ecse 426 microprocessor systems

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ECSE 426 Microprocessor Systems

Zeljko Zilic

Room 536 McConnell [email protected]/~zeljko

3-Jan-06 ECSE 426Microprocessor Systems

MicroprocessorsEnabling technology for general purpose computers and embedded systems

Really, lots&lots of things nowadays

Foundation for software-intensive systemsData processor - arithmetic, logical, symbolic or application-specific operations

Architectural view: ALUs, registers, etc.Circuit view: registers, interfaces, busesProgrammer’s view: assembler instructions

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Computer System Types


Computers and Applications

Deciding factors: CostSizePowerQuantity

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Embedded System Importance

Ubiquitous processor-based control systemsDevelopment easier than with alternative technologies

Makes products competitive: features AND priceEnabling technology for many new productsLikely source of jobs for ECE graduates


Embedded Systems

They are just about everywhere

From toothbrush to space shuttle

Incarnations of generic computer systems

Sometimes, specialized Input/Output

ROMProcessor

Inputinterface

Input keys Door open

Bus

Outputinterface

Magnetron Fan

Displays Light

Speaker

RAM

EMBEDDED PROCESSOR CHIP

Microwave OvenWhat is this diagram showing?

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Another Example - Camera

Computer system with:Image controlHardware (lenses, motors)Interfaces

Added sophistication to consumer electronics

Expandability (of functions)Connectivity

Userswitches

Computerinterface

Imagestorage

LCDscreen

Flashunit

A/Dconversion

Opticalsensors

Systemcontroller

Motor

Lens

Cable to PC


Supercomputers: Earth Simulator35.86 Tflop/s (#4), Footprint — 34,000 ft2 (4 tennis courts x 3 floors)10.0 MW!

ProcessorsSwitchesDisksCable FloorAC Floor

http://www.es.jamstec.go.jp/esc/eng/index.html

Crossbar Interconnection Network83000 Copper Cables

1800 Miles of Cable

High InterprocessorLatency(11 in = 1ns)

Diameter

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Views of Computer Systems

Levels of abstractionLogic Level - Circuits

Logic functions implemented by gatesArchitectural Level - Microarchitecture

Operations performed by resourcesInstruction Set Level - Instructions

Program executionOperating System Level - Complete system

System operation


Layered Computer Architecture

Concept necessary for complex systems

e.g., networking, large software systems etc.

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Layered Computer Systems

Includes hardware and software

User programsOperating systemInstruction SetArchitectureHardware


Computer History

WWII effortUK(USA)

Post-WWIICommercial development

IBMDECCraySun

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Von Neumann Machine

Princeton IAS40-bit memory word20-bit instruction word

Loads “left” and “right” instruction at once


Computer Organization

ProcessorMicroprocessor

MemoryPeripheralsCommon Bus

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Example: PC PlatformDriving modern technologies – economy of scaleHardware

ProcessorsBusesMemoryPeripherals

SoftwareOS’sApplications


Basic Parts

Processor, memory & IO

I/OProcessor

Output

Memory

InputandArithmetic

logic

Control

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Common Processors

Still Von Neumann architecture

Arithmetic-logic unitRegistersAuxiliary registers


Processor Execution - Java codepublic class Interp {static int PC; // program counter holds address of next instrstatic int AC; // the accumulator, a register for doing arithmeticstatic int instr; // a holding register for the current instructionstatic int instr_type; // the instruction type (opcode)static int data_loc; // the address of the data, or －1 if nonestatic int data; // holds the current operandstatic boolean run_bit = true; // a bit that can be turned off to halt the mapublic static void interpret(int memory[ ], int starting_address) {PC = starting_address;while (runbit) {

instr = memory[PC]; // fetch next instruction into instrPC = PC + 1; / / increment program counterinstr_type = get_instr_type(instr); // determine instruction typedata_loc = find_data(instr, instr_type);// locate data (－1 if none)if (data_loc >= 0) // if data_loc is －1, there is no operand

data = memory[data_loc]; // fetch the dataexecute(instr_type, data); //execute instruction}

}private static int get_instr_type(int addr) { ... }private static int find_data(int instr, int type) { ... }private static void execute(int type, int data){ ... }}

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Basic Concepts - PipeliningMakes processor run at high clock rate

But might take more clock cycles

Trick: overlap execution

Some overhead – first few instructions


Other Speedups – Multiple Units

Bottlenecks – execution in single pipeline units

ALU, especially floating point

Resolution – provide multiple units

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Superscalar Processors

Common solution for modern processorsMultiple execution units


Memory

Hierarchy of memory unitsSpeed vs. sizeSolutions

CachingVirtual memory

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The Memory Latency Wall

Microprocessor Clock2000 — 1.0 GHz2001 — 1.6 GHz2002 — 2.6 GHz2003 — 4.1 GHz2004 — 10.1 GHz2005 — 16.2 GHz

Actual 2005 — 3+ GHz

Microprocessor Clock2000 — 1.0 GHz2001 — 1.6 GHz2002 — 2.6 GHz2003 — 4.1 GHz2004 — 10.1 GHz2005 — 16.2 GHz

Actual 2005 — 3+ GHz


Challenges: Performance at ScaleAdvanced simulation and modeling apps

PetascaleChallenges

Memory Wall

Conquering Terascaleproblems of today

Beware being eaten alive by the petascaleproblems of tomorrow.

Drawing by Thomas Zacharia (ORNL)


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Performance at ScaleAdvanced simulation and modeling apps

PetascaleChallenges

Memory Wall

Conquering Terascaleproblems of today

Beware being eaten alive by the petascaleproblems of tomorrow.



The memory wall (von Neumann bottleneck) —the disparity between

Processor clock rates and memory cycle times (“locally”)Remote access latencies seen “system wide”

The memory wall (von Neumann bottleneck) —the disparity between

Processor clock rates and memory cycle times (“locally”)Remote access latencies seen “system wide”


Memory Organization

Computer Word

Basic unit of acces

The same memory can be accessed in different ways

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Little Endian vs. Big Endian

Matter of preference

Significant implications for compatibility

Some processors can have both


Standardization –ASCII set

Standardized way to use bits for encoding

CharactersDisplayCommunicationFile

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Software Build and Load

Typical flow for desktop computer

CompilerCompiler

AssemblerAssembler

LinkerLinker

LoaderLoader

Read-WriteMemory (RAM)

Read-WriteMemory (RAM)

BootProcessBoot

Process

Object FilesExecutable Image File

Run-Time Library:

Operating System Image:


Example Program Creation & Run

Mainmemory

I/O bridgeBus interface

ALU

Register fileCPU

System bus Memory bus

Disk controllerGraphics

adapterUSB

controller

Mouse Keyboard Display Disk

I/O bus Expansion slots forother devices suchas network adapters

hello executable stored on disk

PC

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Reading “Hello” Command

Mainmemory


ALU

Register fileCPU



adapterUSB

controller




PC

User types"hello"


Loading “Hello” Program

Mainmemory


ALU

Register fileCPU



adapterUSB

controller




PC

hello code

"hello,world\n"

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Finally -Program Running

Mainmemory


ALU

Register fileCPU



adapterUSB

controller




PC

hello code

"hello,world\n"

"hello,world\n"


Embedded Systems - Languages Recent Statistics

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

Assembly C C++ Java Other

1998-19991999-2000

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Course OverviewBackground

Computer Arch. BasicsMicroprocessors

Commercial: Pentium, Sparc; Potential: JavaEmbedded Processors

TI MSP430, ARM, PowerPCEmbedded System Design

HW and SW techniquesReal Time Systems

Techniques and Tools


Course ObjectivesUnderstand microprocessor-based systemsGet familiar with basic toolsSkills in machine interfacing, assembler and embedded C programmingDesign a sizeable embedded system

Previous projects: Music player, file swapping system, PDAs (with handwriting recognition), wireless data collection systems

Build teamwork skills

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Reference Books

ReferenceA. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, 4th edition, Prentice-Hall, 1999.C. Nagy, Embedded Systems Design Using the TI MSP430 Series, Elsevier Science, 2003

B. Shriver and B. Smith, The Anatomy of a High-Performance Microprocessor - A Systems Perspective,IEEE Computer Society Press, 1998.C. Hamacher, Z. Vranesic and S. Zaky, Computer Organization, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.


Academic Integrity

McGill University values academic integrity.

Therefore all students must understand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism and other academic offences under the Code of Student Conduct and Disciplinary Procedures (see http://www.mcgill.ca/integrityfor more information).

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Finally: Grading Scheme

12% participation - 4 quizzesSchedule will be announced

38% laboratories40% project


Assessment

15Final Demo

5Lab Notes

10Demo18Experiment 1

1212Quizzes12Report

13Demo 140Project5Lab Notes10Demo15Experiment 3

10Demo15Experiment 28Report

Contribution to Final GradeEvaluations

ecse 426 microprocessor systems

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