1

www.wiley-vch.de

Sau Rogach (Eds.)

Com

plex-shapedM

etal Nanoparticles

The past few years have witnessed the development of non-spherical metal nanoparticles with complex morphologies, which offer tremen-dous potential in materials science, chemistry, physics and medicine. Covering all important aspects and techniques of preparation and characterization of metal nanoparticles with controlled morphology and architecture, this book provides a sound overview from the basics right up to recent developments. Renowned research scientists from all over the world present the existing knowledge in the fi eld, covering theory and modeling, synthesis and properties of these nanomaterials. By emphasizing the underlying concepts and principles in detail, this book enables researchers to fully recognize the future research scope and the application potential of the complex-shaped metal nanopar-ticles, inspiring further research in this fi eld.

Tapan K. Sau is an associate professor at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India. After his PhD in chemistry, obtained from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, he had worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of South Carolina-Columbia and Clarkson University, USA, and as an assistant professor at the Panjab University in Chandigarh, India. From 2007 to 2009 he was an Alexander-von-Humboldt Research Fellow at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt, Mnchen, Germany. His research interests are in synthesis, spectroscopy and applica-tions of colloidal metal nanocrystals. He has authored over 50 publications including patents and book chapters.

Andrey L. Rogach is chair professor at the Department of Physics and Materials Science of City University of Hong Kong. After his PhD in chemistry, obtained from the Belarusian State University in Minsk, he had worked as a research scientist at the University of Hamburg, Germany (19952002), and as a lead staff scientist at the Photonics and Optoelectronics group of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Munich, Germany (20022009), where he completed his habilitation in experi-mental physics. His research is focused on synthesis, assembly, optical spectroscopy and applications of colloidal semiconduc-tor and metal nanocrystals, which has been extensively (over 12,000) times cited.

Edited by Tapan K. Sau andAndrey L. Rogach

Complex-shapedMetal NanoparticlesBottom-Up Syntheses and Applications

57268File AttachmentCover.jpg

Edited by

Tapan K. Sau and

Andrey L. Rogach

Complex-shaped Metal

Nanoparticles

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Edited byTapan K. Sau and Andrey L. Rogach

Complex-shaped Metal Nanoparticles

Bottom-Up Syntheses and ApplicationsWith a Foreword by Catherine J. Murphy

The Editors

Prof. Tapan K. SauInt. Inst. of Inform. Technol.Comput. Nat. Sc. & Bioinform.GachibowliHyderabad, AP 500032India

Prof. Andrey L. RogachCity University of Hong KongDept. of Physics & Mat. ScienceTat Chee Avenue 83KowloonHong Kong

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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from theBritish Library.

Bibliographic information published bythe Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publica-tion in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographic data are available on the Internet athtt p://dnb.d-nb .de.

# 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA,Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

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Dedicated to our great families Kaberi and Oxana, Miteshand Janina, Michael, and Vital

V

Foreword

The brilliant colors of nanoscale metal particles are abundant in the art of the past stained glass windows and Italian Renaissance pottery are only two examples. Thescience of the past has allowed us to understand how the optical properties of suchmetal nanoparticles arise and has given us the notion that shape controls color.This book shows us that at the highest levels, the art of making unusually shapedmetal nanoparticles has become a science in its own right. The reader of this bookwill happily observe that at its best, science can become art in the form of thebeautiful structures, spectra, and calculational maps that are abundant throughoutits pages.

I am very happy to see the breadth of coverage in this book, which is edited by twooutstanding scholars in the field and contains contributions from over a dozenluminaries. Theory and experiment are well balanced. The fundamentals of crystalgrowth and assembly are also well balanced by the application space of thesematerials, which encompasses chemical sensing, photothermal therapy, and ther-moelectrics. The readers of this book will, I hope, be inspired to contribute to thescience of the future in the area of complex-shaped metal nanoparticles.

Enjoy!

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Catherine J. MurphyUrbana, IL

VII

Contents

Foreword VIIPreface XVIIList of Contributors XIX

Metal Nanoparticles of Complex Morphologies:A General Introduction 1References 5

1 Colloidal Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles ofComplex Morphologies 7Tapan K. Sau and Andrey L. Rogach

1.1 Introduction 71.2 Classification of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 81.3 Synthesis Methodologies 91.3.1 Chemical Reduction Method 91.3.1.1 Spatially Confined Medium/Template Approach 101.3.1.2 Preformed Seed-Mediated Synthesis 151.3.1.3 High-Temperature Reduction Method 191.3.2 Chemical Transformation Method 191.3.2.1 Galvanic Displacement Method 191.3.2.2 Etching Method 211.3.3 Electrochemical Synthesis 221.3.4 Photochemical Method 231.3.5 Biosynthesis 241.3.6 Postpreparation Separation 251.4 Characterization 251.5 ThermodynamicKinetic Factors and Particle Morphology 291.5.1 Nucleation and Growth 291.5.1.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleations 291.5.1.2 Defects in Seed Crystal 371.5.1.3 Growth of Seed Crystal 411.5.2 Reaction Parameters 43

IX

1.5.2.1 Reactants and Their Concentrations 431.5.2.2 Additives/Impurities 481.5.2.3 Solvent, pH, and Temperature 501.6 Mechanisms of Morphology Evolution 511.6.1 One-Dimensional Nanoparticle Formation 521.6.1.1 Nanorod Formation 521.6.1.2 Nanobipyramid Formation 571.6.2 Two-Dimensional Nanoparticle Formation 571.6.3 Three-Dimensional Polyhedral Shape Evolution 621.6.4 Epitaxial/CoreShell/Heterodimer/Overgrowth Mechanism 641.6.5 Branched Nanoparticle Formation 671.6.6 Hollow/Porous Nanoparticle Formation 701.7 Conclusions and Outlook 72

References 73

2 Controlling Morphology in Noble Metal Nanoparticlesvia Templating Approach 91Chun-Hua Cui and Shu-Hong Yu

2.1 Introduction 912.2 Galvanic Replacement Method 922.2.1 Synthesis of Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanoparticles 932.2.2 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Nanostructures 972.3 Hard Template-Directed Method 992.3.1 Porous Membrane Template-Directed Method 1002.3.2 Pattern Template-Directed Method 1042.4 Soft Template-Directed Method 1062.4.1 Micelle Template-Directed Synthesis 1062.4.2 Selective Adsorption-Directed Synthesis 1092.5 Conclusions and Outlook 112

References 113

3 Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles of HighSurface Energy and Their Applications in Electrocatalysis 117Na Tian, Yu-Hua Wen, Zhi-You Zhou, and Shi-Gang Sun

3.1 Introduction 1173.2 Fundamentals and Background 1193.2.1 Thermodynamics of Crystallization: Principles and Rules 1193.2.1.1 Equilibrium Shape of a Crystal 1193.2.1.2 Nucleation 1203.2.1.3 Three-Dimensional Growth of a Crystal on Substrate 1223.2.1.4 Two-Dimensional Nuclei Theory 1243.2.2 Correlation of the Shape of Crystal and Its Surface Structure 1253.3 Progress in Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles of High

Surface Energy and Their Applications 1273.3.1 Electrochemistry Route 128

X Contents

3.3.1.1 Pt and Pd Nanoparticles 1283.3.1.2 Fe Nanoparticles 1373.3.2 Wet Chemistry Route 1373.3.2.1 Au Nanoparticles 1393.3.2.2 Pd and PdAu Nanoparticles 1413.3.2.3 Pt Nanoparticles 1443.4 Theoretical Simulations of Structural Transformation and Stability

of Metal Nanoparticles with High Surface Energy 1483.4.1 Brief Description of Theoretical Calculation Methods 1483.4.1.1 First-Principles Methods 1483.4.1.2 Molecular Dynamics Methods 1493.4.1.3 Predictions and Limitations of Theoretical Calculations 1493.4.2 Theoretical Study of Metal Nanoparticles of High Surface Energy 1503.4.2.1 Pt Nanoparticles 1513.4.2.2 Pd Nanoparticles 1533.4.2.3 Au Nanoparticles 1553.4.2.4 Fe Nanoparticles 1573.5 Conclusions 160

References 162

4 Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles 167Wen-Yin Ko and Kuan-Jiuh Lin

4.1 Introduction 1674.1.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures 1674.1.2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures 1684.1.3 Two-Dimensional Nanostructures 1694.1.4 Complex (3D) Nanostructures 1704.2 Metallic Copper 1724.2.1 Significance and Challenges 1724.2.2 Shape Control of Cu Nanoparticles 1724.3 Electrodeposition Method for Growth of Cu Nanoparticles

of Different Shapes 1744.3.1 Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Tetrahedral Metallic Cu 1744.3.1.1 Synthesis 1744.3.1.2 Growth Mechanism 1774.3.2 Synthesis of Cu Nanoparticles of Cubic and Multipod Shapes 1794.4 Conclusions 179

References 181

5 Size- and Shape-Variant Magnetic Metal and Metal OxideNanoparticles: Synthesis and Properties 183Kristen Stojak, Hariharan Srikanth, Pritish Mukherjee, Manh-Huong Phan,and Nguyen T. K. Thanh

5.1 Introduction 1835.2 Synthesis of Size- and Shape-Variant Ferrite Nanoparticles 184

Contents XI

5.2.1 Thermal Decomposition 1845.2.1.1 Surface Functionalization 1855.2.1.2 Size and Shape Variance 1875.2.2 Chemical Coprecipitation 1895.2.3 Solvothermal Technique 1915.2.4 Microemulsion Technique 1925.3 Other Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Size Variance,

and Shape Variance 1945.4 Magnetism in Ferrite Nanoparticles 1965.4.1 Crystal Structure and Spin Configuration 1965.4.2 Critical Size and Superparamagnetism 1975.4.3 Size-Dependent Magnetic Properties 1985.4.3.1 Static Magnetic Properties 1985.4.3.2 Dynamic Magnetic Properties 2035.4.4 Shape-Dependent Magnetic Properties 2055.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 2075.5.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 2075.5.2 Hyperthermia 2085.5.3 MRI Contrast Enhancement 2085.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 210

References 212

6 Structural Aspects of Anisotropic Metal Nanoparticle Growth:Experiment and Theory 215Tulio C.R. Rocha, Herbert Winnischofer, and Daniela Zanchet

6.1 Introduction 2156.2 Atomic Packing on Metal NPs 2176.3 Structural Aspects in the Anisotropic Growth: The Silver

Halide Model 2216.4 Experimental Requisites to Produce Anisotropic NPs 2266.5 Concluding Remarks 234

References 235

7 Colloids, Nanocrystals, and Surface Nanostructures of Uniform Size andShape: Modeling of Nucleation and Growth in Solution Synthesis 239Vladimir Privman

7.1 Introduction 2397.2 Burst Nucleation Model for Nanoparticle Growth 2427.3 Colloid Synthesis by Fast Growth 2477.4 Improved Models for Two-Stage Colloid Growth 2517.5 Particle Shape Selection in Solution Synthesis 2547.6 Applications for Control of Morphology in Surface Structure

Formation 2617.7 Summary 263

References 264

XII Contents

8 Modeling Nanomorphology in Noble Metal Particles:Thermodynamic Cartography 269Amanda S. Barnard

8.1 Introduction 2698.2 Ab Initio Simulation of Small Gold Nanoclusters 2718.3 Ab Initio Simulation of Gold Nanoparticles 2728.4 Thermodynamic Cartography 2768.4.1 Size-Dependent Melting 2818.4.2 Mapping the Morphology of Nanogold 2828.5 Gold Nanorods and Dimensional Anisotropy 2858.5.1 Preferred Shape and Termination Geometry 2868.5.2 Aspect Ratio and Dependence on Temperature 2898.5.3 Twinning in Gold Nanorods 2918.6 Comparison with Platinum and Inclusion of Surface Defects 2948.7 Conclusions 298

References 300

9 Platinum and Palladium Nanocrystals: Soft Chemistry Approachto Shape Control from Individual Particles to Their Self-AssembledSuperlattices 305Christophe Petit, Caroline Salzemann, and Arnaud Demortiere

9.1 Introduction 3059.2 Influence of the Chemical Environment on the NC Shape 3069.2.1 How the Capping Agents Tune the Shape and the Size of Metal NCs:

A Comparison of Two-Liquid Synthesis Methods 3069.2.1.1 Effect of the Capping Agent on the Shape of Platinum NCs 3089.2.1.2 Effect of the Capping Agent on the Size of Platinum NCs 3109.2.1.3 Effect of the Capping Agent on the Size and Shape of Palladium

NCs Made in Reverse Micelles 3129.2.2 Role of the Strength of the Capping AgentMetal Bond 3159.2.3 Role of the Gas Dissolved in a Solvent 3189.3 Synthesis of Platinum Nanocubes 3219.4 Supercrystals Self-Assembled from Nonspherical NCs 3239.5 Conclusions 333

References 335

10 Ordered and Nonordered Porous Superstructures from MetalNanoparticles 339Anne-Kristin Herrmann, Nadja C. Bigall, Lehui Lu, and Alexander Eychmller

10.1 Introduction 33910.2 Metallic Porous Superstructures 34110.2.1 Ordered Porous Metallic Nanostructures 34110.2.1.1 Preparation 34210.2.1.2 Applications in Catalysis and as SERS Substrates 34510.2.2 Nonordered Porous Superstructures on Biotemplates 347

Contents XIII

Complex-shaped Metal Nanoparticles: Bottom-Up Syntheses and ApplicationsForewordContentsPrefaceList of ContributorsMetal Nanoparticles of Complex Morphologies: A General IntroductionReferences1 Colloidal Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles of Complex Morphologies1.1 Introduction1.2 Classification of Noble Metal Nanoparticles1.3 Synthesis Methodologies1.3.1 Chemical Reduction Method1.3.1.1 Spatially Confined Medium/Template Approach1.3.1.2 Preformed Seed-Mediated Synthesis1.3.1.3 High-Temperature Reduction Method1.3.2 Chemical Transformation Method1.3.2.1 Galvanic Displacement Method1.3.2.2 Etching Method1.3.3 Electrochemical Synthesis1.3.4 Photochemical Method1.3.5 Biosynthesis1.3.6 Postpreparation Separation1.4 Characterization1.5 ThermodynamicKinetic Factors and Particle Morphology1.5.1 Nucleation and Growth1.5.1.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleations1.5.1.2 Defects in Seed Crystal1.5.1.3 Growth of Seed Crystal1.5.2 Reaction Parameters1.5.2.1 Reactants and Their Concentrations1.5.2.2 Additives/Impurities1.5.2.3 Solvent, pH, and Temperature1.6 Mechanisms of Morphology Evolution1.6.1 One-Dimensional Nanoparticle Formation1.6.1.1 Nanorod Formation1.6.1.2 Nanobipyramid Formation1.6.2 Two-Dimensional Nanoparticle Formation1.6.3 Three-Dimensional Polyhedral Shape Evolution1.6.4 Epitaxial/CoreShell/Heterodimer/Overgrowth Mechanism1.6.5 Branched Nanoparticle Formation1.6.6 Hollow/Porous Nanoparticle Formation1.7 Conclusions and OutlookReferences2 Controlling Morphology in Noble Metal Nanoparticles via Templating Approach2.1 Introduction2.2 Galvanic Replacement Method2.2.1 Synthesis of Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanoparticles2.2.2 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Nanostructures2.3 Hard Template-Directed Method2.3.1 Porous Membrane Template-Directed Method2.3.2 Pattern Template-Directed Method2.4 Soft Template-Directed Method2.4.1 Micelle Template-Directed Synthesis2.4.2 Selective Adsorption-Directed Synthesis2.5 Conclusions and OutlookReferences3 Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles of High Surface Energy and Their Applications in Electrocatalysis3.1 Introduction3.2 Fundamentals and Background3.2.1 Thermodynamics of Crystallization: Principles and Rules3.2.1.1 Equilibrium Shape of a Crystal3.2.1.2 Nucleation3.2.1.3 Three-Dimensional Growth of a Crystal on Substrate3.2.1.4 Two-Dimensional Nuclei Theory3.2.2 Correlation of the Shape of Crystal and Its Surface Structure3.3 Progress in Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles of High Surface Energy and Their Applications3.3.1 Electrochemistry Route3.3.1.1 Pt and Pd Nanoparticles3.3.1.2 Fe Nanoparticles3.3.2 Wet Chemistry Route3.3.2.1 Au Nanoparticles3.3.2.2 Pd and PdAu Nanoparticles3.3.2.3 Pt Nanoparticles3.4 Theoretical Simulations of Structural Transformation and Stability of Metal Nanoparticles with High Surface Energy3.4.1 Brief Description of Theoretical Calculation Methods3.4.1.1 First-Principles Methods3.4.1.2 Molecular Dynamics Methods3.4.1.3 Predictions and Limitations of Theoretical Calculations3.4.2 Theoretical Study of Metal Nanoparticles of High Surface Energy3.4.2.1 Pt Nanoparticles3.4.2.2 Pd Nanoparticles3.4.2.3 Au Nanoparticles3.4.2.4 Fe Nanoparticles3.5 ConclusionsReferences4 Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles4.1 Introduction4.1.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures4.1.2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures4.1.3 Two-Dimensional Nanostructures4.1.4 Complex (3D) Nanostructures4.2 Metallic Copper4.2.1 Significance and Challenges4.2.2 Shape Control of Cu Nanoparticles4.3 Electrodeposition Method for Growth of Cu Nanoparticles of Different Shapes4.3.1 Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Tetrahedral Metallic Cu4.3.1.1 Synthesis4.3.1.2 Growth Mechanism4.3.2 Synthesis of Cu Nanoparticles of Cubic and Multipod Shapes4.4 ConclusionsReferences5 Size- and Shape-Variant Magnetic Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Properties5.1 Introduction5.2 Synthesis of Size- and Shape-Variant Ferrite Nanoparticles5.2.1 Thermal Decomposition5.2.1.1 Surface Functionalization5.2.1.2 Size and Shape Variance5.2.2 Chemical Coprecipitation5.2.3 Solvothermal Technique5.2.4 Microemulsion Technique5.3 Other Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Size Variance, and Shape Variance5.4 Magnetism in Ferrite Nanoparticles5.4.1 Crystal Structure and Spin Configuration5.4.2 Critical Size and Superparamagnetism5.4.3 Size-Dependent Magnetic Properties5.4.3.1 Static Magnetic Properties5.4.3.2 Dynamic Magnetic Properties5.4.4 Shape-Dependent Magnetic Properties5.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications5.5.1 Targeted Drug Delivery5.5.2 Hyperthermia5.5.3 MRI Contrast Enhancement5.6 Concluding Remarks and Future DirectionsReferences6 Structural Aspects of Anisotropic Metal Nanoparticle Growth: Experiment and Theory6.1 Introduction6.2 Atomic Packing on Metal NPs6.3 Structural Aspects in the Anisotropic Growth: The Silver Halide Model6.4 Experimental Requisites to Produce Anisotropic NPs6.5 Concluding RemarksReferences7 Colloids, Nanocrystals, and Surface Nanostructures of Uniform Size and Shape: Modeling of Nucleation and Growth in Solution Synthesis7.1 Introduction7.2 Burst Nucleation Model for Nanoparticle Growth7.3 Colloid Synthesis by Fast Growth7.4 Improved Models for Two-Stage Colloid Growth7.5 Particle Shape Selection in Solution Synthesis7.6 Applications for Control of Morphology in Surface Structure Formation7.7 SummaryReferences8 Modeling Nanomorphology in Noble Metal Particles: Thermodynamic Cartography8.1 Introduction8.2 Ab Initio Simulation of Small Gold Nanoclusters8.3 Ab Initio Simulation of Gold Nanoparticles8.4 Thermodynamic Cartography8.4.1 Size-Dependent Melting8.4.2 Mapping the Morphology of Nanogold8.5 Gold Nanorods and Dimensional Anisotropy8.5.1 Preferred Shape and Termination Geometry8.5.2 Aspect Ratio and Dependence on Temperature8.5.3 Twinning in Gold Nanorods8.6 Comparison with Platinum and Inclusion of Surface Defects8.7 ConclusionsReferences9 Platinum and Palladium Nanocrystals: Soft Chemistry Approach to Shape Control from Individual Particles to Their Self-Assembled Superlattices9.1 Introduction9.2 Influence of the Chemical Environment on the NC Shape9.2.1 How the Capping Agents Tune the Shape and the Size of Metal NCs: A Comparison of Two-Liquid Synthesis Methods9.2.1.1 Effect of the Capping Agent on the Shape of Platinum NCs9.2.1.2 Effect of the Capping Agent on the Size of Platinum NCs9.2.1.3 Effect of the Capping Agent on the Size and Shape of Palladium NCs Made in Reverse Micelles9.2.2 Role of the Strength of the Capping AgentMetal Bond9.2.3 Role of the Gas Dissolved in a Solvent9.3 Synthesis of Platinum Nanocubes9.4 Supercrystals Self-Assembled from Nonspherical NCs9.5 ConclusionsReferences10 Ordered and Nonordered Porous Superstructures from Metal Nanoparticles10.1 Introduction10.2 Metallic Porous Superstructures10.2.1 Ordered Porous Metallic Nanostructures10.2.1.1 Preparation10.2.1.2 Applications in Catalysis and as SERS Substrates10.2.2 Nonordered Porous Superstructures on Biotemplates10.2.3 Freestanding Nonordered Porous Superstructures10.3 Summary and OutlookReferences11 Localized Surface Plasmons of Multifaceted Metal Nanoparticles11.1 Introduction11.2 Light Absorption and Scattering by Metal NPs11.2.1 Light Absorption Mechanisms11.2.2 Surface Plasmon Resonances11.2.3 Dielectric Function of Metal NPs11.3 Spectral Representation Formalism11.3.1 General Trends of SPRs of Metal NPs in Vacuum11.3.2 General Trends of SPRs of Metal NPs in a Host Medium11.4 Spherical and Spheroidal NPs11.4.1 Nanospheres11.4.2 Nanospheroids11.4.3 Multishell NPs11.5 Discrete Dipole Approximation11.6 SPRs in Multifaceted Morphologies11.6.1 Cubic Morphology11.6.2 Decahedral Morphology11.6.3 Elongated NPs with Complex Morphologies11.7 SummaryReferences12 FluorophoreMetal Nanoparticle Interactions and Their Applications in Biosensing12.1 Introduction12.2 Fluorescence Decay Rates in the Vicinity of Metal Nanostructures12.2.1 Physical Concept12.2.2 Oligonucleotide Sensing12.2.3 Protein Sensors12.2.3.1 Unspecific Protein Sensors12.2.3.2 Immunoassays12.2.3.3 Aptamer-Based Sensing12.2.4 Sensing Small Molecules (Haptens)12.2.5 Ion Sensing12.2.6 Fluorescence Enhancement Sensors12.3 Shaping of Fluorescence Spectra by Metallic Nanostructures12.4 Shaping of Extinction Spectra by Strong Coupling12.4.1 Physical Concept12.4.2 Biosensor Applications12.5 Specific Issues on the Interaction of Fluorophores with Complex-Shaped Metallic Nanoparticles12.5.1 Spectral Tunability12.5.2 EncodingReferences13 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Complex-Shaped Metal Nanostructures13.1 Introduction13.2 Basics13.2.1 Raman Scattering13.2.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering13.3 Modeling13.4 SERS Substrate Preparation13.5 Fundamental Studies13.5.1 Morphology Dependence13.5.2 SERS with Single Particles13.5.3 Single-Molecule SERS13.5.4 Enhancement Mechanism13.6 Applications13.7 Conclusions and OutlookReferences14 Photothermal Effect of Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Related Bioapplications14.1 Introduction14.2 Theory of the Photothermal Effect for Single Nanoparticles and for Nanoparticle Clusters14.2.1 Plasmonic Model14.2.2 Mie Theory for a Single Spherical Nanoparticle14.2.3 Effective Medium Approaches for the Dielectric Function and for the Thermal Conductivity of a Nanoparticle Cluster14.2.4 Optically Generated Temperature14.2.5 Mie Theory for Nanoparticles and Clusters14.2.5.1 Small Spherical Nanoparticles and Clusters14.2.5.2 Large Clusters14.3 Physical Examples and Applications14.3.1 Melting of the Matrix14.3.2 Heating from a Collection of Nanoparticles: Heat Accumulation Effect14.4 Application to Biological Cells: Control of Voltage Cellular Dynamics with Photothermal Actuation14.5 SummaryReferences15 Metal Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications15.1 Introduction15.2 Biosensing and Diagnostics15.2.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Detection15.2.2 Colorimetric Detection15.2.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection15.2.4 Electrochemical and Electrical Detection15.2.5 Magnetic Resonance-Based Detection15.3 Therapeutic Applications15.3.1 Applications in Tissue Engineering15.3.2 Application in Drug Delivery15.3.3 Cancer Therapy15.4 Bioimaging15.5 Conclusions and OutlookReferences16 Anisotropic Nanoparticles for Efficient Thermoelectric Devices16.1 Introduction16.2 Chemical Synthesis Methods of Complex-Shaped TE NPs16.2.1 Thermal Decomposition Method16.2.2 Hydrothermal Method16.2.3 Solvent-Based Reduction Method16.2.4 Important Factors in the Synthesis Toward Complex-Shaped TE NPs16.3 One-Dimensional TE NPs16.3.1 Pb(Te, Se) System16.3.2 (Bi, Sb)(Te, Se) System16.4 Two-Dimensional TE NPs16.4.1 Pb(Te, Se) System16.4.2 (Bi, Sb)(Te, Se) System16.5 Other Complex-Shaped TE NPs16.6 Properties of Complex-Shaped TE NPs16.7 Conclusions and Future OutlookReferencesIndex