GROWTH: Industrial Revolution

Science, Technology, & Society

$ Different Economic Systems $

NORTH INDUSTRIAL

Inventions increase production.

Factories

Reliance on cheap, unskilled labor

Supply of goods is high; prices are cheaper.

SOUTH • AGRICULTURAL

• Inventions increase crop

production & slave population

• Small Farms & Plantations

• Reliance on slave labor • Buy goods from the

North or Europe; prices are higher.

British Factories

• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century.

• Britain passed laws making it illegal to take plans to other countries.

• Samuel Slater: memorized plans of Richard Arkwright’s factory and opened 1st successful water-powered textile mill in U.S.

James Hargreaves and Francis Lowell

Spinning Jenny and Looms

• Water powered machines

• Used to spin thread and weave fabric.

• Effect:

Textile Mills were built throughout the New England region

The Lowell Girls

The Factory Town –

Lowell, MA

• James Lowell hired young farm girls to work in his factories.

• Lived in boarding houses.

• Strict behavior rules.

• It provided the women a chance to enjoy economic & personal freedom.

Factory Working Conditions

1. Varied by factory and owner.

2. Long days – 12 hours.

3. 6 days a week.

• Children as young as 7 were used in some factories.

• Production – not worker welfare – was most important.

Fredrikke Palmer, Women's Journal (1916)

Cotton Gin

• Eli Whitney

• Faster way to separate seeds from cotton fibers.

• Plantations were able to grow more cotton.

• Effect:

Increase in the number of slaves.

Interchangeable Parts

• Eli Whitney

• Spare parts

• Created for sections of a musket.

• Effect:

• Idea spread to many products.

• Increased speed of production

Steamboat

• Robert Fulton

“The Clermont”

• Allowed quicker and easier upstream travel

• Effect:

Increase in travel and trade along rivers.

Steel Plow

• John Deere

• Allowed faster, cleaner preparation of soil for sowing crops.

• Effects:

Increase in farm production & settlement of western territories.

Telegraph

• Samuel Morse

• Sent a series of long and short signals along a wire.

Morse code

• Effect:

Increases communication among states.

McCormick Reaper

• Cyrus McCormick

• Harvests ripe wheat quickly.

• Effect:

Increases grain production in the

western territories.

The American

System

Henry Clay’s economic plan for the United States:

Use money from protective tariffs to build roads and canals.

The National Road • Road built to connect

to states created in the Ohio Territory.

• 1st section completed in 1818

• Eventually expands to Vandalia, Illinois in 1857.

Erie Canal - 1825

• Connected Lake Erie (Buffalo, NY) to the Hudson River (Albany, NY)

1. Opened Ohio Valley and west to more settlement and trade.

2. Helped further unify the country.

Living in the cities

• Lack of order – police and fire

brigades were not parts of all cities.

• Prejudice – concerned both free

African-Americans and immigrants.

• Living conditions – dirty, unsanitary

• Overcrowded

Nativists • Felt that immigration threatened the future

of “native born” Americans.

• “Know-Nothing” Party – a political party that has its roots

in secret, anti-Catholic societies.

1) Wanted stricter citizenship laws.

2) Wanted to ban foreign-born citizens from holding any political offices.

Labor Unions

Groups of workers that unite for better working conditions

& collective bargaining.

• Workers would go on strike,

or refuse to work, until their demands were met.

• Wanted higher wages & 10 hour work day.

http://obrag.org/?p=30241

2nd Great Awakening

Optimistic message – do good work on earth and you will be rewarded in heaven.

• Tent revivals • Many new churches built. • Private colleges and universities established. (Image courtesy New York Historical Society)

This will set a tone of charity and good will for the era of social reform

The Liberator

• Abolitionist Newspaper

• William Lloyd Garrison

• Goal: to call for the “immediate and complete emancipation of” enslaved people.

• Result: New England Anti-slavery Society

“I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE

HEARD!”

Frederick Douglass

• Escaped slavery in 1838

• Self educated

• Wrote his autobiography to show the evils of slavery.

• Northern Star – his newspaper

• Important writer and orator for the abolitionist movement.

• Purchased his freedom in 1847.

“The white man's happiness cannot be

purchased by the black man's misery.”

Sojourner Truth

• Called “Belle” by her slave owner.

• Renamed herself to represent that she wanted to “walk in the light of God’s truth”.

• Fought for women’s rights as well as being an abolitionist.

“Ain’t I a Woman?!”

Underground Railroad

Abolitionist movement to help runaway slaves escape.

• Traveled at night.

• Led by “conductors”.

• Slept during the day at secure locations – nicknamed “stations”

Harriet Tubman

• Former slave, and Underground Railroad “conductor”

• Returned to the South 19 times.

• Led over 300 slaves to freedom.

• $40,000 reward for her capture in the South.

Many women were fighting for the abolition of slavery, BUT:

• They could not vote or hold office

• Money and property was controlled by fathers and husbands.

• They were not allowed to attend colleges.

• There were no laws limiting their treatment by husbands.

Elizabeth

Cady

Stanton

Early leader in the

fight for women’s

rights.

• Angered when she was not allowed to speak at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.

• Organized the Seneca Falls

Convention with Lucretia Mott.

Seneca Falls Convention

Wrote a proposal for

women’s rights to organize

their reform movement:

The Declaration of

Sentiments.

• July 19, 1848

• 300 people attended, including 40 men.

Susan B.

Anthony

Lecturer and leader of the

women’s suffrage

movement.

• Joined the women’s rights

movement in 1852. She had been inspired when she had not been allowed to speak at temperance rallies.

• Also involved in the abolitionist movement, women’s property rights, and labor unions.

Lyman Beecher

• Preached on many social

reforms, but focused on

temperance – the

movement to ban alcohol

abuse.

• Minister from CT

• Leader of the 2nd Great Awakening.

“No great advance has been made in science, politics, or religion without controversy.”

Horace Mann

Worked to promote public

education – education for

all children paid for with

state taxes.

• Promoted new schools for

children.

• Created teachers’ colleges

for training.

• The reason you are here!

“Our means of education are the grand machinery by which the ‘raw material’ of human nature can be worked into inventors and discoverers, into skilled artisans and scientific farmers.”

Education for the Disabled

Thomas Gallaudet

• Worked on methods to

educate hearing impaired.

• Opened Hartford School

for the Deaf.

Dr. Samuel Gridley

Howe

• Worked with the visually impaired.

• Developed books with large, raised letters.

Dorothea Dix

Prison and Mental Hospital reform.

• Visited a prison to teach

Sunday school and was

appalled at what she saw.

• Prepared a report and

presented it to the MA

legislature.

“I proceed…to call your attention to the present state of insane persons, confined…in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience.”

Results of Prison Reform

1. Public mental hospitals.

2. Debtors no longer sent to prison.

3. Cruel punishment (8th Amendment) is further

defined and outlawed.

4. Separate juvenile justice systems.

Hudson River School • Noted style of American

paintings of landscapes.

• Thomas Cole

• Asher B. Durand

• John James Audubon

John James Audubon

Member of the Hudson River School.

Famous for his illustrations of the birds of America.

Collection includes 435 portraits.

Audubon Society today continues to protect birds and their habitats.

Audubon, Golden Eagle, 1833–4

Frontier Artwork George Caleb Bingham

George Catlin

Alfred Jacob Miller

Influential Poets • Henry Woodsworth Longfellow “Paul Revere’s Ride” and “Song of Hiawatha”

• Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass; “Song of Myself”

• Emily Dickinson Over 1,000 poems published after her death.

• John Greenleaf Whittier/ Francis Watkins Harper Wrote poems about the evils of slavery

Influential Novelists • Washington Irving

“Legend of Sleepy Hollow”; “Rip Van Winkle”

• James Fenimore Cooper

The Deerslayer; Last of the Mohicans

• Herman Melville

Moby Dick; Billy Budd

• Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter

• Edgar Allen Poe

“The Raven”; “The Tell-Tale Heart”; “The Cask of Amontillado”

Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin -- Novel that dramatically shows the evils of slavery.

• Massive success – brought attention to the debate over slavery.

• Daughter of Lyman Beecher.

Transcendentalism

• Belief that the most important things in life transcended (went beyond) human reason.

• Humans and nature are deeply connected.

• Trust your emotions more than reason.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Transcendentalist Author

• Essays “Self-Reliance” and “Nature”

• Individualism – Each person has their own “inner light” & should use it to reform society.

Henry David Thoreau

• Civil Disobedience - you have the right to not follow any law you believe is unfair.

• Went to jail for refusing to pay taxes supporting the Mexican War.

• Author of Walden & Civil Disobedience

“Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty.” “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.”