsible for pupils’ school success.

1. Objectives of Education

1.2. ICT in Education

ICT in Education

Results of the Study “Las TICs en la Educación (2006)” (‘ICT in Education’), as regards the teachers survey.209 primary education schools.407 secondary education schools. 4,066 teachers.20,085 pupils. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Industry,

Tourism and Trade. Avanza Plan. http://www.oei.es/tic/TICCD.pdf

ICT in Education

94% of teachers report that they have access to computers at school.

91% report having a computer at home. 20% of teachers state that they use the Internet to

work in groups with pupils or to download didactic software between once a week and once a month.

ICT in Education

However, 82% state that they never or almost never use the computer to make presentations or simulations in the classroom. 71% say they have never used the computer to support a classroom explanation.

54% feel capable to use ICT in the classroom, but 72% say that lack of time for preparation is the reason for not using ICT.

ICT in Education

Primary education: teachers use SW with curricular contents, as well as educational websites. The average is 12 pupils per computer.

Lower Secondary Education: computers are used more often, but the use of didactic materials is lower. The average is 6 pupils per computer.

Post-compulsory education: computers are used more often, especially in practical subjects.

Note: 98.7% of pupils have used a computer.

ICT in Education 61% declare having received training in ICT, 50% of

them the previous year. 58% define themselves as users, and only 15% as

experts. El 89% declare having received training in ICT as in-

service training, 28 % during initial training (57% of teachers under 30).

76% received training promoted by the Administration, and 89% of courses required attendance. 65% state having acquired training autodidactly.

ICT in Education The main types of training were office automation

(81%) and telematics (72%). Didactic training was received in 57% of courses, and only 20% declare having plenty of technical or didactic confidence. 84% say they need more didactic training; 68%, more telematics training, and 56% more training on office automation.

76% of teachers have an interest in ICT and 84% consider ICT to have a great educational potential.

ICT in Education There are differences on the grounds of sex: while

51% of men declare using the computer every day, only 35% of women do.

There is no difference regarding the training received, but there are some differences regarding technical aspects, such as operating systems or maintenance, where men have more training.

Although the level most commonly reached by both sexes is user level, there are more men in the expert level and more women in the lowest level.

2. Teacher training in the European Union

Eurydice: Key Data on Education in Europe, 2009

Key Data on Information and Communication Technology in Schools in Europe, 2004

Eurydice’s Question/Answer Forum: 2010 update

2. Teacher Training in the European Union

2.1. Initial Teacher Training in the EU

Common elements

Most prospective teachers receive their initial training in a higher education institution.

Such training usually has a general component(regarding specific subjects that teachers are going to teach) and a professional component (devoted to the acquisition of the necessary pedagogical competences and to teaching practices in schools).

Different elements Concurrent model, when both components are

acquired at the same time. This model is more usual in pre-primary and primary teacher training.

Consecutive model, when the knowledge corresponding to the general component (subjects to be taught in the future) is acquired first, and the professional component training is subsequently acquired (usually as post-graduate studies). This is the usual model for upper secondary education, while a mixed model is more usual for compulsory secondary education.

Pre-primary and primary (ISCED 0 and 1)

Concurrent model

Consecutive model

Models

Lower secondary education (ISCED 2)

Concurrent model

Consecutive model

Models

Upper secondary education (ISCED 3)

Concurrent model

Consecutive model

Models

Evolution and weightBetween 2005 and 2009, an evolution towards consecutive models may be noted.The weight of the professional component is greater in pre-primary and primary education than in secondary or higher education. For instance, the professional component in upper secondary education (Bachillerato) is more than 50% of the total duration of training, and in non-university higher education the percentage is usually above 30%.

2. Teacher Training in the European Union

2.2. ICT in Initial Teacher Training in the EU

CategoriesMain categories regarding the presence of ICT in initial teacher training:“Compulsory component”: ICT is a compulsory subject in the syllabus for prospective primary and secondary education teachers, or they form part of the minimum qualification standards required at the end of initial training.“Core curriculum option”: refers to one of a range of subjects offered by institutions of teacher education, from which trainees have to select a limited number in order to cover part of their compulsory minimum curriculum. The term also implies that all institutions are obliged to include ICT in this range of subjects.“Institutional autonomy”, which means that these institutions are free to decide whether education offered in ICT is compulsory or otherwise.

Integration of ICT in Initial Teacher Training (except for teachersspecialised in ICT). Primary education (ISCED 1). School year 2009/2010

Models

Explanatory Note: In Austria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom (Scotland), and United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern Ireland), the information corresponds to school year 2009/10. In the other countries, the data correspond to school year 2002/03.

Integration of ICT in Initial Teacher Training (except for teachers specialisedin ICT). Secondary Education (ISCED 2 and 3). School year 2009/2010

Models

Explanatory Note: In Austria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom (Scotland), and United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern Ireland), the information corresponds to school year 2009/10. In the other countries, the data correspond to school year 2002/03.

Current Tendency In 2010, in most of the analysed countries, the ICT are a

“compulsory component” in the core syllabus for Initial TeacherTraining, that is, it is either a compulsory subject or part of the minimumqualification standards required at the end of initial training.

In 2002/03, only in some countries schools had full freedom to design andstructure their syllabuses (“schools autonomy” category).

In 2010 the number of European countries which give schools fullfreedom to decide about including the ICT is even lower than in2002/03.

Conclusion: the tendency in Europe is to include the ICT as a compulsory component or option in the syllabus, thus only a

minority of countries leave it to the autonomy of the schools.

2. Teacher Training in theEuropean Union

2.3. In-service training in EU

In-service training

Professional duty

Optional, but necessaryfor promotion

Optional

In-service Training

Council of the European Union06112009

The Teacher Training programs, which are essential factors both for preparing teachers and school heads to assume their responsibilities, and for guaranteeing their continuing professional development, must be of great quality, adapted to the needs which could arise, and they must be based on a well-balanced combination of solid academic research and broad practical experience. It is necessary that initial teacher education, the support to start their careers, and continuing professional education, are dealt with as a coherent whole.

3. Initial Teacher Training in Spain

3. 1. New order for universityeducation

3 . Initial Teacher Training in Spain

Up to now, the principles that regulated the degreesconsisted of just a set of subjects, descriptors, credits andknowledge areas linked to a specific degree.With the LOU reform:• The degrees catalogue disappears and it is replaced by a new

procedure to include degrees in the Registry of Universities, Institutions and Degrees.

• A syllabus must be understood as an agreement betweenSociety and University. Society’s trust must be materialized in the quality of the syllabus.

• The criteria to register and assess a degree are in keeping withthe Criteria and Guidelines for the Guarantee of Quality in the European Higher Education Area.

General Principles

Principles to design new degrees:

• Adaptation of teaching, learning and assessmentmethods to competences acquisition (*) bystudents

• To facilitate student mobility• Autonomy in post-university learning.

(*)COMPETENCES: Combination of knowledge, skills,attitudes and values which enable graduates to successfulyresolve problems in an academic, professional and socialcontext.

General Principles

Guidelines to elaborate a degree proposal.

Elements to be included:1. Description of the degree2. Justification3. Objectives4. Students admission5. Study Plan6. Academic staff7. Material resources and services8. Planned results9. Quality Assurance System10. Implementation schedule

Guidelines

DESIGN VERIFICATION

Quality Assurance

Design autonomy + Studies assessment and accreditationmakes it possible to:

a. Supervise its implementation or to verify that the project submitted is carried out correctly.

b. Inform society (students) about qualityThe expost accreditation will be based on the verification of

the fulfilment of the project submitted by the University.

ACCREDITATIONdevelopment

3. 2. BA in teaching primaryeducation and MA in teaching

secondary education

3. Initial Teacher Training in Spain

Verification Requirements

Pre-Primary Education Teacher◦ ORDEN ECI/3854/2007, de 27 de diciembre,

Primary Education Teacher◦ ORDEN ECI/3857/2007, de 27 de diciembre,

Teacher of Compulsory SecondaryEducation and Bachillerato, VocationalTraining and Languages Education◦ ORDEN ECI/3858/2007, de 27 de diciembre,

Verification Requirements

Pre-Primary Education teacher (ORDEN ECI/3854/2007, de 27 de diciembre)

Section 3. Objectives.–Competences thatstudents must acquire (12):

7. To know the educational implications of Informationand Communication Technologies and, particularly, of television in early childhood.….To tackle field analysis through observationmethodology using information technologies, data and audiovisual material…

Verification Requirements

Primary Education Teacher (ORDEN ECI/3857/2007, de 27 de diciembre)

Section 3. Objectives.–Competences thatstudents must acquire (12):

11. To know and apply in the classrooms the Information and communication technologies. Todistinguish the audiovisual information which helpsteaching, civic education and cultural richness.

Verification Requirements

Teacher of Compulsory SecondaryEducation, Bachillerato, Vocational Training and Language Education (ORDEN ECI/3858/2007, de 27 de diciembre)

Section 3. Objectives.–Competences that students mustacquire (11):3. To search, achieve, process and communicate information(oral, printed, audiovisual, digital or multimedia), transformit into knowledge and apply it in education and learningprocesses in the subjects of the correspondingspecialization.

4. In-service Training in Spain

La formación permanente del profesorado

Spanish Model

LOE: “The education Administrations willplan the activities for teacher training, guarantee a diverse and free offer forthese activities and establish the appropriate measures to enhanceteachers participating in them”.

La formación permanente del profesorado

Institutions Involved

State Administration Autonomous Communities

Administrations Education Employers and Unions Teachers associations, professional

schools and other non-profit institutions.

La formación permanente del profesorado

Autonomous CommunitiesAdministration

The Autonomous Communities (CCAA) have full competences for teacher training.

The schools for teachers depend directlyupon the CCAA

They design autonomous training plans The Schools for Teachers develop their

Implementation Plans following the guidelines established by the CCAA

La formación permanente del profesorado

Ministry of Education

The Ministry of Education fosters coordinatedactions by means of the Sectorial Conferenceof Education

It is a coordinating body for the EducationPolicy at State level.

The Ministry develops its own Training Plan addressed to all teachers in the State.

La formación permanente del profesorado

Training Lines• To improve school success.• Basic competences. Scientist and didactic updating.• Attention to diversity and inclusion.• Vocational training.• Coexistence and citizenship.• Didactic Application of ICT in the class.• Management and organization of schools.• Linguistic training.

La formación permanente del profesorado

Ministry of Education: IFIIE and ITE• IFIIE: The development and diffusion of curriculum

materials and other documents of support for teachers, thedesign of training models for teaching staff as well as designing and developing specific programs, in collaborationwith the Autonomous Communities, leading to teachingstaff’s scientist and didactic updating.

• ITE: The gathering and diffusion of digital and audiovisual materials for all knowledge areas, so that Information and Communication Technologies become ordinary workingtools in the class for teachers at all education stages.

Both Institutes train about 75.000 teachers/year.

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