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TRANSCRIPT
Economics and Tourism
2CHAPTERSpringtime in Colonial Williamsburg Photo by Chuck Durfor courtesy of Scenic Virginia
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 22 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Recommendationsbull Create a source of dedicated state funds for outdoor
recreation
bull Fully fund Land and Water Conservation Fund Recreation Trails Program and Transportation Enhancement Program
bull Evaluate economic contributions of statewide outdoor recreation activities
Statewide and regional guidelines for implementation
bull Encourage the use of economic data to justify local and regional recreation initiatives
bull Incorporate the economic impact of outdoor recreation into parks recreation and local comprehensive plans
Outdoor recreation contributes to the economyThe economic contributions of outdoor recreation and its influence on tourism are significant The popularity and importance of various outdoor recreation activities are summarized in the Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey These activities include close-to-home outdoor recreation which contributes year-round to local economies
Employment status and the overall state of the economy undoubtedly affect peoplersquos decisions to recreate outdoors During the economic downturn 40 percent of outdoor participants cut back on nonessentials which included outdoor recreation Research by the Outdoor Foundation reports that more than 42 percent of those surveyed indicated the economy affects how often they enjoy outdoor recreation1
In spite of the economic downturn a report from the Outdoor Industry Association shows Virginia receives more than $18 billion annually in economic benefit from outdoor recreation2
Table 21 Outdoor recreation contributes to Virginiarsquos economy
Consumer spending $136 billion
Wages and salary $39 billion
State and local tax revenue $923 million
Virginia jobs 138200
Statistics based on national surveys of outdoor recreation conducted for Outdoor Industry Association in 2011 and 2012httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgadvocacyrecreationeconomyhtml
Long-term projections show that participation in tourism and recreation in Virginia has grown steadily since the 1980s Over the last five years connections between outdoor recreation and tourism have strengthened partly because of the development of the Virginia State Tourism Plan According to the 2012 draft plan the economic impact of the tourism industry in 2011 was $204 billion with international travelers providing $390 million of that Tourism is the statersquos fifth largest nonfarm industry supporting approximately 207000 jobs3 As local economic bases shift from manufacturing and resource extraction many communities are relying more on tourism to boost local coffers
The Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey indicates that visiting natural areas and visiting historic areas are two of the top recreational activities for Virginians It is no surprise that the statersquos most sought after tourist attractions involve history scenery nature and outdoor adventure The link between tourism and recreation also has become stronger as many look for recreation close to home Nationally driving for pleasure is still one of the top recreational activities and scenic views vistas and drives continue to be major attractions for travelers in Virginia Collaboration with tourism officials and implementation of the Virginia State Tourism Plan will give communities a competitive edge in increasing economic strength
A survey sponsored by Heritage Travel Inc shows 118 million adults nationwide participate in cultural or heritage activities while traveling3 These travelers spend an average of $994 per trip compared with $611 per trip spent by other travelers Travelers who participate in cultural or heritage activities contribute $192 billion annually to the US economy4
ldquo More than 140 million Americans make outdoor recreation a priority in their daily lives ndash and they prove it with their wallets Each year Americans spend $646 billion on outdoor recreationrdquo
mdashThe Outdoor Recreation Economy 2012 Outdoor Industry Association Report
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 23 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Mecklenburg County has developed a tourism plan that capitalizes on the arearsquos outdoor recreation and land conservation amenities
The value of land near parksIn a 2009 report for the Trust for Public Land Erica Gies writes that properties located near parks increased in value by $100 per square foot In addition parks located within walking distance of communities support active living and reduce health care costs Ecosystem services such as the conservation of water quality reduced stormwater treatment costs reduced pollution and lowered energy costs are all added values The report concludes that while it may be difficult to assess the value of creating parks and preserving open space farmland and natural areas outdoor recreation and conservation are a cost benefit Communities that conserve land and promote outdoor recreation save money and provide community resources Therefore expenditures for parks and land conservation are an investment that over time provides dividends to communities5
The contribution of national parks to local economiesNational Park Service sites received 281 million recreation visits in 2010 with visitors spending more than $12 billion Half of this spending was for lodging and meals 19 percent for gas and local transportation 13 percent for retail purchases 10 percent for amusement and 8 percent for groceries6
National statistics suggest outdoor recreation contributes an estimated $730 billion to the US economy Approximately one in every 20 jobs is related to recreation7 In Virginia it is estimated that approximately $8 billion per year is spent
on recreation State and national parks attract 48 percent of outdoor recreationists and beaches attract 34 percent8 Several studies confirm that national parks are vital to Virginiarsquos economy Studies by Aaron Paul and Danielle Phillips evaluate the economic impacts of Shenandoah National Park to local economies In addition a study on the economic impact of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Water Trails Network by Daniel J Stynes of Michigan State University shows the regional benefits of this National Park Service initiative
Virginia State Parks economic summary There are a number of ways to estimate the economic significance of a state park system The Money Generation Model ndash Version 2 developed by Stynes and Dennis Propst for the National Park Service shows state park systems create more than $23 billion in annual sales $97 billion in income and almost 320000 jobs based on reported activity for the 2010 fiscal year
In Virginia another method that estimates the economic impact created by different types of users shows the overall annual economic activity to be more than $189 million for some 8 million visitors Comparing this level of economic impact to the $17 million in general fund operating dollars shows a return on this investment of almost $11 in economic activity for every dollar of general fund spending9
Scenic resources and travelMore than 31 percent of Virginiarsquos visitors reported taking a scenic drive making scenic resources a significant factor for tourism10 Developments that conserve land and visual assets retain value over time Wintergreen Resort reports that $15 million in development sales were forfeited to save views within and surrounding the resort Likewise a 2300-acre development at the Homestead Preserve in Bath County limited density to 450 homes and put 935 acres into a conservation
The Yorktown waterfront draws history lovers to Virginiarsquos Historic Triangle Photo by Robert Hunter courtesy of Scenic Virginia
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 24 wwwdcrvirginiagov
easement to preserve scenic resources surrounding the development Another large development in Albemarle County preserves agrarian landscapes for homeowners who want to live in a rural farmland setting This development allows residents shared access to green space orchards and hiking trails11
Natural areas and conservation contribute to economic health The estimated annual economic benefit from natural services afforded via natural areas and land conservation is estimated at $218 billion Of the benefits from natural services $51 billion is provided by public lands and $520 million is from private lands under easement12
Other studies link environmental conservation and local economic development through ecotourism especially in rural areas13
Values for jobs tax revenues and other economic impacts are reported in the National Fish and Wildlife Foundationrsquos report ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo This report cites 94 million jobs $107 billion in federal state and local tax revenues and a total economic activity of $106 trillion The total contribution from hunting fishing wildlife viewing hiking camping skiing paddle sports and bicycling in the United States is estimated at $821 billion a year generating 6435000 jobs14
Trails generate revenueFor every $1 million spent on bicycle infrastructure approximately 11 jobs will be created according to a 2011 report by the Political Economy Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst Pedestrian infrastructure was found to create approximately 10 jobs for every $1 million spent Road-only projects such as repaving or widening roads have the lowest level of job creation This type of infrastructure creates approximately eight jobs per $1 million spent15
The Cross State Ride draws approximately 800 cyclists who spend an estimated $200000 in Virginia communities over a 20-week period16
A Virginia Tech study of New River Trail State Park and the Virginia Creeper Trail reports that the total tax revenue attributed to the trail in Galax was more than $238000 or 2 percent of the cityrsquos total 2010 tax revenue Average expenditures for each group of trail users were approximately $133 for lodging $44 at restaurants and another $32 for food
and drinks In addition trail users spent approximately $43 on gasoline oil and repairs and $3 for trail use entry and parking fees
The economic impact from trail use in Damascus was significant One business owner said ldquoThere is not a business in the community that is not impacted by the trail usersrdquo More than half of the businesses surveyed estimated 61 percent of their income is from trail use17
According to a 2010 study by the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service at the University of Virginia the Virginia horse industry had an annual economic impact of $12 billion and accounted for 16091 jobs In addition the equine industry generated more than $65 million in state and local taxes in 2010 with more than $37 million allocated to the state and more than $27 million going to localities Horse owners in Virginia spend about $873 million per year for equestrian-related costs and activities18
Water trails impact local community economicsA Virginia study of the local community impact of water trails has not been conducted However a 2002 study done in Wisconsin on the Kickapoo River shows spending per day per person ranged from $3450 to $879419 Another study of the Superior Trail in northern Minnesota according to a 2012 Iowa State University study estimated the economic impact of Iowarsquos water trails at $130 million
Table 22 Economic impact of water trails
water trail
annual direct economic
impactpaddler
expenditures
number of outings annually
Kickapoo River Wisconson
$123080000 non-local $88 per triplocals $41 per trip
1600
Roanoke River Paddle Trail North Carolina
$19369500 $2663 per day$8725 per trip
2220
Lake Superior Water Trail Minnesota
$10619100 43550 per day$6300 per day with resort lodging
3078
Source Lindsy Johnson Univ of Oregon 2002
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 25 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Figure 21 Economic contributions of wildlife watching fishing and hunting in Virginia
wildlife
Trip related $ 299762
Equipment $ 493321
Other $ 165524
Total $ 958607
fishing
Food and lodging $ 215544
Transportation $ 113859
Other trip costs $ 139693
Total Trip Related $ 469096
Fishing equipment $ 133986
Auxiliary equipment $ 6264
Special equipment $ 238872
Expenditures for other items
$ 293880
Total equipment $ 673002
Total $ 1142098
hunting
Food and lodging $ 73309
Transportation $ 93747
Other trip costs $ 130185
Total trip related $ 297241
Hunting equipment $ 227495
Auxiliary equipment $ 53040
Expenditures for other items
$ 293725
Total equipment $ 574260
Total $ 871501Source National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Assateague Island National Seashore consists of beach dunes forest marsh and bay in a wet and wild setting Photo by Bill Crabtree Jr courtesy of Virginia Tourism Corp
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 26 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Further readingJames City County Parks and Recreation Economic Impact Study
Conservation An Investment that Pays ndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Space
The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in Virginia
The Economic Benefits of the Park and Recreation System of Virginia Beach Virginia
Economic Benefits of Blueways
Table 23 Power and sail boat expendituresPower boats
boat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 99571 $137208838
16-26rsquo 129752 $491954708
26-40rsquo 8331 $104491568
gt40rsquo 328 $15129164
Sail boatsboat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 439 $604503
16-26rsquo 2523 $8960435
26-40rsquo 1239 $12858962
gt40rsquo 45 $1158660
Documented 8800 $338291187
Total 251028 $1110658023 Source Thomas Murray 2012
Economic impact of beaches The National Ocean Economics Programrsquos Center for Blue Economy researches the economic importance of beaches A video report by Jason Scorse includes socioeconomics of coastal resources and marine protection areas including beaches and wildlife habitat
The Surfrider Foundation also has summarized the economic impact of beaches
Economic impact of wildlife watching fishing hunting and boating The National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation estimates the number of wildlife-related recreationists and their expenditures The following charts summarize the statistics for Virginia
BoatingWhile the 2011 Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey shows a decrease in power boating the expenditures and economic impact of this activity continue to increase A recent presentation by Thomas Murray of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science documents these trends The total annual spending for power and sail boating in Virginia is $62558584021
Figure 22 2011 Boating industry employment impact
employment impacts jobs number
Direct effects 5476
Indirect effects 1602
Induced effects 1655
Total 8732
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 27 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Website directoryVirginia Outdoors Demand Surveyhttpwwwdcrvirginiagovrecreational_planningdocumentsvosexecsum11pdf
Virginia State Tourism PlanhttpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
Mecklenburg County Strategic Economic Development PlanhttpwwwmecklenburgvacommediaarchivepdfMecklenburg20Co20Econ20Dev20Stratrgic20Plan20050211pdf
The Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Serviceshttpwwwblueridgewatershedorgimages2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
Economic Contribution of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network to Local EconomieshttpwwwbaygatewaysnetpubsCBGN_Econ_Study_Tech_Report_FINAL_January_2012pdf
Money Generation Model ndash Version 2httpmgm2impactcommgm2mainhtm
Cross State Ridehttpwwwvabikeorg2011-virginia-cross-state-ride-kentucky-too
Economic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowahttpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
National Ocean Economics Programhttpwwwoceaneconomicsorg
Center for the Blue Economyhttpwwwmiiseduacademicsresearchcentersblue-economy
Oceanspagesorg ndash Assessing the Economic Impact of Marine Protection Areas (video)httpoceanspacesorgvideoassessing-socioeconomic-value-mpas
Surfrider Foundation ndash Economic Impact of Beaches (Beachapedia) httpwwwbeachapediaorgEconomic_Impact_of_Beaches
Works cited1 Outdoor Foundation ldquoOutdoor Recreation Participation
Report 2012rdquo 2012 pp 15-16 httpwwwoutdoorfoundationorgpdfResearchParticipation2012pdf
2 Outdoor Industry Association ldquoThe Outdoor Recreation Economy Take It Outside for Virginia Jobs and A Strong Economyrdquo httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgimagesore_reportsVA-virginia-outdoorrecreationeconomy-oiapdf
3 Virginia Tourism Corp ldquoVirginia State Tourism Planrdquo October 2012 p 5 httpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
4 Cultural Heritage Tourism News ldquoNew Study Reveals Popularity of US Cultural and Heritage Travelrdquo Winter 2010 pp 1-2 httpwwwculturalheritagetourismorgdocumentsFINALWinter2010pdf
5 Gies Erica ldquoConservation An Investment that Paysndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Spacerdquo The Trust for Public Land 2009 httpwwwtplorgpublicationsbooks-reportspark-benefitsconservation-payshtml
6 National Park Service ldquoEconomic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation and Payroll 2010rdquo Natural Resource Report NPSNRSSEQDNRR-2011481 wwwnaturenpsgovsocialsciencedocsNPSSystemEstimates2010pdf
7 Salazar Ken ldquoThe Economic Power of Outdoor Recreationrdquo The White House Blog Web May 10 2013 httpwwwwhitehousegovblog20110822economic-power-outdoor-recreation
8 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
9 Wyatt Chuck ldquoVOP ndash State Parks economicsrdquo Email to Janit Llewellyn Allen May 7 2013
10 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p10 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 22 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Recommendationsbull Create a source of dedicated state funds for outdoor
recreation
bull Fully fund Land and Water Conservation Fund Recreation Trails Program and Transportation Enhancement Program
bull Evaluate economic contributions of statewide outdoor recreation activities
Statewide and regional guidelines for implementation
bull Encourage the use of economic data to justify local and regional recreation initiatives
bull Incorporate the economic impact of outdoor recreation into parks recreation and local comprehensive plans
Outdoor recreation contributes to the economyThe economic contributions of outdoor recreation and its influence on tourism are significant The popularity and importance of various outdoor recreation activities are summarized in the Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey These activities include close-to-home outdoor recreation which contributes year-round to local economies
Employment status and the overall state of the economy undoubtedly affect peoplersquos decisions to recreate outdoors During the economic downturn 40 percent of outdoor participants cut back on nonessentials which included outdoor recreation Research by the Outdoor Foundation reports that more than 42 percent of those surveyed indicated the economy affects how often they enjoy outdoor recreation1
In spite of the economic downturn a report from the Outdoor Industry Association shows Virginia receives more than $18 billion annually in economic benefit from outdoor recreation2
Table 21 Outdoor recreation contributes to Virginiarsquos economy
Consumer spending $136 billion
Wages and salary $39 billion
State and local tax revenue $923 million
Virginia jobs 138200
Statistics based on national surveys of outdoor recreation conducted for Outdoor Industry Association in 2011 and 2012httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgadvocacyrecreationeconomyhtml
Long-term projections show that participation in tourism and recreation in Virginia has grown steadily since the 1980s Over the last five years connections between outdoor recreation and tourism have strengthened partly because of the development of the Virginia State Tourism Plan According to the 2012 draft plan the economic impact of the tourism industry in 2011 was $204 billion with international travelers providing $390 million of that Tourism is the statersquos fifth largest nonfarm industry supporting approximately 207000 jobs3 As local economic bases shift from manufacturing and resource extraction many communities are relying more on tourism to boost local coffers
The Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey indicates that visiting natural areas and visiting historic areas are two of the top recreational activities for Virginians It is no surprise that the statersquos most sought after tourist attractions involve history scenery nature and outdoor adventure The link between tourism and recreation also has become stronger as many look for recreation close to home Nationally driving for pleasure is still one of the top recreational activities and scenic views vistas and drives continue to be major attractions for travelers in Virginia Collaboration with tourism officials and implementation of the Virginia State Tourism Plan will give communities a competitive edge in increasing economic strength
A survey sponsored by Heritage Travel Inc shows 118 million adults nationwide participate in cultural or heritage activities while traveling3 These travelers spend an average of $994 per trip compared with $611 per trip spent by other travelers Travelers who participate in cultural or heritage activities contribute $192 billion annually to the US economy4
ldquo More than 140 million Americans make outdoor recreation a priority in their daily lives ndash and they prove it with their wallets Each year Americans spend $646 billion on outdoor recreationrdquo
mdashThe Outdoor Recreation Economy 2012 Outdoor Industry Association Report
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 23 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Mecklenburg County has developed a tourism plan that capitalizes on the arearsquos outdoor recreation and land conservation amenities
The value of land near parksIn a 2009 report for the Trust for Public Land Erica Gies writes that properties located near parks increased in value by $100 per square foot In addition parks located within walking distance of communities support active living and reduce health care costs Ecosystem services such as the conservation of water quality reduced stormwater treatment costs reduced pollution and lowered energy costs are all added values The report concludes that while it may be difficult to assess the value of creating parks and preserving open space farmland and natural areas outdoor recreation and conservation are a cost benefit Communities that conserve land and promote outdoor recreation save money and provide community resources Therefore expenditures for parks and land conservation are an investment that over time provides dividends to communities5
The contribution of national parks to local economiesNational Park Service sites received 281 million recreation visits in 2010 with visitors spending more than $12 billion Half of this spending was for lodging and meals 19 percent for gas and local transportation 13 percent for retail purchases 10 percent for amusement and 8 percent for groceries6
National statistics suggest outdoor recreation contributes an estimated $730 billion to the US economy Approximately one in every 20 jobs is related to recreation7 In Virginia it is estimated that approximately $8 billion per year is spent
on recreation State and national parks attract 48 percent of outdoor recreationists and beaches attract 34 percent8 Several studies confirm that national parks are vital to Virginiarsquos economy Studies by Aaron Paul and Danielle Phillips evaluate the economic impacts of Shenandoah National Park to local economies In addition a study on the economic impact of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Water Trails Network by Daniel J Stynes of Michigan State University shows the regional benefits of this National Park Service initiative
Virginia State Parks economic summary There are a number of ways to estimate the economic significance of a state park system The Money Generation Model ndash Version 2 developed by Stynes and Dennis Propst for the National Park Service shows state park systems create more than $23 billion in annual sales $97 billion in income and almost 320000 jobs based on reported activity for the 2010 fiscal year
In Virginia another method that estimates the economic impact created by different types of users shows the overall annual economic activity to be more than $189 million for some 8 million visitors Comparing this level of economic impact to the $17 million in general fund operating dollars shows a return on this investment of almost $11 in economic activity for every dollar of general fund spending9
Scenic resources and travelMore than 31 percent of Virginiarsquos visitors reported taking a scenic drive making scenic resources a significant factor for tourism10 Developments that conserve land and visual assets retain value over time Wintergreen Resort reports that $15 million in development sales were forfeited to save views within and surrounding the resort Likewise a 2300-acre development at the Homestead Preserve in Bath County limited density to 450 homes and put 935 acres into a conservation
The Yorktown waterfront draws history lovers to Virginiarsquos Historic Triangle Photo by Robert Hunter courtesy of Scenic Virginia
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 24 wwwdcrvirginiagov
easement to preserve scenic resources surrounding the development Another large development in Albemarle County preserves agrarian landscapes for homeowners who want to live in a rural farmland setting This development allows residents shared access to green space orchards and hiking trails11
Natural areas and conservation contribute to economic health The estimated annual economic benefit from natural services afforded via natural areas and land conservation is estimated at $218 billion Of the benefits from natural services $51 billion is provided by public lands and $520 million is from private lands under easement12
Other studies link environmental conservation and local economic development through ecotourism especially in rural areas13
Values for jobs tax revenues and other economic impacts are reported in the National Fish and Wildlife Foundationrsquos report ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo This report cites 94 million jobs $107 billion in federal state and local tax revenues and a total economic activity of $106 trillion The total contribution from hunting fishing wildlife viewing hiking camping skiing paddle sports and bicycling in the United States is estimated at $821 billion a year generating 6435000 jobs14
Trails generate revenueFor every $1 million spent on bicycle infrastructure approximately 11 jobs will be created according to a 2011 report by the Political Economy Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst Pedestrian infrastructure was found to create approximately 10 jobs for every $1 million spent Road-only projects such as repaving or widening roads have the lowest level of job creation This type of infrastructure creates approximately eight jobs per $1 million spent15
The Cross State Ride draws approximately 800 cyclists who spend an estimated $200000 in Virginia communities over a 20-week period16
A Virginia Tech study of New River Trail State Park and the Virginia Creeper Trail reports that the total tax revenue attributed to the trail in Galax was more than $238000 or 2 percent of the cityrsquos total 2010 tax revenue Average expenditures for each group of trail users were approximately $133 for lodging $44 at restaurants and another $32 for food
and drinks In addition trail users spent approximately $43 on gasoline oil and repairs and $3 for trail use entry and parking fees
The economic impact from trail use in Damascus was significant One business owner said ldquoThere is not a business in the community that is not impacted by the trail usersrdquo More than half of the businesses surveyed estimated 61 percent of their income is from trail use17
According to a 2010 study by the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service at the University of Virginia the Virginia horse industry had an annual economic impact of $12 billion and accounted for 16091 jobs In addition the equine industry generated more than $65 million in state and local taxes in 2010 with more than $37 million allocated to the state and more than $27 million going to localities Horse owners in Virginia spend about $873 million per year for equestrian-related costs and activities18
Water trails impact local community economicsA Virginia study of the local community impact of water trails has not been conducted However a 2002 study done in Wisconsin on the Kickapoo River shows spending per day per person ranged from $3450 to $879419 Another study of the Superior Trail in northern Minnesota according to a 2012 Iowa State University study estimated the economic impact of Iowarsquos water trails at $130 million
Table 22 Economic impact of water trails
water trail
annual direct economic
impactpaddler
expenditures
number of outings annually
Kickapoo River Wisconson
$123080000 non-local $88 per triplocals $41 per trip
1600
Roanoke River Paddle Trail North Carolina
$19369500 $2663 per day$8725 per trip
2220
Lake Superior Water Trail Minnesota
$10619100 43550 per day$6300 per day with resort lodging
3078
Source Lindsy Johnson Univ of Oregon 2002
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 25 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Figure 21 Economic contributions of wildlife watching fishing and hunting in Virginia
wildlife
Trip related $ 299762
Equipment $ 493321
Other $ 165524
Total $ 958607
fishing
Food and lodging $ 215544
Transportation $ 113859
Other trip costs $ 139693
Total Trip Related $ 469096
Fishing equipment $ 133986
Auxiliary equipment $ 6264
Special equipment $ 238872
Expenditures for other items
$ 293880
Total equipment $ 673002
Total $ 1142098
hunting
Food and lodging $ 73309
Transportation $ 93747
Other trip costs $ 130185
Total trip related $ 297241
Hunting equipment $ 227495
Auxiliary equipment $ 53040
Expenditures for other items
$ 293725
Total equipment $ 574260
Total $ 871501Source National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Assateague Island National Seashore consists of beach dunes forest marsh and bay in a wet and wild setting Photo by Bill Crabtree Jr courtesy of Virginia Tourism Corp
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 26 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Further readingJames City County Parks and Recreation Economic Impact Study
Conservation An Investment that Pays ndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Space
The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in Virginia
The Economic Benefits of the Park and Recreation System of Virginia Beach Virginia
Economic Benefits of Blueways
Table 23 Power and sail boat expendituresPower boats
boat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 99571 $137208838
16-26rsquo 129752 $491954708
26-40rsquo 8331 $104491568
gt40rsquo 328 $15129164
Sail boatsboat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 439 $604503
16-26rsquo 2523 $8960435
26-40rsquo 1239 $12858962
gt40rsquo 45 $1158660
Documented 8800 $338291187
Total 251028 $1110658023 Source Thomas Murray 2012
Economic impact of beaches The National Ocean Economics Programrsquos Center for Blue Economy researches the economic importance of beaches A video report by Jason Scorse includes socioeconomics of coastal resources and marine protection areas including beaches and wildlife habitat
The Surfrider Foundation also has summarized the economic impact of beaches
Economic impact of wildlife watching fishing hunting and boating The National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation estimates the number of wildlife-related recreationists and their expenditures The following charts summarize the statistics for Virginia
BoatingWhile the 2011 Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey shows a decrease in power boating the expenditures and economic impact of this activity continue to increase A recent presentation by Thomas Murray of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science documents these trends The total annual spending for power and sail boating in Virginia is $62558584021
Figure 22 2011 Boating industry employment impact
employment impacts jobs number
Direct effects 5476
Indirect effects 1602
Induced effects 1655
Total 8732
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 27 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Website directoryVirginia Outdoors Demand Surveyhttpwwwdcrvirginiagovrecreational_planningdocumentsvosexecsum11pdf
Virginia State Tourism PlanhttpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
Mecklenburg County Strategic Economic Development PlanhttpwwwmecklenburgvacommediaarchivepdfMecklenburg20Co20Econ20Dev20Stratrgic20Plan20050211pdf
The Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Serviceshttpwwwblueridgewatershedorgimages2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
Economic Contribution of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network to Local EconomieshttpwwwbaygatewaysnetpubsCBGN_Econ_Study_Tech_Report_FINAL_January_2012pdf
Money Generation Model ndash Version 2httpmgm2impactcommgm2mainhtm
Cross State Ridehttpwwwvabikeorg2011-virginia-cross-state-ride-kentucky-too
Economic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowahttpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
National Ocean Economics Programhttpwwwoceaneconomicsorg
Center for the Blue Economyhttpwwwmiiseduacademicsresearchcentersblue-economy
Oceanspagesorg ndash Assessing the Economic Impact of Marine Protection Areas (video)httpoceanspacesorgvideoassessing-socioeconomic-value-mpas
Surfrider Foundation ndash Economic Impact of Beaches (Beachapedia) httpwwwbeachapediaorgEconomic_Impact_of_Beaches
Works cited1 Outdoor Foundation ldquoOutdoor Recreation Participation
Report 2012rdquo 2012 pp 15-16 httpwwwoutdoorfoundationorgpdfResearchParticipation2012pdf
2 Outdoor Industry Association ldquoThe Outdoor Recreation Economy Take It Outside for Virginia Jobs and A Strong Economyrdquo httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgimagesore_reportsVA-virginia-outdoorrecreationeconomy-oiapdf
3 Virginia Tourism Corp ldquoVirginia State Tourism Planrdquo October 2012 p 5 httpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
4 Cultural Heritage Tourism News ldquoNew Study Reveals Popularity of US Cultural and Heritage Travelrdquo Winter 2010 pp 1-2 httpwwwculturalheritagetourismorgdocumentsFINALWinter2010pdf
5 Gies Erica ldquoConservation An Investment that Paysndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Spacerdquo The Trust for Public Land 2009 httpwwwtplorgpublicationsbooks-reportspark-benefitsconservation-payshtml
6 National Park Service ldquoEconomic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation and Payroll 2010rdquo Natural Resource Report NPSNRSSEQDNRR-2011481 wwwnaturenpsgovsocialsciencedocsNPSSystemEstimates2010pdf
7 Salazar Ken ldquoThe Economic Power of Outdoor Recreationrdquo The White House Blog Web May 10 2013 httpwwwwhitehousegovblog20110822economic-power-outdoor-recreation
8 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
9 Wyatt Chuck ldquoVOP ndash State Parks economicsrdquo Email to Janit Llewellyn Allen May 7 2013
10 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p10 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 23 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Mecklenburg County has developed a tourism plan that capitalizes on the arearsquos outdoor recreation and land conservation amenities
The value of land near parksIn a 2009 report for the Trust for Public Land Erica Gies writes that properties located near parks increased in value by $100 per square foot In addition parks located within walking distance of communities support active living and reduce health care costs Ecosystem services such as the conservation of water quality reduced stormwater treatment costs reduced pollution and lowered energy costs are all added values The report concludes that while it may be difficult to assess the value of creating parks and preserving open space farmland and natural areas outdoor recreation and conservation are a cost benefit Communities that conserve land and promote outdoor recreation save money and provide community resources Therefore expenditures for parks and land conservation are an investment that over time provides dividends to communities5
The contribution of national parks to local economiesNational Park Service sites received 281 million recreation visits in 2010 with visitors spending more than $12 billion Half of this spending was for lodging and meals 19 percent for gas and local transportation 13 percent for retail purchases 10 percent for amusement and 8 percent for groceries6
National statistics suggest outdoor recreation contributes an estimated $730 billion to the US economy Approximately one in every 20 jobs is related to recreation7 In Virginia it is estimated that approximately $8 billion per year is spent
on recreation State and national parks attract 48 percent of outdoor recreationists and beaches attract 34 percent8 Several studies confirm that national parks are vital to Virginiarsquos economy Studies by Aaron Paul and Danielle Phillips evaluate the economic impacts of Shenandoah National Park to local economies In addition a study on the economic impact of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Water Trails Network by Daniel J Stynes of Michigan State University shows the regional benefits of this National Park Service initiative
Virginia State Parks economic summary There are a number of ways to estimate the economic significance of a state park system The Money Generation Model ndash Version 2 developed by Stynes and Dennis Propst for the National Park Service shows state park systems create more than $23 billion in annual sales $97 billion in income and almost 320000 jobs based on reported activity for the 2010 fiscal year
In Virginia another method that estimates the economic impact created by different types of users shows the overall annual economic activity to be more than $189 million for some 8 million visitors Comparing this level of economic impact to the $17 million in general fund operating dollars shows a return on this investment of almost $11 in economic activity for every dollar of general fund spending9
Scenic resources and travelMore than 31 percent of Virginiarsquos visitors reported taking a scenic drive making scenic resources a significant factor for tourism10 Developments that conserve land and visual assets retain value over time Wintergreen Resort reports that $15 million in development sales were forfeited to save views within and surrounding the resort Likewise a 2300-acre development at the Homestead Preserve in Bath County limited density to 450 homes and put 935 acres into a conservation
The Yorktown waterfront draws history lovers to Virginiarsquos Historic Triangle Photo by Robert Hunter courtesy of Scenic Virginia
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 24 wwwdcrvirginiagov
easement to preserve scenic resources surrounding the development Another large development in Albemarle County preserves agrarian landscapes for homeowners who want to live in a rural farmland setting This development allows residents shared access to green space orchards and hiking trails11
Natural areas and conservation contribute to economic health The estimated annual economic benefit from natural services afforded via natural areas and land conservation is estimated at $218 billion Of the benefits from natural services $51 billion is provided by public lands and $520 million is from private lands under easement12
Other studies link environmental conservation and local economic development through ecotourism especially in rural areas13
Values for jobs tax revenues and other economic impacts are reported in the National Fish and Wildlife Foundationrsquos report ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo This report cites 94 million jobs $107 billion in federal state and local tax revenues and a total economic activity of $106 trillion The total contribution from hunting fishing wildlife viewing hiking camping skiing paddle sports and bicycling in the United States is estimated at $821 billion a year generating 6435000 jobs14
Trails generate revenueFor every $1 million spent on bicycle infrastructure approximately 11 jobs will be created according to a 2011 report by the Political Economy Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst Pedestrian infrastructure was found to create approximately 10 jobs for every $1 million spent Road-only projects such as repaving or widening roads have the lowest level of job creation This type of infrastructure creates approximately eight jobs per $1 million spent15
The Cross State Ride draws approximately 800 cyclists who spend an estimated $200000 in Virginia communities over a 20-week period16
A Virginia Tech study of New River Trail State Park and the Virginia Creeper Trail reports that the total tax revenue attributed to the trail in Galax was more than $238000 or 2 percent of the cityrsquos total 2010 tax revenue Average expenditures for each group of trail users were approximately $133 for lodging $44 at restaurants and another $32 for food
and drinks In addition trail users spent approximately $43 on gasoline oil and repairs and $3 for trail use entry and parking fees
The economic impact from trail use in Damascus was significant One business owner said ldquoThere is not a business in the community that is not impacted by the trail usersrdquo More than half of the businesses surveyed estimated 61 percent of their income is from trail use17
According to a 2010 study by the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service at the University of Virginia the Virginia horse industry had an annual economic impact of $12 billion and accounted for 16091 jobs In addition the equine industry generated more than $65 million in state and local taxes in 2010 with more than $37 million allocated to the state and more than $27 million going to localities Horse owners in Virginia spend about $873 million per year for equestrian-related costs and activities18
Water trails impact local community economicsA Virginia study of the local community impact of water trails has not been conducted However a 2002 study done in Wisconsin on the Kickapoo River shows spending per day per person ranged from $3450 to $879419 Another study of the Superior Trail in northern Minnesota according to a 2012 Iowa State University study estimated the economic impact of Iowarsquos water trails at $130 million
Table 22 Economic impact of water trails
water trail
annual direct economic
impactpaddler
expenditures
number of outings annually
Kickapoo River Wisconson
$123080000 non-local $88 per triplocals $41 per trip
1600
Roanoke River Paddle Trail North Carolina
$19369500 $2663 per day$8725 per trip
2220
Lake Superior Water Trail Minnesota
$10619100 43550 per day$6300 per day with resort lodging
3078
Source Lindsy Johnson Univ of Oregon 2002
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 25 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Figure 21 Economic contributions of wildlife watching fishing and hunting in Virginia
wildlife
Trip related $ 299762
Equipment $ 493321
Other $ 165524
Total $ 958607
fishing
Food and lodging $ 215544
Transportation $ 113859
Other trip costs $ 139693
Total Trip Related $ 469096
Fishing equipment $ 133986
Auxiliary equipment $ 6264
Special equipment $ 238872
Expenditures for other items
$ 293880
Total equipment $ 673002
Total $ 1142098
hunting
Food and lodging $ 73309
Transportation $ 93747
Other trip costs $ 130185
Total trip related $ 297241
Hunting equipment $ 227495
Auxiliary equipment $ 53040
Expenditures for other items
$ 293725
Total equipment $ 574260
Total $ 871501Source National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Assateague Island National Seashore consists of beach dunes forest marsh and bay in a wet and wild setting Photo by Bill Crabtree Jr courtesy of Virginia Tourism Corp
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 26 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Further readingJames City County Parks and Recreation Economic Impact Study
Conservation An Investment that Pays ndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Space
The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in Virginia
The Economic Benefits of the Park and Recreation System of Virginia Beach Virginia
Economic Benefits of Blueways
Table 23 Power and sail boat expendituresPower boats
boat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 99571 $137208838
16-26rsquo 129752 $491954708
26-40rsquo 8331 $104491568
gt40rsquo 328 $15129164
Sail boatsboat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 439 $604503
16-26rsquo 2523 $8960435
26-40rsquo 1239 $12858962
gt40rsquo 45 $1158660
Documented 8800 $338291187
Total 251028 $1110658023 Source Thomas Murray 2012
Economic impact of beaches The National Ocean Economics Programrsquos Center for Blue Economy researches the economic importance of beaches A video report by Jason Scorse includes socioeconomics of coastal resources and marine protection areas including beaches and wildlife habitat
The Surfrider Foundation also has summarized the economic impact of beaches
Economic impact of wildlife watching fishing hunting and boating The National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation estimates the number of wildlife-related recreationists and their expenditures The following charts summarize the statistics for Virginia
BoatingWhile the 2011 Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey shows a decrease in power boating the expenditures and economic impact of this activity continue to increase A recent presentation by Thomas Murray of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science documents these trends The total annual spending for power and sail boating in Virginia is $62558584021
Figure 22 2011 Boating industry employment impact
employment impacts jobs number
Direct effects 5476
Indirect effects 1602
Induced effects 1655
Total 8732
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 27 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Website directoryVirginia Outdoors Demand Surveyhttpwwwdcrvirginiagovrecreational_planningdocumentsvosexecsum11pdf
Virginia State Tourism PlanhttpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
Mecklenburg County Strategic Economic Development PlanhttpwwwmecklenburgvacommediaarchivepdfMecklenburg20Co20Econ20Dev20Stratrgic20Plan20050211pdf
The Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Serviceshttpwwwblueridgewatershedorgimages2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
Economic Contribution of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network to Local EconomieshttpwwwbaygatewaysnetpubsCBGN_Econ_Study_Tech_Report_FINAL_January_2012pdf
Money Generation Model ndash Version 2httpmgm2impactcommgm2mainhtm
Cross State Ridehttpwwwvabikeorg2011-virginia-cross-state-ride-kentucky-too
Economic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowahttpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
National Ocean Economics Programhttpwwwoceaneconomicsorg
Center for the Blue Economyhttpwwwmiiseduacademicsresearchcentersblue-economy
Oceanspagesorg ndash Assessing the Economic Impact of Marine Protection Areas (video)httpoceanspacesorgvideoassessing-socioeconomic-value-mpas
Surfrider Foundation ndash Economic Impact of Beaches (Beachapedia) httpwwwbeachapediaorgEconomic_Impact_of_Beaches
Works cited1 Outdoor Foundation ldquoOutdoor Recreation Participation
Report 2012rdquo 2012 pp 15-16 httpwwwoutdoorfoundationorgpdfResearchParticipation2012pdf
2 Outdoor Industry Association ldquoThe Outdoor Recreation Economy Take It Outside for Virginia Jobs and A Strong Economyrdquo httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgimagesore_reportsVA-virginia-outdoorrecreationeconomy-oiapdf
3 Virginia Tourism Corp ldquoVirginia State Tourism Planrdquo October 2012 p 5 httpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
4 Cultural Heritage Tourism News ldquoNew Study Reveals Popularity of US Cultural and Heritage Travelrdquo Winter 2010 pp 1-2 httpwwwculturalheritagetourismorgdocumentsFINALWinter2010pdf
5 Gies Erica ldquoConservation An Investment that Paysndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Spacerdquo The Trust for Public Land 2009 httpwwwtplorgpublicationsbooks-reportspark-benefitsconservation-payshtml
6 National Park Service ldquoEconomic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation and Payroll 2010rdquo Natural Resource Report NPSNRSSEQDNRR-2011481 wwwnaturenpsgovsocialsciencedocsNPSSystemEstimates2010pdf
7 Salazar Ken ldquoThe Economic Power of Outdoor Recreationrdquo The White House Blog Web May 10 2013 httpwwwwhitehousegovblog20110822economic-power-outdoor-recreation
8 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
9 Wyatt Chuck ldquoVOP ndash State Parks economicsrdquo Email to Janit Llewellyn Allen May 7 2013
10 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p10 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 24 wwwdcrvirginiagov
easement to preserve scenic resources surrounding the development Another large development in Albemarle County preserves agrarian landscapes for homeowners who want to live in a rural farmland setting This development allows residents shared access to green space orchards and hiking trails11
Natural areas and conservation contribute to economic health The estimated annual economic benefit from natural services afforded via natural areas and land conservation is estimated at $218 billion Of the benefits from natural services $51 billion is provided by public lands and $520 million is from private lands under easement12
Other studies link environmental conservation and local economic development through ecotourism especially in rural areas13
Values for jobs tax revenues and other economic impacts are reported in the National Fish and Wildlife Foundationrsquos report ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo This report cites 94 million jobs $107 billion in federal state and local tax revenues and a total economic activity of $106 trillion The total contribution from hunting fishing wildlife viewing hiking camping skiing paddle sports and bicycling in the United States is estimated at $821 billion a year generating 6435000 jobs14
Trails generate revenueFor every $1 million spent on bicycle infrastructure approximately 11 jobs will be created according to a 2011 report by the Political Economy Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst Pedestrian infrastructure was found to create approximately 10 jobs for every $1 million spent Road-only projects such as repaving or widening roads have the lowest level of job creation This type of infrastructure creates approximately eight jobs per $1 million spent15
The Cross State Ride draws approximately 800 cyclists who spend an estimated $200000 in Virginia communities over a 20-week period16
A Virginia Tech study of New River Trail State Park and the Virginia Creeper Trail reports that the total tax revenue attributed to the trail in Galax was more than $238000 or 2 percent of the cityrsquos total 2010 tax revenue Average expenditures for each group of trail users were approximately $133 for lodging $44 at restaurants and another $32 for food
and drinks In addition trail users spent approximately $43 on gasoline oil and repairs and $3 for trail use entry and parking fees
The economic impact from trail use in Damascus was significant One business owner said ldquoThere is not a business in the community that is not impacted by the trail usersrdquo More than half of the businesses surveyed estimated 61 percent of their income is from trail use17
According to a 2010 study by the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service at the University of Virginia the Virginia horse industry had an annual economic impact of $12 billion and accounted for 16091 jobs In addition the equine industry generated more than $65 million in state and local taxes in 2010 with more than $37 million allocated to the state and more than $27 million going to localities Horse owners in Virginia spend about $873 million per year for equestrian-related costs and activities18
Water trails impact local community economicsA Virginia study of the local community impact of water trails has not been conducted However a 2002 study done in Wisconsin on the Kickapoo River shows spending per day per person ranged from $3450 to $879419 Another study of the Superior Trail in northern Minnesota according to a 2012 Iowa State University study estimated the economic impact of Iowarsquos water trails at $130 million
Table 22 Economic impact of water trails
water trail
annual direct economic
impactpaddler
expenditures
number of outings annually
Kickapoo River Wisconson
$123080000 non-local $88 per triplocals $41 per trip
1600
Roanoke River Paddle Trail North Carolina
$19369500 $2663 per day$8725 per trip
2220
Lake Superior Water Trail Minnesota
$10619100 43550 per day$6300 per day with resort lodging
3078
Source Lindsy Johnson Univ of Oregon 2002
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 25 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Figure 21 Economic contributions of wildlife watching fishing and hunting in Virginia
wildlife
Trip related $ 299762
Equipment $ 493321
Other $ 165524
Total $ 958607
fishing
Food and lodging $ 215544
Transportation $ 113859
Other trip costs $ 139693
Total Trip Related $ 469096
Fishing equipment $ 133986
Auxiliary equipment $ 6264
Special equipment $ 238872
Expenditures for other items
$ 293880
Total equipment $ 673002
Total $ 1142098
hunting
Food and lodging $ 73309
Transportation $ 93747
Other trip costs $ 130185
Total trip related $ 297241
Hunting equipment $ 227495
Auxiliary equipment $ 53040
Expenditures for other items
$ 293725
Total equipment $ 574260
Total $ 871501Source National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Assateague Island National Seashore consists of beach dunes forest marsh and bay in a wet and wild setting Photo by Bill Crabtree Jr courtesy of Virginia Tourism Corp
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 26 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Further readingJames City County Parks and Recreation Economic Impact Study
Conservation An Investment that Pays ndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Space
The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in Virginia
The Economic Benefits of the Park and Recreation System of Virginia Beach Virginia
Economic Benefits of Blueways
Table 23 Power and sail boat expendituresPower boats
boat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 99571 $137208838
16-26rsquo 129752 $491954708
26-40rsquo 8331 $104491568
gt40rsquo 328 $15129164
Sail boatsboat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 439 $604503
16-26rsquo 2523 $8960435
26-40rsquo 1239 $12858962
gt40rsquo 45 $1158660
Documented 8800 $338291187
Total 251028 $1110658023 Source Thomas Murray 2012
Economic impact of beaches The National Ocean Economics Programrsquos Center for Blue Economy researches the economic importance of beaches A video report by Jason Scorse includes socioeconomics of coastal resources and marine protection areas including beaches and wildlife habitat
The Surfrider Foundation also has summarized the economic impact of beaches
Economic impact of wildlife watching fishing hunting and boating The National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation estimates the number of wildlife-related recreationists and their expenditures The following charts summarize the statistics for Virginia
BoatingWhile the 2011 Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey shows a decrease in power boating the expenditures and economic impact of this activity continue to increase A recent presentation by Thomas Murray of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science documents these trends The total annual spending for power and sail boating in Virginia is $62558584021
Figure 22 2011 Boating industry employment impact
employment impacts jobs number
Direct effects 5476
Indirect effects 1602
Induced effects 1655
Total 8732
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 27 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Website directoryVirginia Outdoors Demand Surveyhttpwwwdcrvirginiagovrecreational_planningdocumentsvosexecsum11pdf
Virginia State Tourism PlanhttpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
Mecklenburg County Strategic Economic Development PlanhttpwwwmecklenburgvacommediaarchivepdfMecklenburg20Co20Econ20Dev20Stratrgic20Plan20050211pdf
The Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Serviceshttpwwwblueridgewatershedorgimages2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
Economic Contribution of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network to Local EconomieshttpwwwbaygatewaysnetpubsCBGN_Econ_Study_Tech_Report_FINAL_January_2012pdf
Money Generation Model ndash Version 2httpmgm2impactcommgm2mainhtm
Cross State Ridehttpwwwvabikeorg2011-virginia-cross-state-ride-kentucky-too
Economic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowahttpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
National Ocean Economics Programhttpwwwoceaneconomicsorg
Center for the Blue Economyhttpwwwmiiseduacademicsresearchcentersblue-economy
Oceanspagesorg ndash Assessing the Economic Impact of Marine Protection Areas (video)httpoceanspacesorgvideoassessing-socioeconomic-value-mpas
Surfrider Foundation ndash Economic Impact of Beaches (Beachapedia) httpwwwbeachapediaorgEconomic_Impact_of_Beaches
Works cited1 Outdoor Foundation ldquoOutdoor Recreation Participation
Report 2012rdquo 2012 pp 15-16 httpwwwoutdoorfoundationorgpdfResearchParticipation2012pdf
2 Outdoor Industry Association ldquoThe Outdoor Recreation Economy Take It Outside for Virginia Jobs and A Strong Economyrdquo httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgimagesore_reportsVA-virginia-outdoorrecreationeconomy-oiapdf
3 Virginia Tourism Corp ldquoVirginia State Tourism Planrdquo October 2012 p 5 httpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
4 Cultural Heritage Tourism News ldquoNew Study Reveals Popularity of US Cultural and Heritage Travelrdquo Winter 2010 pp 1-2 httpwwwculturalheritagetourismorgdocumentsFINALWinter2010pdf
5 Gies Erica ldquoConservation An Investment that Paysndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Spacerdquo The Trust for Public Land 2009 httpwwwtplorgpublicationsbooks-reportspark-benefitsconservation-payshtml
6 National Park Service ldquoEconomic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation and Payroll 2010rdquo Natural Resource Report NPSNRSSEQDNRR-2011481 wwwnaturenpsgovsocialsciencedocsNPSSystemEstimates2010pdf
7 Salazar Ken ldquoThe Economic Power of Outdoor Recreationrdquo The White House Blog Web May 10 2013 httpwwwwhitehousegovblog20110822economic-power-outdoor-recreation
8 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
9 Wyatt Chuck ldquoVOP ndash State Parks economicsrdquo Email to Janit Llewellyn Allen May 7 2013
10 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p10 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 25 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Figure 21 Economic contributions of wildlife watching fishing and hunting in Virginia
wildlife
Trip related $ 299762
Equipment $ 493321
Other $ 165524
Total $ 958607
fishing
Food and lodging $ 215544
Transportation $ 113859
Other trip costs $ 139693
Total Trip Related $ 469096
Fishing equipment $ 133986
Auxiliary equipment $ 6264
Special equipment $ 238872
Expenditures for other items
$ 293880
Total equipment $ 673002
Total $ 1142098
hunting
Food and lodging $ 73309
Transportation $ 93747
Other trip costs $ 130185
Total trip related $ 297241
Hunting equipment $ 227495
Auxiliary equipment $ 53040
Expenditures for other items
$ 293725
Total equipment $ 574260
Total $ 871501Source National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Assateague Island National Seashore consists of beach dunes forest marsh and bay in a wet and wild setting Photo by Bill Crabtree Jr courtesy of Virginia Tourism Corp
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 26 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Further readingJames City County Parks and Recreation Economic Impact Study
Conservation An Investment that Pays ndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Space
The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in Virginia
The Economic Benefits of the Park and Recreation System of Virginia Beach Virginia
Economic Benefits of Blueways
Table 23 Power and sail boat expendituresPower boats
boat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 99571 $137208838
16-26rsquo 129752 $491954708
26-40rsquo 8331 $104491568
gt40rsquo 328 $15129164
Sail boatsboat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 439 $604503
16-26rsquo 2523 $8960435
26-40rsquo 1239 $12858962
gt40rsquo 45 $1158660
Documented 8800 $338291187
Total 251028 $1110658023 Source Thomas Murray 2012
Economic impact of beaches The National Ocean Economics Programrsquos Center for Blue Economy researches the economic importance of beaches A video report by Jason Scorse includes socioeconomics of coastal resources and marine protection areas including beaches and wildlife habitat
The Surfrider Foundation also has summarized the economic impact of beaches
Economic impact of wildlife watching fishing hunting and boating The National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation estimates the number of wildlife-related recreationists and their expenditures The following charts summarize the statistics for Virginia
BoatingWhile the 2011 Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey shows a decrease in power boating the expenditures and economic impact of this activity continue to increase A recent presentation by Thomas Murray of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science documents these trends The total annual spending for power and sail boating in Virginia is $62558584021
Figure 22 2011 Boating industry employment impact
employment impacts jobs number
Direct effects 5476
Indirect effects 1602
Induced effects 1655
Total 8732
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 27 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Website directoryVirginia Outdoors Demand Surveyhttpwwwdcrvirginiagovrecreational_planningdocumentsvosexecsum11pdf
Virginia State Tourism PlanhttpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
Mecklenburg County Strategic Economic Development PlanhttpwwwmecklenburgvacommediaarchivepdfMecklenburg20Co20Econ20Dev20Stratrgic20Plan20050211pdf
The Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Serviceshttpwwwblueridgewatershedorgimages2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
Economic Contribution of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network to Local EconomieshttpwwwbaygatewaysnetpubsCBGN_Econ_Study_Tech_Report_FINAL_January_2012pdf
Money Generation Model ndash Version 2httpmgm2impactcommgm2mainhtm
Cross State Ridehttpwwwvabikeorg2011-virginia-cross-state-ride-kentucky-too
Economic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowahttpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
National Ocean Economics Programhttpwwwoceaneconomicsorg
Center for the Blue Economyhttpwwwmiiseduacademicsresearchcentersblue-economy
Oceanspagesorg ndash Assessing the Economic Impact of Marine Protection Areas (video)httpoceanspacesorgvideoassessing-socioeconomic-value-mpas
Surfrider Foundation ndash Economic Impact of Beaches (Beachapedia) httpwwwbeachapediaorgEconomic_Impact_of_Beaches
Works cited1 Outdoor Foundation ldquoOutdoor Recreation Participation
Report 2012rdquo 2012 pp 15-16 httpwwwoutdoorfoundationorgpdfResearchParticipation2012pdf
2 Outdoor Industry Association ldquoThe Outdoor Recreation Economy Take It Outside for Virginia Jobs and A Strong Economyrdquo httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgimagesore_reportsVA-virginia-outdoorrecreationeconomy-oiapdf
3 Virginia Tourism Corp ldquoVirginia State Tourism Planrdquo October 2012 p 5 httpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
4 Cultural Heritage Tourism News ldquoNew Study Reveals Popularity of US Cultural and Heritage Travelrdquo Winter 2010 pp 1-2 httpwwwculturalheritagetourismorgdocumentsFINALWinter2010pdf
5 Gies Erica ldquoConservation An Investment that Paysndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Spacerdquo The Trust for Public Land 2009 httpwwwtplorgpublicationsbooks-reportspark-benefitsconservation-payshtml
6 National Park Service ldquoEconomic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation and Payroll 2010rdquo Natural Resource Report NPSNRSSEQDNRR-2011481 wwwnaturenpsgovsocialsciencedocsNPSSystemEstimates2010pdf
7 Salazar Ken ldquoThe Economic Power of Outdoor Recreationrdquo The White House Blog Web May 10 2013 httpwwwwhitehousegovblog20110822economic-power-outdoor-recreation
8 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
9 Wyatt Chuck ldquoVOP ndash State Parks economicsrdquo Email to Janit Llewellyn Allen May 7 2013
10 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p10 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 26 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Further readingJames City County Parks and Recreation Economic Impact Study
Conservation An Investment that Pays ndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Space
The Economic Impact of the Horse Industry in Virginia
The Economic Benefits of the Park and Recreation System of Virginia Beach Virginia
Economic Benefits of Blueways
Table 23 Power and sail boat expendituresPower boats
boat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 99571 $137208838
16-26rsquo 129752 $491954708
26-40rsquo 8331 $104491568
gt40rsquo 328 $15129164
Sail boatsboat Size number total expenditure
lt16rsquo 439 $604503
16-26rsquo 2523 $8960435
26-40rsquo 1239 $12858962
gt40rsquo 45 $1158660
Documented 8800 $338291187
Total 251028 $1110658023 Source Thomas Murray 2012
Economic impact of beaches The National Ocean Economics Programrsquos Center for Blue Economy researches the economic importance of beaches A video report by Jason Scorse includes socioeconomics of coastal resources and marine protection areas including beaches and wildlife habitat
The Surfrider Foundation also has summarized the economic impact of beaches
Economic impact of wildlife watching fishing hunting and boating The National Survey of Fishing Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation estimates the number of wildlife-related recreationists and their expenditures The following charts summarize the statistics for Virginia
BoatingWhile the 2011 Virginia Outdoors Demand Survey shows a decrease in power boating the expenditures and economic impact of this activity continue to increase A recent presentation by Thomas Murray of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science documents these trends The total annual spending for power and sail boating in Virginia is $62558584021
Figure 22 2011 Boating industry employment impact
employment impacts jobs number
Direct effects 5476
Indirect effects 1602
Induced effects 1655
Total 8732
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 27 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Website directoryVirginia Outdoors Demand Surveyhttpwwwdcrvirginiagovrecreational_planningdocumentsvosexecsum11pdf
Virginia State Tourism PlanhttpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
Mecklenburg County Strategic Economic Development PlanhttpwwwmecklenburgvacommediaarchivepdfMecklenburg20Co20Econ20Dev20Stratrgic20Plan20050211pdf
The Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Serviceshttpwwwblueridgewatershedorgimages2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
Economic Contribution of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network to Local EconomieshttpwwwbaygatewaysnetpubsCBGN_Econ_Study_Tech_Report_FINAL_January_2012pdf
Money Generation Model ndash Version 2httpmgm2impactcommgm2mainhtm
Cross State Ridehttpwwwvabikeorg2011-virginia-cross-state-ride-kentucky-too
Economic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowahttpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
National Ocean Economics Programhttpwwwoceaneconomicsorg
Center for the Blue Economyhttpwwwmiiseduacademicsresearchcentersblue-economy
Oceanspagesorg ndash Assessing the Economic Impact of Marine Protection Areas (video)httpoceanspacesorgvideoassessing-socioeconomic-value-mpas
Surfrider Foundation ndash Economic Impact of Beaches (Beachapedia) httpwwwbeachapediaorgEconomic_Impact_of_Beaches
Works cited1 Outdoor Foundation ldquoOutdoor Recreation Participation
Report 2012rdquo 2012 pp 15-16 httpwwwoutdoorfoundationorgpdfResearchParticipation2012pdf
2 Outdoor Industry Association ldquoThe Outdoor Recreation Economy Take It Outside for Virginia Jobs and A Strong Economyrdquo httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgimagesore_reportsVA-virginia-outdoorrecreationeconomy-oiapdf
3 Virginia Tourism Corp ldquoVirginia State Tourism Planrdquo October 2012 p 5 httpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
4 Cultural Heritage Tourism News ldquoNew Study Reveals Popularity of US Cultural and Heritage Travelrdquo Winter 2010 pp 1-2 httpwwwculturalheritagetourismorgdocumentsFINALWinter2010pdf
5 Gies Erica ldquoConservation An Investment that Paysndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Spacerdquo The Trust for Public Land 2009 httpwwwtplorgpublicationsbooks-reportspark-benefitsconservation-payshtml
6 National Park Service ldquoEconomic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation and Payroll 2010rdquo Natural Resource Report NPSNRSSEQDNRR-2011481 wwwnaturenpsgovsocialsciencedocsNPSSystemEstimates2010pdf
7 Salazar Ken ldquoThe Economic Power of Outdoor Recreationrdquo The White House Blog Web May 10 2013 httpwwwwhitehousegovblog20110822economic-power-outdoor-recreation
8 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
9 Wyatt Chuck ldquoVOP ndash State Parks economicsrdquo Email to Janit Llewellyn Allen May 7 2013
10 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p10 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 27 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Website directoryVirginia Outdoors Demand Surveyhttpwwwdcrvirginiagovrecreational_planningdocumentsvosexecsum11pdf
Virginia State Tourism PlanhttpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
Mecklenburg County Strategic Economic Development PlanhttpwwwmecklenburgvacommediaarchivepdfMecklenburg20Co20Econ20Dev20Stratrgic20Plan20050211pdf
The Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Serviceshttpwwwblueridgewatershedorgimages2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
Economic Contribution of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network to Local EconomieshttpwwwbaygatewaysnetpubsCBGN_Econ_Study_Tech_Report_FINAL_January_2012pdf
Money Generation Model ndash Version 2httpmgm2impactcommgm2mainhtm
Cross State Ridehttpwwwvabikeorg2011-virginia-cross-state-ride-kentucky-too
Economic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowahttpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
National Ocean Economics Programhttpwwwoceaneconomicsorg
Center for the Blue Economyhttpwwwmiiseduacademicsresearchcentersblue-economy
Oceanspagesorg ndash Assessing the Economic Impact of Marine Protection Areas (video)httpoceanspacesorgvideoassessing-socioeconomic-value-mpas
Surfrider Foundation ndash Economic Impact of Beaches (Beachapedia) httpwwwbeachapediaorgEconomic_Impact_of_Beaches
Works cited1 Outdoor Foundation ldquoOutdoor Recreation Participation
Report 2012rdquo 2012 pp 15-16 httpwwwoutdoorfoundationorgpdfResearchParticipation2012pdf
2 Outdoor Industry Association ldquoThe Outdoor Recreation Economy Take It Outside for Virginia Jobs and A Strong Economyrdquo httpwwwoutdoorindustryorgimagesore_reportsVA-virginia-outdoorrecreationeconomy-oiapdf
3 Virginia Tourism Corp ldquoVirginia State Tourism Planrdquo October 2012 p 5 httpwwwvatcorguploadedFilesPartnership_Alliance_MarketingVirginiaSTP_Project20Overview_DRAFT_10-22-12pdf
4 Cultural Heritage Tourism News ldquoNew Study Reveals Popularity of US Cultural and Heritage Travelrdquo Winter 2010 pp 1-2 httpwwwculturalheritagetourismorgdocumentsFINALWinter2010pdf
5 Gies Erica ldquoConservation An Investment that Paysndash The Economic Benefits of Parks amp Open Spacerdquo The Trust for Public Land 2009 httpwwwtplorgpublicationsbooks-reportspark-benefitsconservation-payshtml
6 National Park Service ldquoEconomic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation and Payroll 2010rdquo Natural Resource Report NPSNRSSEQDNRR-2011481 wwwnaturenpsgovsocialsciencedocsNPSSystemEstimates2010pdf
7 Salazar Ken ldquoThe Economic Power of Outdoor Recreationrdquo The White House Blog Web May 10 2013 httpwwwwhitehousegovblog20110822economic-power-outdoor-recreation
8 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
9 Wyatt Chuck ldquoVOP ndash State Parks economicsrdquo Email to Janit Llewellyn Allen May 7 2013
10 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p10 httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf
CHAPTER 2 Economics and Tourism
2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan 28 wwwdcrvirginiagov
Works cited continued
11 Ellis Nicole Anderson ldquoWhen less becomes more Developments conserve land to retain value and viewsrdquo Virginia Business Dec 29 2009 httpwwwvirginiabusinesscomindexphpnewsarticlewhen-less-becomes-more
12 Paul Aaron ldquoThe Economic Benefits of Natural Goods and Servicesrdquo Piedmont Environmental Council November 2011 p ii httpwwwpecvaorglibrarydocumentsResources-PublicationsReportsLand-Conservation2011-the-economic-benefit-of-natural-services-reportpdf
13 Ellerbrock Mike Dixie Watts Reaves and Kurt Stephenson ldquoManaging the Shadow Species Mandatesrdquo Virginia Tech July 2005
14 Southwick Associates ldquoThe Economics Associated with Outdoor Recreation Natural Resources Conservation and Historic Preservation in the United Statesrdquo National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sept 29 2011 httpwwwfwsgovrefugesnewspdfsTheEconomicValueofOutdoorRecreation[1]pdf
15 Garrett-Peltier Heidi ldquoPedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure A National Study of Employment Impactsrdquo University of Massachusetts-Amherst June 2011 httpwwwperiumassedu236hash64a34bab6a183a2fc06fdc212875a3adpublication467
16 Morgan Joseph ldquo800 Estimated Annual USBR 76 VA Through Ridersrdquo Email to Jennifer Wampler March 27 2012
17 Economic Development Studio at Virginia Tech ldquoBuilding Connectivity Through Recreation Trailsrdquo December 2011 httpwwwecondevvteduimagespdfsfinalreport_impact20of20trails_fall2011studiopdf
18 Rephann Terance J ldquoVirginiarsquos Horse Industry Characteristics and Economic Contributionsrdquo Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia July 2011 httpwwwcoopercenterorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsVA_Newsltr0711pdf
19 Johnson Lindsy ldquoCase Studies of Water Trail Impacts on Rural Communitiesrdquo Diss U of Oregon 2002 httpwwwnpsgovncrcprogramsrtcahelpfultoolswtimpactspdf
20 Otto Daniel ldquoEconomic Impacts of River Trail Recreation in Iowardquo Iowa State University March 2012 httpwwwcardiastateeduenvironmentitemseconomic_impacts_of_river_trail_recreationpdf
21 Murray Thomas J Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Recreational Boating in Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Marine Resource Report No 2012-12 December 2012 httpwwwvimseduresearchunitscenterspartnersmapeconanalysesdocsMRR2012_12pdf