ecs market statistics for the electronic communications sector (2009-2014)
TRANSCRIPT
1
ECS Market Statistics for the Electronic Communications Sector (ECS) of the
Bahamas
2009 - 2014
Research, Analysis and PowerPoint Slides were created by Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch
(MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant
Email Contact: [email protected]
2
Analysis and Purpose of Slides
• The following slides take a look at the Bahamian Economy over a six year period, i.e. 2009-2014.
• It measures the primary industries, i.e. Tourism, Financial Intermediaries, Real Estate, The Electronic Communications Sector, (ECS), etc. which make up its Nominal and Real, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the monetary or dollar value of the various goods and services which were produced in a given time period i.e. a year.
• Nominal GDP is the value of goods and services which were produced based on the current price level. Real GDP is the value of goods and services which were produced based on the price level of a previous year, i.e. 2006 which takes inflation and or deflation, or the increase or the decrease in the price level into consideration, which has occurred or taken place between the time periods, i.e. Current year, and 2006.
• The Analysis gives a break-down of the Dollar Value in local currency, i.e. Bahamian Dollars (BSD), ( 1 BSD = 1 United States Dollar (USD)) , The Percentage of GDP which is provided by each sector or industry over the time period which is being studied, and various key measurements, i.e. The Number of Fixed Line Subscribers per Household, The Mobile Penetration Rate, The Number of Fixed Broadband Subscribers per Household, The Number of Pay TV Subscribers per Household, and various other measurements, which are based on the number of the population, and the number of households over the time period which is being observed.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
3
Key Macro-Economic Data
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product (Nominal GDP) $7.82 B
$7,820,420,000
$7.91 B$7,909,580,000
$7.89 B$7,889,750,000
$8.23 B$8,234,470,000
$8.43 B$8,431,750,000
$8.51 B$8,510,500,000
Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP based on 2006 prices)
$7.56 B$7,563,460,000
$7.68 B$7,679,850,000
$7.73 B$7,726,920,000
$7.90 B$7,898,250,000
$7.90 B$7,899,990,000
$7.98 B$7,980,790,000
Industry Breakdown:
Direct Expenditure in Domestic Market by Non-Resident Households, i.e. Travel: Hotels and Restaurants
$860 M$859,891,000
$918 M
$918,457,000
$868 M$867,866,000
$934 M$933,730,000
$917 M$917,470,000
$922 M$921,835,000
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
4
Key Macro-Economic Data continued…
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Travel Tourism as a percentage of Total GDP (Tourism/GDP)*100
11.00% 11.61% 11.00% 11.34% 10.88% 10.83%
Real Estate/Rent/Business Activity:
$1.57 B$1,572,395,000
$1.60 B$1,597,725,000
$1.63 B$1,630,426,000
$1.63 B$1,626,906,000
$1.67 B$1,673,500,000
$1.65 B$1,646,906,000
Real Estate/Rent/Business Activity as a percentage of Total GDP (Real Estate, Rent.../GDP)*100
20.11% 20.20% 20.67% 19.76% 19.85% 19.35%
Financial Intermediaries:
$828 M$828,048,000
$907 M$906,665,000
$943 M$943,070,000
$993 M$992,854,000
$939 M$939,008,000
$931 M$930,911,000
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
5
Key Macro-Economic Data continued…
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Financial Intermediaries as a percentage of Total GDP (Financial Intermediaries/GDP)*100
10.59% 11.46% 11.95% 12.06% 11.14% 10.94%
Total ECS revenues (BSD$)
$440 M$440,348,352
$427 M$427,212,136.
$444 M$444,068,954.
$462 M$462,206,160
$465 M$464,935,388
$457 M$457,353,000
(ECS/GDP)*100 = ECS as a percentage (%) of Total GDP
5.63% 5.40% 5.63% 5.61% 5.51% 5.37%
Agriculture & Fisheries:
$149 M$148,876,000
$170 M$170,017,000
$170 M$169,592,000
$177 M$176,586,000
$149 M$148,825,000
$141 M$140,593,000
Agriculture & Fisheries as a percentage of Total GDP (Agriculture & Fisheries/GDP)*100
1.90% 2.15% 2.15% 2.14% 1.77% 1.65%
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
6
Key Macro Economic Data continued…
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Population (2010 Census) 342,000 346,900 351,100 355,200 359,400 364,000
GDP/Population i.e. GDP per Capita $22,866.73 $22,800.75 $22,471.52 $23,182.63 $23,460.63 $23,380.49
Total Employment (Dept. Statistics) 184,020 N/A 190,075 191,455 196,880 201,040
ECS Employment (Licensees in this study)
1,228 1,639 1,349 1,302 1,335 1,252
(ECS Employment/Total Labor Force)*100 = ECS Employment as a percentage (%) of Total Labour Force
0.67% N/A 0.71% 0.68% 0.68% 0.62%
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
7
ECS Summary Fact Sheet – Access DataItem 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Population 342,400 346,900 351,100 355,200 359,400 364,000
Households 109,270102,758 100,430 102,758 102,758 109,460
Fixed Network and Services
No. of fixed telephone subscribers - Residential (as at year end)
42,479 40,076 40,485 39,931 38,665 36,407
No. of fixed telephone subscribers - Business - (as at year end)
86,247 82,963 86,517 91,675 89,467 89,779
No. of fixed telephone subscribers (as at year end)
128,726 123,039 127,002 131,606 128,132 126,186
Fixed-Line Subscribers per Household for The Bahamas
1.18 1.20 1.26 1.28 1.25 1.15
Mobile Subscribers for The Bahamas (as at year end) 350,032 388,169 298,845 302,786 302,506 314,842
Mobile Penetration Rate for The Bahamas 102.23 111.90 84.26 85.24 84.17 86.50
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
8
ECS Summary Fact Sheet – Access Data continued…
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
No. of narrowband internet subscribers (as at year end)
2,239 1,997 174 115 81 6,395
Narrowband Subscribers per Household as a Percentage (%)
2.05 1.94 0.17 0.11 0.08 5.84
No. of broadband subscribers (as at year end) - Years
64,199 65,181 62,581 77,932 72,495 76,658
Fixed-Broadband Subscribers per Household as a Percentage (%)
58.75 63.43 62.31 75.84 70.55 70.03
Internet User Density per 100 of population for The Bahamas
19.40 19.37 17.87 21.97 20.19 22.82
No. of leased lines (as at year end)
1,205 1,542 1,748 1,047 2,517 1,653
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
9
ECS Summary Fact Sheet – Access Data continued…
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Pay TV Network and Services
Number of Pay TV subscribers (as at year end)
78,014 78,380 78,939 79,675 79,588 79,209
No. of Pay TV Subscribers per Household as a Percentage (%)
71.40 76.28 78.60 77.54 77.45 72.36
General Information
Total Employees in Sector1,575 1,639 1,349 1,302 1,335 1,252
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
10
ECS Summary Fact Sheet – Industry Revenue
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Fixed Network and Services
Total narrowband internet revenues (BSD$)
$370,051 $179,681 $48,956 $30,071 $15,000 $221,620
Percentage (%) of Total ECS Revenue0.08 0.04 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.05
Total broadband revenues (BSD$)
$31.04 M
$31,038,781
$31.71 M
$31,706,273
$30.20 M
$30,204,717
$40.50 M
$40,492,189
$34.73 M
$34,733,201
$43.86 M
$43,860,998
Percentage (%) of Total ECS Revenue7.05 7.20 6.86 9.20 7.89 9.96
Total leased line revenues (BSD$)
$22.17 M
$22,169,775
$22.25 M
$22,251,850
$21.56 M
$21,558,784
$24.42 M
$24,415,399
$32.23 M
$32,227,570
$29.86 M
$29,852,074
Percentage (%) of Total ECS Revenue5.03 5.05 4.90 5.54 7.32 6.78
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
11
ECS Summary Fact Sheet – Industry Revenue continued…
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Mobile Network and Services
Total mobile data revenues (BSD$)$4,019,833 $5,268,645 $9,244,436 $42,785,216 $28,288,000 $28,108,000
Percentage (%) of Total ECS Revenue0.91 1.20 2.10 9.72 6.42 6.38
Total mobile voice revenues (BSD$)$184,134,339 $164,656,097 $121,480,955 $151,767,529 $196,397,000 $149,084,000
Percentage (%) of Total ECS Revenue41.82 37.39 27.59 34.47 44.60 33.86
Total mobile revenues (BSD$)$286,282,863 $196,934,221 $153,640,743 $207,657,974 $258,813,000 $253,301,000
Percentage (%) of Total ECS Revenue65.01 44.72 34.89 47.16 58.77 57.52
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
12
ECS Summary Fact Sheet – Industry Revenue continued…
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Pay TV Network and Services
Total Pay TV Revenue (as at year end)
$40,667,913 $42,752,194 $44,606,851 $49,962,768 $50,389,909 $51,909,567
Percentage (%) of Total ECS Revenue
9.24 9.71 10.13 11.35 11.44 11.79
Total ECS Revenues (BSD$)
$440,348,352 $427,212,136 $444,068,954 $462,206,160 $464,935,389 $458,087,670
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
13
Analysis and Purpose of the Following Bar Charts
• Figure 1. Looks at the changes in the Total ECS Revenue, over the time period of 2009 – 2014.
• Figure 2. Observes the changes in the Number of Fixed Telephone Subscribers (as at year end), for both Business and Residential Consumers over the years 2009 – 2014, whereas Figure 3. looks at the change in the overall Fixed Telephone Penetration Rate over the same time period.
• Figure 4. Notes the changes in the level of Total Mobile Subscribers during the years, 2009 – 2014, in comparison to Figure 5. which measures the Total Mobile Voice Revenue (BSD$), 2009 – 2014, and Figure 6. which observes Mobile Voice Penetration Rates, over the same time period.
• Figure 7. Looks at the changes in the Number of Broadband Subscribers (as at year end) for both Business and Residential Customers during the time period of 2009 - 2014 , whereas Figure 8. observes the differences in the level of Total Broadband Revenues (BSD$) generated by Business in contrast to Residential Consumers during the years 2009 – 2014, and Figure 9. provides a clear depiction of the changes in the Fixed Broadband Service Per Household over the same time period.
• Figure 10. Observes the level of Total Pay TV Revenue (as at year end) which is provided by both Business and Residential Subscribers over the years of 2009 – 2014, whereas Figure 11. depicts the level of Pay TV Subscribers per Household for the same time period.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
14
Figure 1. Total ECS Revenue, 2009 - 2014
20092010
20112012
20132014
0
50000000
100000000
150000000
200000000
250000000
300000000
350000000
400000000
450000000
500000000440,348,352
427,212,136444,068,954 462,206,160 464,935,389 458,087,670
ECS
Reve
nue
$
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
15
Total ECS Revenue, 2009-1014
• The level of Revenue earned in the electronic communications sector increased during the time period from a low of $440,348,352 in 2009 to a high of $458,087,670 or approximately 4.03%, in 2014, an increase of about 17.74 or roughly 18 million dollars.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
16
Figure 2. Number of Fixed Telephone Subscribers (as at year end), 2009 - 2014
20092010
20112012
20132014
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
42,47940,076
40,48539,931 38,665
36,407
86,24782,963
86,517 91,67589,467 89,779
BusinessResidential
No.
of F
ixed
Line
Sub
scrib
ers
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
17
Total Fixed Line Subscribers , 2009-1014
• Over the time period of 2009 to 2014, the number of fixed line subscribers decreased by approximately 1.97%, therefore the number of subscribers was reduced from 128,726 in 2009 to 126,186 in 2014.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
18
Figure 3. Fixed Telephone Service Per Household, 2009-2014
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20141.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.2
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.18
1.2
1.26
1.28
1.25
1.15
Fixed-Line Subscribers per Household for The Ba-hamas
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
19
Total Fixed Line Subscribers per Household , 2009-1014
• The number of fixed line subscribers per household decreased from 1.18 in 2009 to 1.15 in 2014, this means that in comparison to the year 2009, individuals in the year 2014 decrease their subscription per household by approximately 3%.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
20
Figure 4. Total Mobile Subscribers , 2009-2014
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20140
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000 350,032
388,169
298,845 302,786 302,506 314,842
Total Mobile Voice Subscribers
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Total Mobile Subscribers , 2009-2014
• The number of mobile line subscribers during the period of 2009 to 2014 decreased from a high of 350,032 to a low of 314,842, or a decrease of their subscription of about 10.05% or 35,190 mobile lines.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
22
Figure 5. Total Mobile Voice Revenue (BSD$), 2009 - 2014
20092010
20112012
20132014
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
160000000
180000000
200000000 184,134,339
159,712,411
117,389,002
151,767,529168,109,000
149,084,000
4,943,6864,091,953
BusinessResidential
Mob
ile V
oice
Rev
enue
$
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
23
Total Mobile Revenue , 2009-1014
• The level of mobile revenue decreased during the time period of 2009 to 2014 from a high of $ 184,134,339 in to $ 149,084,000, or a reduction of 19.04% or approximately 35 million dollars.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
24
Figure 6. Mobile Voice Penetration Rate
20092010
20112012
20132014
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
102.23
112.79
85.09 85.2484.17 86.5
Num
ber o
f Sub
scrip
tions
per
100
pop
ulati
on
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
25
Total Mobile penetration rate 2009-2014
• The level of mobile penetration rate decreased from 102.23 in 2009 to 86.50 in 2014, this means that out of 100 individuals in the Bahamas, approximately 87 persons are now in possession of mobile telephone lines as opposed to approximately 102, or approximately each resident and or individual subscribing to one and sometimes two mobile telephones during the year 2009.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
26
Figure 7. Number of Fixed Broadband Subscribers (as at year end), 2009 - 2014
20092010
20112012
20132014
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
10,365
2,8703,020 3,135
10,22711,275
53,834
62,311
59,561
74,797
62,268 65,383
BusinessResidential
No.
of B
road
band
Sub
scrib
ers
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
27
Number of Fixed Broadband Subscribers (as at year end), 2009 - 2014
• In the year 2009 the number of Fixed Broadband Subscribers was equal to 64,199, this number increased by 19.41% to 76,658 Subscribers in the year 2014, it was comprised of both Business and Residential Customers.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
28
Figure 8. Total Broadband Revenues (BSD$), 2009 - 2014
20092010
20112012
20132014
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
4,595,490 4,822,935.1 4,982,450.1
5,498,353.95
34,733,201
10,821,619.2
26,443,290.526,883,337.52
25,222,266.52
34,993,834.82
33,038,972
BusinessResidential
Broa
dban
d Re
venu
e
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
29
Fixed Broadband Revenue, 2009-2014
• Between the time period of 2009 to 2014 the level of fixed broadband revenue increased from a low of $31,038,781 to a high of $43,860,998 or approximately 41.31%.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
30
Figure 9. Fixed Broadband Service per household, 2009-2014
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20140
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
58.7563.43 62.31
75.8470.55 70.03
Fixed-Broadband Subscribers per Household as a Percentage (%)
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
31
Fixed Broadband Subscribers per household, 2009-2014
• The number of Fixed Broadband subscriber lines per household also increased from 58.75 to 70.03, or a 19.20% increase during this time period.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
32
Figure 10. Total Pay TV Revenue (as at year end), 2009 - 2014
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20140
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
40000000
45000000
50000000
3,697,335 3,781,234 3,792,316 3,891,4583,815,077 3,851,023
36,970,578
38,970,960 40,814,535
46,071,310 46,574,83248,058,544
BusinessResidential
Tota
l Pay
TV
Reve
nue
$BSD
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
33
Total Pay TV Revenue (as at year end), 2009 - 2014
• The level of Pay TV revenue increased between the years of 2009 to 2014 from a low of $40,667,913 to a high of $51,909,567 , or an increase of approximately 11 million dollars which is equal to approximately 27.64%.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
34
Figure 11. Pay TV Subscription per Household , 2009 - 2014
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 201466.00
68.00
70.00
72.00
74.00
76.00
78.00
80.00
71.40
76.28
78.60
77.54 77.45
72.36 Total Pay TV Subscribers per household for The Bahamas
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
35
Total Pay TV Subscribers per Household, 2009 - 2014
• The number of Pay TV subscribers per household increased slightly from a low of 71.40 in 2009 to a high of 72.36 in 2014, this means that there was an increase of approximately 1% of households who added subscription to Pay TV Services over this time period.
• This also means that in the year 2009 approximately 71 households subscribed to Pay TV Services, where as in the year 2014 this number increased to roughly 72 out of 100 households.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
36
Conclusion
• Overall this means that all Electronic Communications Services (ECS), i.e. Mobile, Fixed, Pay TV, etc., over the time period of 2009 to 2014 increased or expanded.
• The level of Nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased from a low of $7,820,420,000(BSD) in the year 2009 to a high of $8,510,500,000(BSD) in 2014, this is equal to an increase of approximately 8.82% or $690,080,000(BSD).
• The level of Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), that takes the rate of inflation into consideration for the same time period increased from a low of $7,563,460,000(BSD) in 2009 to a high of $7,980,790,000(BSD) in the year 2014, which is equal to an increase of approximately 5.52% or $417,330,000 (BSD).
• The quantity of revenue earned in the ECS Sector was equal to $440,348,352(BSD) in the year 2009 and grew to $457,353,000(BSD) by the year 2014, this is equal to approximately 3.86% or $17,004,648(BSD).
• The Percentage of Total GDP which was generated by the ECS Sector over this time period stayed relatively constant at approximately 5%. In the year 2009 this number was equal to 5.63% and in the year 2014 it decreased to 5.37%.
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
37
ECS Measurements for the years 2009 and 2014
Item 2009 2014
Fixed-Line Subscribers per Household for The Bahamas
1.18 1.15
Mobile Penetration Rate for The Bahamas
102.23 86.50
Narrowband Subscribers per Household as a Percentage (%) 2.05 5.84
Fixed-Broadband Subscribers per Household as a Percentage (%) 58.75 70.03
Internet User Penetration for The Bahamas 19.40 22.82
No. of Pay TV Subscribers per Household as a Percentage (%)
71.40 72.36
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant, Email Contact: [email protected]
38
Other Observations
• It may be observed and or concluded that over time an increase in the level of access of residents, citizens and or individuals to Electronic Communication Services (ECS), i.e. Fixed Line(s), Mobile Phones, Internet Access, i.e. Broadband, Narrowband and various other critical ECS Goods and Services is highly likely to provide the capacity for a Country, Nation, Geographical Location and or Jurisdiction, to increase its current level of Productivity, GDP as a whole, GDP Per Capita and or Quality of life, over a recognizable period of time.
• There are a number factors some of which are known, and many others that are not which may have a highly contributing role or element in causing some of the various changes which can be observed by the fluctuations in the data over time, which is related to each measurement.
• Though the direct causes of the changes which take place over time, are often specific to the local Country, Nation, Geographical Location, or Jurisdiction which is being observed and or studied. Therefore continued data collection, observation, and further analysis is constantly needed to refine and or redefine previously held beliefs, perceptions, positions, and or convictions to more accurately depict the present and or current landscape that is being analyzed, studied and or observed.
• The Collection, Analysis, and Observations derived by producing these PowerPoint slides are my own, though they are based on data which is publicly available.
• If you would like for me to carry out a similar Representation, Observation and or Analysis, for your Country, Nation, Jurisdiction, Geographical Location, Company, Firm and or Business, for the industries, Goods and or Services which are specific to your situation. Please Send an Email to the following address so that we may discuss the matter further:
• Paul A. Cumberbatch II (Economic Consultant) • [email protected]
Email Contact: [email protected]
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Thank you for your time & consideration!
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Please feel free to ask any further questions at this time, or Send
them to [email protected].
Mr. Paul A. Cumberbatch (MSc.), ChE – Economic Consultant