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EDEN THS

LIFE ORIENTATION

GRADE 10

CLASS NOTES

TERM 1

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Chapter 1 : Development of the self in society

1. Strategies to develop self-awareness, self-esteem and self-development 1.1. Concepts

Self-awareness Self-esteem Self-development

How good you know yourself regarding interests, skills, strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes, goals, values and beliefs.

How much you like yourself and how confident you are.

How you improve yourself by building up your strengths, improve your weaknesses, develop your life skills and become the best person you can be.

1.2. Factors that influence self-awareness and self-esteem

What other people say about you

What happens in your life

How well you cope with challenges

How you respond to successes and failures

How popular you are

The media – newspapers, magazines, TV, and all social media sources like Facebook, Mxit, etc.

1.3. Strategies to build confidence in yourself and others

Good communication skills

Assertive attitude - Say what you want to say clearly - Be positive and respectful - Know what you want - Have a tall and straight body posture - State your viewpoint clearly - Be polite

Complete tasks and projects successfully by managing your time effectively

Participate in community organisations

Make good decisions - Evaluate the situation - Get information about the different options - Consider the consequences of each decision - Choose the best option - Act on your decision

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2. Power and gender 2.1 Concepts

Term Explanation

Gender Roles, behaviours, activities and qualities that society sees

as suitable for men / women.

Gender is learnt, it is not a biological function.

Sex Biological qualities that define men and women.

Female and male Groupings according to sex.

Feminine and masculine Grouping according to gender.

Power relations Sharing of power between people in a relationship. You may

have a dominant and a submissive partner in a relationship.

Dominance is often determined by gender and sex. Men

have traditionally more power than women.

2.2. Differences between a woman and a man

The most obvious differences between the sexes are biological in nature. Example :

Women Men

Menstruate No menstruation

Ovaries that produce eggs Testicles that produce sperm

Have two x chromosomes ( XX ) Have one X and one Y chromosome ( XY )

Vagina is inside the body Penis is outside the body

Give birth Do not give birth

Smaller and lighter with less bone mass

Taller and heavier with more bone mass

Less upper body strength More upper body strength

More white blood cells More red blood cells

Puberty starts two years before boys Puberty starts two years after girls

Fertility lessens after the age of 35 Fertile till old age

Higher levels of the hormone oestrogen

Higher levels of the hormone testosterone

Less body hair More body hair

Skull is thinner and weaker Skull is thicker and stronger

Have to work harder to build muscle Build muscles easily

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2.3. Stereotypical views of gender roles and responsibilities

Women may earn less than men for certain work

Men are promoted to positions of power instead of women

Men are allowed to smoke, drink and have affairs in some societies, while women are not.

Male sports teams get more funding and media coverage than women teams.

Women have to do more housework than men.

Women play a larger role in parenting.

Some careers are traditionally seen as just for men. 2.4. Influence of gender inequality on relationships and general well-being

Sexual abuse and violence - When women/girls are involved in relationships where power is not equal, men

may decide on the conditions under which sex happens. This may mean forced sex.

- Includes rape, incest and violent sexual acts. - Some men are violent toward women and beat them up.

Teenage pregnancy - Peer pressure - Lack of information - Poverty - Rape - Forced to get pregnant to prove fertility

STIs including HIV/AIDS - Women have no say in the use of protective measures - Age-mixing in a relationship ( sugar daddies / sugar mommies ) - More than one partner - Transactional sex ( sex that is paid for ) - Rape

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Chapter 2 : Physical education : Fitness

1. Value of participating in exercise programs 1.1. Types of fitness

Type of fitness Explanation Types of exercises

Cardiovascular fitness Have a strong heart and capillary vessels and a large lung capacity .

walking dancing cycling aerobics running

Muscular strength Strong muscles and tendons. Weight lifting Step climbing Resistance exercises

Endurance The ability to exercise for a long time without getting tired.

Cycling Jogging swimming

Flexibility The ability to move your joints and use your muscles through their full range of motion.

Stretching Swimming Yoga

1.2. Why regular physical activity ?

Reduces stress, worry and depression

Helps you to relax

Makes you feel more confident

Helps you to sleep well

Improves brain functioning

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Chapter 3 : Careers and career choices

1. Self-knowledge for career choices 1.1. Step 1: Know your interests, abilities, talents and strengths and weaknesses

Concept Explanation

Interests What you like to spend your time doing. What you want to learn more about.

Abilities The things you can do well. The skills you posses.

Talents The natural abilities you were born with.

Strengths The things that you are always good at.

Weaknesses The things you struggle with / not good at doing.

A PERSONALITY

TYPE

B PERSONALITY

TRAIT

C CAREER GROUP AND INTEREST

REALISTIC

Natural

Open

Honest

Modest

Shy

Perseverance

Practical

Steadfast

Prefer/like to work with your hands, tools and machinery make or repair articles, look after plants and animals, like outdoor work. Includes services such as cooking, making clothes, cutting hair, repairing and installing office and home equipment, growing, breeding and caring for animals or plants, construction and maintenance of roads, pipelines, buildings, etc., operation of heavy vehicles and machinery like bull-dozers, fork-lifts, trucks and buses, manufacture, repair or service machinery or electrical tools, engineering such as building bridges, designing aircraft, surveying or writing computer programs.

INVESTIGATIVE

Careful

Critical

Inquisitive

Independent

Systematic

Modest

Precise

Reserved

Prefer to work on their own in a research environment, to investigate and discover new facts, conduct experiments and observe with scientific equipment to find solutions, analytical and mental activities aimed at problem solving and application of knowledge

ARTISTIC

Complicated

Confused

Sensitive

Expressive

Impractical

Enjoy to work in an artistic environment which includes writing stories or plays, acting on stage, applied arts of which language is the main component (TV presenter, writing articles, translating a story), visual arts (sketching, drawing, photography, designing furniture, buildings, clothes) and popular entertainment (DJ, playing in a band, singer).

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Impulsive

Independent

Intuitive

SOCIAL

Convincing

Co-operative

Friendly

Helpful

Kind

Sociable

Tactful

Understanding

Work and communicate with people, help and take care of others, teach them, rendering personal and household services (e.g. housekeeping, cleaning services, serving people in restaurants, aircraft and trains), law enforcement and the protection of persons and property..

ENTERPRISING

Adventurous

Ambitious

Demands attention

Domineering

Energetic

Optimistic

Self-confident

Popular

Preference for activities through which they can influence, persuade, motivate or guide people to achieve a common goal e.g. promotions, management, sales, including politics

CONVENTIONAL

Conscientious

Careful

Conservative

Capable

Obedient

Orderly

Persistent

Collectedness

Prefer routine and pre-determined instructions. Rather do tasks and problems which require the systematic processing of information using office machines and working in a controlled environment. Includes jobs of clerical and secretarial nature, paying and receiving money, operation of office machines, storing, dispatching and receiving goods

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1.2. Step 2 : Know more about jobs, occupations, careers and career fields

Concept Explanation

Job If you have a job, you are employed and get paid. You may need

some basic training.

Occupation This the work that you do and requires special education, training or

a skill.

Career An occupation that you have for the larger part of your life. It gives

you opportunities to progress.

Career field A grouping of occupations that are common regarding skills,

knowledge and work setting

CAREER GROUP

AND PERSONALITY TYPE

EXAMPLES OF CAREERS

REALISTIC

Baker, Bus driver, Carpenter, Bricklayer, Draughtsman, Electrician,

Spray painter, Welder, Fireman, Motor mechanic, Plumber, Miner,

Farmer, Tiler (wall and floor), Miner, Filling station attendant

INVESTIGATIVE

IT specialist, Pharmacist, Technologist, Agriculturist, Engineer, Airline

pilot, Geologist, Dentist, Mathematician, Medical doctor, Chemist,

Veterinary surgeon, Optometrist, Surveyor, Social scientist, Statistician,

Psychologist, Criminologist, Biologist

AESTHETIC/ARTISTIC

Photographer, Singer, Musician, Actor, Interior designer, Fashion

designer, Architect, Artist, Writer, Editor, Cartoonist, Journalist, Sculptor,

Poet, Composer, Choreographer

SOCIAL

Hairdresser, Librarian, Training officer, Teacher, Coach, Historian, Social

worker, Occupational therapist, Radio/TV announcer, Speech therapist,

Counselor (Marriage, Trauma, HIV, Career), Psychologist, Diplomat,

Clergyman, Law enforcement and protection (Security, Soldier,

Policeman), Nurse, First aid, Flight attendant

ENTERPRISING

Estate agent, Manager (marketing, sales, personnel, hotel) Sales rep,

Buyer, Building contractor, Attorney, Magistrate, Speculator, Insurance

agent

CONVENTIONAL

Usher, Postman, Waiter, Receptionist, Typist, Clerk, Bookkeeper,

Cashier, Library assistant, Accountant, Computer operator, Transport

manager, Stock controller, Proof reader, Stock controller

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( Focus, Maskew, Miller and Longman, page 43 )

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1.3 Step 3 : Know the requirements of the National Curriculum Statement ( NCS )

To qualify for a National Senior Certificate, candidates should offer a minimum of 7 subjects as follows:

- Two official languages, at least one at Home Language level - Mathematical Literacy or Mathematics - Life Orientation - Minimum of 3 subjects from the NCS approved subjects - A candidate may not offer more than 4 languages in the package of 7

There are additional subjects that are recognized for the National Curriculum Statements. These are as follows: Equine Studies, Nautical Science, Maritime Economics, Modern Greek (from 2009), Sports and Exercise Science (from 2010). Only one of these can be offered as part of the 7 subject programme. They may be offered in addition to the 7 subject package. In all subjects, a portfolio of evidence will contribute 25% and final examination 75%. Practical /performance assessment components may contribute up to a further 25%, making the final examination in such cases worth 50%. Life Orientation will be assessed through a combination of a portfolio of evidence and prescribed subject specific practical assessment i.e. no external examination.

Pass requirements In order to qualify for a National Senior Certificate, a learner must achieve: - A minimum rating of 3 i.e. 40% or more, in 3 subjects. One of the 3 subjects

must be an official language at Home Language level. - A minimum rating of 2 i.e. 30% or more, in 3 other subjects.

Note: It is compulsory for a learner to pass an official language at home language level i.e. at 40% or above. If a learner offers more than the minimum number of 7 subjects, passes in the additional subjects will be taken into account when determining whether a learner has met the minimum requirements.

In order to qualify for entry into further study at the Higher Certificate level, a learner must:

- Pass the NSC - Meet the language requirement for further study at a South African institution,

namely, one of the two official languages offered by learner must be either English or Afrikaans. To meet the language criterion to qualify for entry to study at a tertiary education institution, the learner must pass either English or Afrikaans at least at the 1st additional level i.e. at 30% or more.

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In order to qualify for entry into further study at the Diploma level, a learner must: - Pass the NSC as follows: - One official language at home language level at 40% - 3 other subjects at 40% - 2 subjects at 30% - Meet the language requirement for further study at a South African institution,

namely, one of the two official languages offered by learner must be either English or Afrikaans. To meet the language criterion to qualify for entry to study at a tertiary education institution, the learner must pass either English or Afrikaans at least at the 1st additional level i.e. at 30% or more.

- The key difference between qualifying for entry to diploma study rather than

higher certificate study is that the learner must achieve 40% or more in 4 subjects (incl. the official language at home language level) rather than just 3 subjects.

In order to qualify for entry into further study at the Bachelor Degree level, a learner must: - Pass the NSC as follows: - One official language at home language level at 40% or more - 4 subjects from the designated list of subjects at 50% or more - 2 subjects at a minimum of 30% - Meet the language requirement for further study at a South African institution,

namely, one of the two official languages offered by learner must be either English or Afrikaans. To meet the language criterion to qualify for entry to study at a tertiary education institution, the learner must pass either English or Afrikaans at least at the 1st additional level i.e. at 30% or more.

The list of designated subjects which will be in place for 3 years from 2008 is as follows:

- Accounting - Agricultural Sciences - Business Studies - Dramatic Arts - Economics - Engineering Graphics and Design - Geography - History - Consumer Studies - Information Technology - Languages (one language of learning and teaching at a higher education

institution and two other recognised language subjects) - Life Sciences - Mathematics - Mathematical Literacy - Music - Physical Sciences - Religion Studies - Visual Arts

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Note:

In respect of music, it is only the National Senior Certificate Music course that is considered a designated subject. At this stage no other music courses are considered designated. They are recognised as NSC subjects but are not considered to be ‘designated’ for the purpose of qualification for degree studies.

Non-designated subjects may contribute towards the Admission Points Score (APS) and may be recognised as an institution or faculty specific entry requirement. Learners must check their results against specific institutional requirements for the course of study they wish to follow.

Very important to note: Specific institutional and programme needs may have a specific language requirement, a specific level of performance in Life Orientation or require appropriate combinations of recognised National Senior Certificate subjects and levels of achievement. Learners must check their results against specific institutional requirements for the course of study they wish to follow.

2. Life domains 2.1. Being

Being means who you are.

Physical being Psychological being Spiritual being

Health Nutrition Exercise Hygiene Clothing Physical appearance

Mental health Thinking Feelings Self-awareness Self-control

Values Morals( rules on how to act and behave ) Spiritual/religious beliefs

2.2. Becoming

What you do to achieve your goals, hopes and wishes. Becoming who you want to be.

Practical becoming Leisure becoming Growth becoming

The everyday actions you take to live :

Going to school Chores Paid work Volunteer work Looking after your health and social needs.

Activities that promote relaxation and lessen stress :

Physical exercise Playing games Visiting friends and family Using the social media Spending time on hobbies Going on holidays Watching TV, reading a book

Activities to promote, improve or keep up your knowledge and skills :

Studying Attending workshops Reading Learning Asking questions

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2.3. Community belonging

Fitting in with your physical environment and being respected and accepted by your social environment or by the people around you.

Physical belonging Social belonging Community belonging

Your link with your physical environment :

Home School Workplace Neighbourhood community

Your link with your social environment :

Family Friends Teachers Co-workers Neighbourhood community

Your access to resources and services available to community members :

Clinics and health services Social services Employment Education Recreational, sport and community activities

3. Socio-economic factors in study and career choices

3.1. Finances and affordability

Financial assistance Explanation

Bursary An amount of money given to a needy student to help pay for

tertiary studies. You do not pay back a bursary, but may be

required to work for the company who awarded you the bursary.

Student loan Money is borrowed from a financial institution and need to be

paid back with interest.

Scholarship Some companies, businesses and organisations award a once-

off monetary grant if a student performs well in sport / studies.

Learnership Allows you to earn while you learn. You study the theory at

college and practise what you have learnt in a real job.

3.2. Accessibility

You need to ask yourself :

- How close are you to the nearest tertiary institution?

- If you have to travel, can you afford the transport cost?

- Can you perhaps study this course through distance education?

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3.3. The impact of income tax

What is income tax? - It is a tax that an individual and companies pay for what they earn or for their

profits. - The form of tax that people generally associate with the concept of tax is "normal"

income tax. The Act also establishes a few methods of paying income tax - namely SITE, PAYE and provisional tax.

What is a tax year? - 1 March up to the end of February the next year.

Who pay taxes? - All individuals who earns any form of income in a tax year. - The Minister announced “as from September this year SARS will require all those

receiving any form of employment income – including those below the tax threshold (R120 000 )

Who needs to submit a completed and signed income tax return to SARS? Where taxpayers receive remuneration less than R120 000, taxpayers may elect not to submit an

income tax return, provided the following criteria are met: - Remuneration is from a single employer; - Remuneration is for a full year of assessment (1 March – 28/29 February); and

no allowance was paid, from which PAYE was not deducted in full with regards to travel allowance.

- The more you earn the more tax you will have to pay.

Why do we need to pay taxes? - The government uses the taxes to run the country and pay for roads, schools,

hospitals, pensions and teachers salaries. They pay grants from taxes.

What if I don’t pay tax? - It is a criminal offence not to pay income tax and if you’re court or cheat, you can

get a fine or sent to jail.

Who collect taxes? - The South African Revenue Services (SARS) collect tax.

How much must I pay? - SARS will work out the tax on your total income over a tax year.

Is there more than one sort of tax than income tax? - Yes, there are several other taxes like :

Types Who pays it?

VAT Everybody pay 15% VAT for all goods

they buy. When you pay groceries it is

already included in the price. The shop

pays it back every month to the

government

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SITE Standard income tax on employees.

This taxes is paid by employees who

earn less than R120 000 a year.

PAYE Pay as you earn. This tax will get

deducted from your salary every month if

you earn more than R120 000 per year.

Dirt taxes Taxes paid on goods like cigarettes and

alcohol

Import tax Paid on all good imported into the

country

Provisional tax It is paid 2 times a year.

Tax paid by people who do not have the

same income every month and year e.g.

sports person earning money from his

winnings

Chapter 4 : Democracy and human rights

1. Diversity, discrimination and human rights violations

1.1. Diversity

Diversity means being different. - Culture

- Religion and belief system

- Race

- Language

- Gender

- Age

- Health status

- Place of birth

- Where you stay, etc.

Every person is unique with individual differences. We must respect these

differences.

To accept and honour diversity, you have to :

- Take pride in your own and other’s cultures

- Agree that we differ from each other

- Respect other’s opinions, even if you disagree with them

- Be willing to learn about the differences that define people

1.2. Discrimination and human rights

Discrimination means to treat people unfairly and differently. Discrimination denies

people their rights, power and privileges.

To discriminate is to violate human rights.

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Types of discrimination :

- Fair : discrimination to make up for the inequalities of the past

- Unfair : goes against the constitution example : disabilities, gender, race,

religious, sexual orientation, workplace, xenophobia

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Type of

discrimination

Meaning Example of discrimination

Racism To treat somebody different

because of their race

To refuse somebody access to a place

or facility like a school because of their

race.

Bias To give someone or a group

unfair preference or favour them

unfairly

To give people from your culture better

treatment than others e.g. if you are a

waiter at hotel, you will serve people of

one group first because they come from

the same cultural group as you

Gender stereotyping To treat people differently

because they are a male or

female

To keep some jobs for men e.g.

engineering. Or to say men are better

engineers than women.

Religious discrimination To treat people differently

because of their religion.

To refuse Moslem learners entrance to

a public school, because of their

religion

Sexual Orientation To be prejudice against people

with same sex relationships

In Malawi men are put in jail if they

have a gay relationship

Discrimination in the

workplace

If you get sexually harassed

If men gets a job because they

are men and not because they

are the best candidate

Men gets more money for the same job

just because they are men

If you lose your job because you are

too old.

Xenophobia Prejudice against foreign

nationals, people from other

countries.

Fear for strangers or foreigners

When Zimbabwean’s are killed or

chased from their houses or shops in

town ships

2. Our Bill of Rights and human rights instruments

2.1. The South African Bill of rights

Chapter 2 of the Constitution is the Bill of Rights. These rights are based on : dignity,

democracy, equality and freedom

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Summary of the Bill of Rights

Equality - Every person is equal to every other person according to the law. No one is allowed to

discriminate against people because of their race, gender, pregnancy, marriage, ethnicity, social class, skin colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, language or birth.

Human dignity - Everyone has the right to be respected.

Life - Everyone has the right to life. South Africa does not allow the death penalty.

Freedom and security - No one may be arrested without trial, violently assaulted, tortured or punished in cruel,

inhuman or degrading ways.

Slavery - No one can be forced to work as a slave, without pay or forced to work against their will.

Privacy - Everyone has the right to privacy, to not have their home, body or property searched, their

possessions seized or private communications read or listened to without their permission.

Freedom of religion, belief and opinion - Everyone may practise the religion they choose, do what they believe is right and hold

their own opinions, as long as they are consistent with the Bill of Rights and the Constitution.

Freedom of expression - Everyone may express themselves freely, including press and media, share ideas

and art and do academic and scientific research. No one may encourage war, incite violence or use hate speech.

Freedom of assembly - Everyone has the right to gather together peacefully and unarmed to demonstrate

and protest.

Freedom of association - Everyone can join with other people for whatever reason.

Political rights - Everyone can participate in politics; have free, fair and regular elections, vote and stand

for public office and hold office if elected.

Citizenship - Citizenship of South Africa cannot be taken away from any citizen.

Freedom of movement and residence - Any citizen can leave South Africa and return, live where they choose and have a

passport.

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Freedom of trade, occupation and profession - Everyone can choose their trade, occupation and profession.

Labour relations - Everyone has a right to fair labour practices, join trade unions, form or join employers

‘organisations.

Environment - Everyone has a right to an environment that does not harm their health and is protected

against polluting

Property - Everyone has the right to own land and other property. If the government needs privately

owned land or property, a fair price must be paid for it.

Health care, food, water and social security - Everyone has a right to health care, food and water. Social security (grants of money) is to

be available for people who cannot support themselves or their dependants by working.

Children also have rights, but it is very important that we must understand that we also have responsibilities because we have rights. What are they?

Right Responsibilities

Children have the right to be cared for by parents and

guardians

Children must respect and appreciate parents and

guardians

Children have the right to privacy Children must respect others privacy

Children have the right to good health care Children have the responsibility to take good care of

themselves

Children have the right to an education Children have the responsibility to study and respect

Teachers

Children have the right to a safe and comfortable home Children have the responsibility to keep their rooms tidy

Children have the right to be protected from sexual

Abuse

Children have the responsibility not to sexually abuse

others or put themselves in danger of being abused

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2.2. Which organisations protect my human rights in?

South Africa

The Public Protector

South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC)

Commission on Gender Equality (CGE)

Office of the Auditor General (A-G)

Independent Electoral Commission (IEC)

CEDAW

Constitutional Court

The Red Cross

The world

The African Union or AU

The United Nations or UN

United Nations Children’s fund (UNICEF)

2.3. Human rights and violations:

Human rights are rules to help everybody li9ve together in peace, safety and happiness. Sometimes people don’t follow these rules. Then they violate or abuse human rights.

An example of human rights violations are human trafficking

- Human trafficking is the global illegal transport of people across international and local boarders. To be trafficked means to be taken against your will or tricked into going with traffickers or criminals who then sell you. You may be bought, sold and transported into slavery:

* You can be sold for sexual exploitation and forced marriage * You can be sold to work in shops or factories for no pay

* You can be sold to beg to provide money for your capturers * You can be sold to harvest and sell your organs such as kidneys * You can be sold to work on farms or do domestic work.

2.4. What does prejudice mean?

To judge people on untruths and their differences.

To be pre-judging people without finding the facts.

Prejudice promotes negative attitudes and behaviour

Prejudice promotes discrimination

Why is people prejudiced? - Because people don’t know the other person - Because people have political agendas - Because people fear the other they don’t know - Because of hatred of diversity - Because of greed for money - Because they are power hungry

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What is the impact of discrimination, oppression, bias, prejudice and violations of human rights on individuals and society? - The effect of discrimination is always negative on a person or a society or community

Challenging prejudice and discrimination: significant contributions by individuals and organisations to address human rights violations

The following people help to fight against discrimination in South Africa

Desmond Tutu He worked hard to end apartheid

He called us the Rainbow nation

He always fights for the oppressed.

Nelson Mandela He fight for the promotion of the Freedom

Charter

He is a role model for keeping values of

democracy and equality

Walter Sisulu Fight for the oppressed during apartheid

Beyers Naude He was in favour of non-racial religious

organisations that challenged the church

and gave humanitarian help to people

The following organisations protect you today

- Equality Courts - These courts protect you from

unfair discrimination. You can ask

these courts to help you with

harassment and hate speech

and

unfair discrimination

- South African Human Rights

- commission

- It is the national institution to

support constitutional democracy.

- It promotes, protects and monitors

human rights for everyone.

- Treatment Action Campaign - It is a human rights advocacy

organisation.

- Fights for human rights of people

with HIV and AIDS

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- Commission on Gender Equality - This organisation will promote and

protect gender equality in SA.

- It aims to create a society free of

discrimination

Contemporary events showcasing the nature of a transforming South Africa

South African initiatives and campaigns:

- TAC (Treatment Action Campaign). This is a organisation that provides people living

with HIV and their families and caregivers with information about life-saving

medicines and treatment. The TAC advocates for the human rights of people living

with HIV and AIDS.

- South African Human rights Commission (SAHRC): This organisation promotes and

protects and monitors human rights for everyone. You can lodge a complaint with

the SAHRC if your human rights have been violated.

- Equality Courts: These are courts designed to deal with matters covered by

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination.