ecosystems & energy flow (4.1-4.2) ib diploma biology photo: wasp in java, by stephen taylor...
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Ecosystems & Energy Flow (4.1-4.2)IB Diploma Biology
Photo: Wasp in Java, by Stephen Taylor ©
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Quadrat Sampling• Quadrats are square sample areas, often marked by a
quadrat frame
• Quadrat sampling involves repeatedly placing a quadrat frame at random positions in a habitat and recording numbers of organisms present
• Goal is to obtain realistic estimates of population sizes
• Not useful for motile organisms
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Chi-Squared Testing1. Draw a contingency table of observed frequencies
2. Calculate the expected frequencies for each of the possible contingency table scenarios
(Row Total) x (Column Total) / Grand Total
3. Calculate number of degrees of freedom(# Rows – 1)(# Columns – 1) = df
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Chi-Squared Testing4. Find the critical value for the Chi-squared test (0.05)
5. Calculate the Chi-Squared value:
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Chi-Squared Testing
6. Compare the Chi-squared value with the Critical Value
If the X2 < CV, then ACCEPT the Null Hypothesis(i.e. there is NO Association between the variables)
If the X2 > CV, then REJECT the Null Hypothesis(i.e. there is a significant Association between the
variables)…aka ACCEPT the Alternative Hypothesis
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Ecosystem
A community and its abiotic environment
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Nutrient Cycles• Nutrients are elements and compounds that
promote growth in organisms
• Nutrients are limited and have been recycled for at least 3 billion years
• Nutrients flow through food chains and are then recycled into soil by decomposers
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Sustainability of Ecosystems
• Sustainable = able to continue indefinitely
• Requirements of sustainable ecosystems:• Nutrient availability• Detoxification of waste• Energy availability
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Mesocosms• Small, closed-off experimental systems set up as
ecological experiments
• Can be used to test effects of varying certain conditions on ecosystem stability as well as the sustainability of ecosystems
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Food webs show all of the feeding relationships within a habitat. Read this research article and generate a food web.
The state of the oceans, part 2: Delving deeper into the sea's bounty. John Tibbetts
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Food webs show all of the feeding relationships within a habitat.
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Food webs show all of the feeding relationships within a habitat.
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Energy Losses in Ecosystems• Respiration releases energy which is used by organisms and
converted to heat
• Heat energy is unusable to organisms and is lost from ecosystems
• Reasons for energy loss between trophic levels:• Heat energy lost from respiration• Organic material not consumed• Not all parts of consumed matter digested or absorbed by consumer• Energy lost in feces and passes to decomposers instead
• As a result, food chains are limited in length
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