economic growth 8 mcgraw-hill/irwincopyright © 2012 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights...
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Economic Growth
8
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Economic Growth
• Increase in real GDP or real GDP per capita over some time period
• Percentage rate of growth• Growth lessens burden of scarcity• Arithmetic of growth: Rule of 70
Approximatenumber of yearsrequired to doublereal GDP
=70
annual percentage rateof growth
LO1
Economic Growth• Growth U.S. real GDP 1950-2012
• 3.2% per year • Growth in U.S. real GDP per capita
• 2% per year
LO1
Modern Economic Growth
• Sustained and ongoing increases in living standards causing dramatic increases in the standard of living in less than a single lifetime.
LO2
Modern Economic Growth
• Time for leisure
• Social change
• Democracy
• Human lifespan doubled
Help Desk
LO2
Modern Economic Growth
• Began in 1700s with Industrial Revolution
• Has spread slowly
• Starting date main cause of worldwide differences in living standards
• Catching up is possible
• Leader countries invent technology
• Follower countries adopt technology
• Can grow faster
LO2
Modern Economic Growth
Figures are in 2005 dollars
Source: Penn World Table version 6.3, pwt.econ.upenn.edu
LO2
Real GDP Real GDP Average annual per capita, per capita, growth rate,
Country 1960 2010 1960-2010
United States $ 14,766 $41,365 2.1%United Kingdom 11,257 34,268 2.2France 9,347 31,299 2.4Ireland 6,666 34,877 3.3Japan 5,472 31,477 3.5Singapore 4,149 55,862 5.2Hong Kong 3,849 38,865 4.6South Korea 1,765 26,609 5.4
Modern Economic Growth
LO3
Institutional Structures of Growth
• Strong property rights
• Patents and copyrights
• Efficient financial institutions
• Literacy and widespread education
• Free trade
• Competitive market system
LO3
Determinants of Growth
• Supply factors• Increases in quantity and quality
of natural and human resources • Increases in the supply (or stock)
of capital goods• Improvements in technology
LO3
Determinants of Growth
• Demand factor• Households, businesses, and
government must purchase the economy’s expanding output
• Efficiency factor• Must achieve economic efficiency
and full employment
LO3
Labor and Productivity
• Size of employed labor force
• Average hours of work
LaborInputs(hours ofwork)
• Technological advance
• Quantity of capital
• Education and training
• Allocative efficiency
• Other
LaborProductivity(average output per hour)
RealGDP
Real GDP = hours of work x labor productivity
x =
LO3
U.S. Economic Growth
LO3
Accounting for the Growth of U.S. Real GDP, 1953-2011, Plus Projection from 2011-2022
(Average Annual Percentage Changes)
Source: Derived from Economic Report of the President, 2008, p. 45; and Economic Report of the President, 2010, p. 76 Economic Report of the President 2011, p. 52; Bureau of Economic Analysis; Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Accounting for Growth
• Factors affecting productivity growth• Technological advance (40%)• Quantity of capital (30%)• Education and training (15%)• Economies of scale and resource
allocation (15%)
LO3
Accounting for Growth
Average Test Scores of Eighth GradeStudents in Math and Science, 2011
Mathematics Science
LO3
Productivity Growth
• Average rate of growth
• 1.5% per year 1973-1995
• 2.4% per year 1995-2012
• Affects real output, real income, and real wages
• Pay higher wages without lowering profit
LO4
Productivity Growth
LO5