ecosystems accounts and the spatial dimension in integrated assessments 18-19 may expert meeting...
TRANSCRIPT
Ecosystems accountsand the spatial dimension in integrated assessments
18-19 May expert meeting
Jean-Louis Weber
EEA
SEEA2003: expansion of the System of National Accounts (UN1993) in order to include more environmental aspects
Natural resources EcosystemsEconomic
assets (SNA)Non-economic
assets
Openingstocks
Openingstocks
OpeningState
SNAtransactions
and otherflows
Changes instocks
Changesin stocks
Economicactivities,
naturalprocesses,
etc.
Changesin state
Closingstocks
Closingstocks
Closingstate
Described in SNA
RM HASSAN - UN The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN 2003) - RANESA Workshop June 12-16, 2005 Maputo
Environmental accounts: 5 key policy questions
1. Cost of environmental protection the “burden” issue– Cost for public budgets: financing of protection (incl. administration and research)– Cost for companies: effects on economic competitiveness
2. Environmental performance of the economy the “decoupling” issue – Compliance to national emission standards, respect of international conventions– Distances to targets, economic and technological options– Use of scarce resource– Sustainability of consumption patterns
3. Cost of insufficient environmental protection the “externalities” issue– Depletion of renewable resources (forest, fisheries, water…)– Degradation of natural assets (forests, fisheries, soil, water, ecosystems…)– Impacts on human health and well being– Costs of remediation (instead of protection…)
4. Assessment of policies the “effectiveness/efficiency” issue– Efficiency/effectiveness of environmental policies and instruments– Efficiency/effectiveness of environmental sector policies (agriculture, transport…)– Environmental impact assessment of social and economic policies – Incorporation of environmental concerns in the multiple levels of public and private decision-making
(participation, awareness, corporate accounting) Reserves (ownership, access, operation)
5. Conservation of comparative advantages the “natural capital” issue– Reserves (ownership, access, operation)– Economic rents on natural resources (depletion…)– Viability of living/cycling natural capital, continuity of ecosystem services– Adaptability to change (global market, climate change, technology)
In Europe• Eurostat is producing environmental accounts (with a focus on the economic
side, close links to National Accounts…)
• … in cooperation with the EEA (land cover/land use, water systems, ecosystems)
Land & Ecosystem Accounts (LEAC)
• Part of the SEEA 2003 (Integrated System of Environmental and Economic Accounting)
• Accounts in monetary AND in physical units
• Tested in Europe by UNECE, Eurostat and EEA (France, UK, Germany, European coast, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania)
• EU-wide implementation of land cover accounts with CLC2000 in 2004
Why accounting for ecosystems is important?
• Key policy issues– Biodiversity conservation
– Sustainable use of living/ cycling resource (natural and managed systems) and land
– Adaptability to climate change
• Recent developments & research: – SEEA2003 – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
• “Natural Assets and Human Well-being”• “ecosystem services”: provisioning (goods), regulating, support, cultural
– IUCN / VALUE project (“Counting ecosystems as water infrastructure”…) – Ecological economics in general (ISEE…)– GEOSS– and more...
LEAC: what has been done?
• Land cover accounts based on:– CLC 1990-2000– LaCoast 1975-1990– 4 PHARE countries 1975-1990
These data are available on CIRCA & prototype for EEA data service
LEAC: what is available?
• CLC layers (vectors, raster 100 & 250 m)http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/available.asp?type=azlist&letter=C
• LEAC layers (land cover flows, Land Analytical and Reporting units, Corilis layers, Dominant landscape types, Green Background Landscape map…) – 1 km grid
• LEAC tables: 2 options LEAC Query tool and LEAC Olap Cube
• Tools for analysishttp://eea.eionet.europa.eu/Public/irc/eionet-circle/leac/library
& soon in the EEA dataservice
Details in to-morrow’s session
Accounting ?
A - DOES GAINS COMPENSATE LOSSES? (QUANTITIES, COMPOSITION)
B - WHICH ARE THE PROCESSES IN QUESTION? (FLOWS, LAND USE)
C - DOES QUALITY OF STOCK CARRY OVER CHANGE? (STATE, HEALTH)
Land cover change accounts:
from maps to statistics
CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN LAND COVER CHANGES (CLC LEVEL 3) AND THE LAND COVER FLOWS
132 133 141 142 211 212 213 221 222 223
Dump sites Construction
sites Green urban
areas
Sport and leisure
facilities
Non-irrigated arable land
Permanently irrigated land
Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry
plantations Olive groves
243 Land principally occupied by agriculture w ith significant areas of natural vegetation
Extension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
244 Agro-forestry areasExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensif ication of agriculture
Intensif ication of agriculture
Intensif ication of agriculture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
311 Broad-leaved forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
312 Coniferous forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
313 Mixed forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
321 Natural grasslandExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
322 Moors and heathlandExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
LCF1 Urban land management
LCF2 Urban residential sprawl
LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions
LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture
LCF6 Withdrawal of farming
LCF7 Forests creation and management
LCF8 Water bodies creation and management
LCF9 Changes due to natural & multiple causes
Land cover 1990 & 2000 and land cover change are first converted to a grid
(below, 3x3 km)
Individual changes are grouped by land cover flows that describe
processes
Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests/ dry semi-natural land in ha/year
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
Withdrawal of farming with woodlandcreation
Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
Conversion from dry semi-natural &natural land to agriculture
Conversion from forest to agriculture
Satellite image (Image 2000)
CORINE Land Cover
European Reference Grid 1x1 Km
European Reference Grid 1x1 Km
Discontinuous urban fabric
Industrial or commercial units
Coniferous forest
Sclerophyllous vegetation
Water courses71
142
7 6
K1000 E3666 N2073
Total surface: 100 Ha
Land cover accounts are produced for 1 km² grid cells
Each grid cell is given attributes such as Country, administrative region, river basin, coastal zones, bio-geographical region, river basin, landscape type, which facilitates queries and reporting
e.g. land uptake by artificial development, NUTS2/3, deviation of the European average, mean annual values
ESPON HYPERATLAS - MULTISCALAR TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS
Back to maps: e.g. Urban sprawl in the province of Venice, 1990-2000, cells of 1 km² - - wetlands in the background
Legend
Land uptake by urban
Value
0 - 2
2 - 5
5 - 100
Inland marshes
Peat bogs
Salt marshes
Salines
Intertidal flats
Water courses
Water bodies
Coastal lagoons
Estuaries
Wetlands
Net Change in Land Cover % of initial year
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 Artificial surfaces
Arable land &permanent cropsPastures & mixedfarmlandForests and transitionalwoodlandNatural grassland &semi-natural vegetationOpen spaces with littleor no vegetationWetlands
Water bodies
Despite possible threats from sea level rise and the permanent ecological problems of the lagoon due to agriculture eutrophicating surpluses, urban and infrastructures development has continued in the province of Venice.
Sprawl of artificial areas
Urban and infrastructure land development "1990" - 2000 - EUR23 - ha/year
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Land uptake byhousing, services
and recreation
Land uptake byindustrial &
commercial sites
Land uptake bytransport netw orks &
inf rastructures
Land uptake bymines, quarries and
w aste dumpsites
Origin of artificial land uptake as % of total, "1990"- 2000, EUR23
6%9%
36%
48%
1%Arable land & permanentcrops
Pastures & mixed farmland
Forests and transitionalwoodland shrub
Natural grassland, heathland,sclerophylous vegetation
Open spaces with little or novegetation
Wetlands
Water bodies
Mean annual urban and infrastructures land take as % of Artificial land cover "1990"
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Mean annual urban and infrastructures land take as % of total Europe-23 urban land take
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Change in agriculture
Main annual flows of conversion between agriculture and forests/ dry semi-natural land in ha/year, "1990"- 2000, EUR23
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
Conversion from dry semi-natural &natural land to agriculture
Conversion from forest toagriculture
Net conversion between pasture (+) and arable land/ permanent crops (-)
ha/year, "1990"-2000, EUR23
at
be
bg
cz
de
dk
ee es
fr
gr
hu
ie
it
lt
lu
lv nl pl pt
ro si sk uk
-20000
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Conversions between agriculture, forest and natural land, ha/year, as % of country area, "1990"- 2000
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12Withdraw al of farmingw ithout signif icantw oodland creation
Withdraw al of farmingw ith w oodlandcreation
Conversion f romw etlands to agriculture
Conversion f rom drysemi-natural & naturalland to agriculture
Conversion f rom forestto agriculture
Main annual flows of agricultural internal conversions in ha/year, "1990"- 2000, EUR23
85000 90000 95000 100000 105000
Conversion frompasture to arableand permanentcrops
Extension of setaside fallow landand pasture
The new step: from land cover to ecosystem accounting
• ecosystem stocks, flows & resilience• land use functions, ecosystem goods & services
and ultimately the Natural Capital (next year…)
Contents of ecosystem accounts
• Objects & components• Ecosystems interactions• Services• Pressure on ecosystems
• Objects & components– Spatial objects (land cover surface, length, volume, number of
occurrences)– Biomass, NPP/NEP, C, energy– N, P– Water– Species – Other
Basic accounts of inventories and flows
• Ecosystems interactions & resilience• Services• Pressure on ecosystems
• Components• Systems interactions & resilience
– Spatial interactions (ecotones, distributions, composition / scales)
– Components interactions• Temporal interactions (water stress, species dynamics…)
• Bio-chemical-physical cycles
– Functioning, distress, resilience
Counts of integrity/diversity - resilience• Ecosystem Goods & Services• Pressure on ecosystems
• Objects & components• Systems interactions & resilience• Ecosystem Goods & Services
– End services to population (collective or individual)– Ecosystem input to production (marketed or not)– Maintenance of the global system (of the natural capital)
Land use accounts (services) and Material flows accounts
• Pressure on ecosystems
• Objects & components• Systems interactions & resilience• Services• Pressure on ecosystems
– re-structuring, – over-harvesting/over-extraction, – deposition of residuals and force-feeding, – introduction of species
Land use accounts (stressors)
CORE LAND COVER ACCOUNT
Soil
Flora & Fauna
Water system
Atmosphere/ Climate
ECOSYSTEM & LAND USE ACCOUNTS
Land use economic &
social functions
Artificiality of land
Intensityof use
Ecosystem services
Ecosystempotentials
Integrity, health & viability
Vulnerability
Production & Consumption
Natural Assets
Population
Infrastructures & Technologies
Land based ecosystem accounting
Framework of Ecosystem and Natural Capital Accounts
Natural assets accounts • Natural capital structure, resilience & wealth (physical
units, by sectors)• Capital consumption & accumulation (physical units, €)• Ecosystem assets wealth (€)
Natural Capital Accounts/ living & cycling natural capital
Functions & Services• Land use function• Natural function
Supply & use of ecosystem goods and services(Use of resource by sectors, supply to consumption &
residuals, accumulation, I-O analysis)
Material/energy flows(focus on biomass, water,
nutrients, residuals)
Accounts of flows of ecosystem goods and services
Counts of stocks diversity / integrity(by ecosystem types,
focus on quality)
Ecosystem Stocks & State Accounts
Ecosystem State (health diagnosis and
wealth calculation)
Core accounts of stocks & flows
(by ecosystem types, raw quantities)
Eco
syst
em t
ypes
Economic sectorsSpatial integration
Economic integration
Differences in accounting for economic and ecological systems
• In economy: + > – = gains = increase in wealth – > + = losses = decrease in wealth aggregated results are defined as the sum of elementary flows
over a fixed period (year or quarter) at the national or regional levels
economic factors are generally substitutable average values make sense in most cases
• In ecology: specific ecosystem dimensions need to be reflected…
Basic accounts of stocks and flows by ecosystem types
• Terrestrial ecosystems:– land cover (km², number of land units)– rivers (standard-river-km, number of reaches)– small features (number of units)
• Marine ecosystem (km²)• Biomass (dry matter, C, energy…)
– soil biomass– vegetation (non soil)– fauna
• Water quantity (m3)• Nitrogen, Phosphorus (t)
Biomass & NPP
• Anomalies, distress symptom• Direct Material Consumption – Total Material Requirement (Material
Flows Accounts) • HANPP• ‘Supporting service’
Example of accounting table for Biomass/C (provisional) 1
Asset account of biomass (dry matter or C)
clc1 Urban
clc2 Agriculture
clc3 Forest & natural dry land
clc4 Wetlands
clc5 Water bodies
Rivers class 1
Rivers class 2
Rivers class 3
Coastal type 1
Coastal type 2
1 Opening stock of biomass (T0)1.1 Aboveground1.2 Belowground1.3 Soils
1.4 Water
2 Net Primary Production (Effective= GPP-Plants respiration)3 Soil respiration (-)4 Net Ecosystem Production (=2-3)5 Imports (+)6 Extraction/harvesting (-)
6.1 Sustainable use6.2 Depletion6A from annual crops6B from natural increase of inventories6C from wild harvest
X Consumption in trophic chains (-)Y Net secondary production
7 Residuals (+)7.1 harvesting residues
animal excreta7.2 land filled7.3 to water
to the amosphere
8 Exports (-)9 Other change in volume of biomass (+ or -)
9.1 due to land use change9.2 due to eutrophication9.3 due to soil alteration
9.3.1 soil formation9.3.2 change in C storage
9.4 fires9.5 climatic events
other change n.c.a.
10 Net accumulation (storage) (+ or -)10.1 Aboveground10.2 Belowground10.3 Soils10.4 Water
11 Closing stock of biomass (T1)11.1 Aboveground11.2 Belowground11.3 Soils11.4 Water
Indicator calculation2 Effective NPP12 + or - Alteration of NPP by land use (historical)13 = Potential NPP (+)
HANPP = 13-6+5-8
Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems
TOTAL
Example of accounting table (provisional) 2
Resource Use and Supply to the economy
clc1 Urban
clc2 Agriculture
clc3 Forest & natural dry land
clc4 Wetlands
clc5 Water bodies
Rivers class 1
Rivers class 2
Rivers class 3
Coastal type 1
Coastal type 2
U1 Total extraction/harvesting
Agriculture
Fisheries
Forestry
Energy
Mining
Manufacturing
Distribution water
Sewerage/ waste management
Government
Household
Resource from sectors for use
Residuals received
U3 Resource received from outside (ROW or other regions)
Gross resource used = U1+U2+U3S1 Supply to branches/sectors & ROW
Resource supplied to other users
Residuals sent to waste management
S2 Supply to outside (ROW or other regions)S3 Residuals & returnsHarvesting residuesAnimal excretaLand filled wastesResiduals to waterS4 Final consumptionHuman foodAnimal foodEnergy production
Total supply = S1+S2+S3
from
the
eni
ronm
ent
with
in th
e ec
onom
y
U2 Resource received from branches/sectors
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t
Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems
TOTAL
Example of accounting table (provisional) 3
Flows within the economy
Ag
ricu
lture
Fis
her
ies
Fo
rest
ry
En
erg
y
Min
ing
Man
ufac
turi
ng
Dis
trib
utio
n w
ater
Se
wer
age
/ w
aste
m
anag
em
ent
Gov
ernm
ent
Hou
seho
ld
Res
t o
f th
e W
orld
/ ot
her
regi
ons Total
supply to sectors and ROW (S1+S2)
Agriculture
Fisheries
Forestry
Energy
Mining
Manufacturing
Distribution water
Sewerage/ waste management
Government
Household
Rest of the World/other regions
Total resource received (U2+U3)
N cycle account
• N deposition/ grasslands• Leaching• Eutrophication/ rivers, wetlands, grasslands• Acidification
© the Regents of the University of Michigan
Ecosystem health: counts of diversity/integrity
• Specific diagnosisFrom selection of markers and threshold values according to habitat types, region, context1. Homeostasis state (no alteration foreseen).2. Resilience state (the disturbance that ecosystems are still able to absorb or
compensate, keeping the same functions, identity and feedbacks (Walker, 2005).3. Reversible process without compensation (degradation).4. Irreversible change (death).
• Ecosystem Distress Syndrome model:– Disruptions of nutrients cycling (loss or excess)– Degradation of substrates (fragmentation, water stress, chemical stress)– Change in species composition (invasive…)– Dependence of systems from artificial input (energy, water, subsidies …)
• Focussed research of stressors– overharvesting, overuse
– land/rivers restructuring
– deposition of residuals
– introduction of species
• Physical wealth as stocks*coefficients (potential, resilience)
The final diagnosis
1. Homeostasis state (no alteration foreseen).2. Resilience state (the disturbance that ecosystems are
still able to absorb or compensate, keeping the same functions, identity and feedbacks (Walker, 2005).
3. Reversible process without compensation (degradation).4. Irreversible change (death).
Physical wealth as stocks*coefficient (potential, resilience)
Investigation of stress & stressors (sectors)– Overharvesting
– land/rivers restructuring
– deposition of residuals
– introduction of species
Ecosystem services
Ref to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
ref. The Global Biodiversity Outlook 2
Land use functions and ecosystem services
Support services Basic accounts & MFA Provisioning services: goods (food, fiber, wood,
fuel…) and services that can be “consumed” in given quantities Supply & use tables by sectors
Cultural services Indirect measurement (beneficiaries)
Regulating services collective, direct measurement maybe difficult, indirect measurement (beneficiaries, risk assessment/insurance, natural capital/potentials)
ecosystem services defined according to natural and land use functions
Implementation…
• Analytical & reporting units• What can we measure?• Data availability and constraints• Spatial and time scales• Detection of trends, ranges & threshold values• Assimilation of data/ the grid
Analytical and reporting units• Field samples• Habitats/ N2000…• Corine units• Landscape analytical units
– Corine classes (statistical) – Dominant land cover/landscape types (Corilis)– Ecological networks (Corilis, PEEN, networks of networks)– Coastal zones/ functional units– Core areas of nature protection (Naturilis)– Large ecosystems/ eco-complexes (e.g. danube Delta, Doñana…)– HNV, rural landscape units (mosaic agriculture)– Small hydrological units
• Reporting/synthesis units– Countries, regions (NUTS) – Coastal zones/ units, sectors– Bio-geographical regions– Accounting river basins (~10 000 to 20 000 km²)– River basin districts (WFD)
Scales: individual ecosystems v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting
WETLANDS 1990 OF N-W EUROPE EEA/ETCTE
To ta l a re a : 5 .8 0 0 sq .km
Legend
Restoration areas: 15,025 ha
Agriculture: 39,974 haFishculture: 35,967 ha
Forestry: 6,442 ha
POLDERS: 97,408 haNATURAL AREAS: 482,592 ha
TULCEA
Ukraine
(courtesy Danube Delta National Institute)
Scales: networks of ecological networks interact with artificial infrastructures
Core natural areas
Protected natural areas
Landscape mosaics, stepping stones
Linear corridor (river)
Road
Dam
Integration of spatial data sets on land & water issues
EO Images Corine LC
LC Changes
Texture Stratification
Connectivity Natura 2000
MonitoringStatisticsEmission /surplus
Land accountsCORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN LAND COVER CHANGES (CLC LEVEL 3) AND THE LAND COVER FLOWS
132 133 141 142 211 212 213 221 222 223
Dump sites Construction
sites Green urban
areas
Sport and leisure
facilities
Non-irrigated arable land
Permanently irrigated land
Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry
plantations Olive groves
243 Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vegetation
Extension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
244 Agro-forestry areasExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensif ication of agriculture
Intensif ication of agriculture
Intensif ication of agriculture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
311 Broad-leaved forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
312 Coniferous forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
313 Mixed forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
321 Natural grasslandExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
322 Moors and heathlandExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Infrastructures
Apportionment
Data sources
• CLC1990+2000 (and 1975 when available)• Rivers (CCM, national db)• CORILIS (stratifications, connectivity)• Texture (satellite images segmentation)• Small objects/ edges (CLC masks & pixels classification)• Meteo• Water (monitoring, water accounts)• NPP / fAPAR• Soil biomass / C• N, P, deposition, eutrophication• Species, habitats: from N2000, Atlases, other inventories
From monitoring land cover change to assessing ecological impacts of socio-economic development
• Working with heterogeneous datasets: probabilities, fuzzy logic, stratifications
• Ecosystem assessment: ecological time and spatial length scales, non-linear relations, feedbacks, resilience, threshold values
• Eco-toxicology, human toxicology: big progress (genomic approach), need moving to operational monitoring
• Ecological economics: ecosystem goods & services, natural capital, environmental liabilities…
• The social & cultural dimensions: owners and actors• Modelling: EEA integrated datasets at the meso-scale
are an input to new research
From land cover to ecosystem accounting
• Upscaling/downscaling• Sampling/processing heterogeneous data• System of stratifications (correlation of fuzzy
sets, probability maps)• Threshold values, diagnosis…
The data issue• Best use of Earth observation data (A):
– Land cover, but not only land cover– Texture & Structure (infra CLC)– Humidity (incl. time dimension, variability)– NPP (incl. time dimension, variability)
• Best use of existing (imperfect) monitoring & statistics (B): – N2000: non-representative (biased) sample– Fauna/flora atlases: 50x50 km grid– Other inventories of fauna flora and habitats– Socio-economic data: a few at the local level, mostly national/regional
Solution: assimilation of data(re) sampling (B) with (A)Spatial modelling, multi-scales analysis (e.g. NPP by CLC types), fuzzy setsAccounting frameworks (Input-output analysis, cross-checking of data, stocks
& flows…)
Integration of space monitoring into ecosystem accounting: land cover change x NPP x structure/texture x short time variability x stratification of in situ monitoring (biodiversity, water…)
Vegetation productivity, seasonal change (MERIS/JRC-IES)
Fires Droughts (SPOT4-Vegetation/ CNES – Vito)
Fo
rest
str
uct
ure
(M
OD
IS-M
ult
i-an
gle
/JR
C-I
ES
)
Texture, parcelisation changes 1988 – 1998 (Landsat/JRC-IES)
Data assimilation/ the grid approach
• Making data (more) comparable• If necessary, shift from crisp boundaries of land units to
fuzzy analysis of their importance in their neighbourhood (smoothing techniques);
• Data associated with the probability of finding them in a given grid-cell
Example: Relation city & rural/natural landscape: crisp vs. fuzzy map
the second map gives immediately a measure and a vision of the influence of rural/natural landscapes; the town centre remains red…
Lyon, FranceCLC2000-Artificial area (left) vs. Urban temperature of the Urban Morphological Zone combined with Agriculture/Forest context (Corilis2000, 5 km)
Another example: potential pressure from cities (large and small) on protected areas – the urban temperature methodology
• Pressure on nature doesn’t come only from land use change but as much (or more) from existing “stocks” of land use/ land cover
• Potential pressure from existing land use/ land cover is proportional to the size of the source and to its proximity
• Note: several small sources can generate a substantial or even big impact altogether, even though they could be neglected individually
• Neighbourhood analysis can inform on the “temperature” or “radiation” or “diffusion” of a given source over designated areas
• CORILIS, based on Corine land cover, allows calculating indices such as the urban “temperature” on N2000 sites
Urban areas and N2000 sites
Processing urban areas in a grid…
Smoothing CLC values, accounting for urban surface inside each cell + within a radius of 5 km (values of urban surface decreasing with the square of the distance to the centre of the grid cell)
Urban “temperature” or “radiation” over N2000 (habitats) sites
Note that not all the “temperature” is coming from large cities (here, agglomerations of pop>50 000 hab are in purple)
An index of “temperature” can be computed. Here, the MEAN values per site (for a radius of 5 km) are presented
Legend
l_111hd_c1
5km.MEAN Value
0 - 2
3 - 6
7 - 12
13 - 22
23 - 62
Border
From an index to indicators
• This index can be the basis of the calculation of indicators; threshold values need to be defined by experts
• The neighbourhood can be defined for purpose, e.g. 3, 10 or 20 km instead of 5 km
• The index can be computed for intensive agriculture or any other CLC class (e.g. forest)
• Indexes can be added or subtracted for assessing cumulative effects (e.g. Urban + Agriculture) or compensations (e.g. Urban – Agriculture or Urban – Forest)
• Land cover change can be combined to the index
Urban temperature & Urban land uptake
Legend
l_111hd_c1
5km.MEAN Value
0 - 2
3 - 6
7 - 12
13 - 22
23 - 62
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ind_1_landtake.tif
Value
1 - 2
3 - 5
6 - 10
11 - 100
Just the indexes…