economic crisis & realignment...women,marriage, childbearing: - people married later in life -...

Economic Crisis & Realignment

1600-1650: An era of population decline, economic stagnation

Tuesday, November 5, 2013



- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted




- wars caused interruption in commerce, pop. decline- flow of new world precious metals slowed, deflation resulted





- pop. declined in Spain, HRE, Italy = economic recession, suffering






The Dutch:






The Dutch: - Pop. increased, business thrived, agric. innovation kept its food supply viable despite famines throughout most of Europe







England:







England:- never relied on New World gold, had a more stable economy







England:- never relied on New World gold, had a more stable economy- stayed out of 30 Yrs’ War, avoided pop. decline, famine disease







England:- never relied on New World gold, had a more stable economy- stayed out of 30 Yrs’ War, avoided pop. decline, famine disease

- England, France, Dutch eventually dominated new world commercial activity, replacing Mediterranean & central Euro economic hegemony in Europe


Causes of Recession in 17th Century:



1. Agriculture: could not keep up w/ pop. increase of the previous century led to food shortages, famine, disease




2. 30 Years’ War - pop. decline & interrupted commerce





3. Economic policies - overtaxation, banking practices





3. Economic policies - overtaxation, banking practices

4. Climate change - a series of cold winters & wet summers destroyed harvests & radically affected food supplies, prices


Effects of Economic Recession:

Peasantry:



Peasantry:

- Central & Eastern Europe - hardest hit by recession - Peasants became serfs under even greater control of nobility



Peasantry:


- Western & NW Europe - pop. & economic expansion caused peasantry to fade or disappear as a social class



Peasantry:



Women,Marriage, Childbearing:



Peasantry:



Women,Marriage, Childbearing:- People married later in life - young adults unable to support children - birthrates declined



Peasantry:



Women,Marriage, Childbearing:- People married later in life - young adults unable to support children - birthrates declined- Males abandoned family in search of work



Peasantry:



Women,Marriage, Childbearing:- People married later in life - young adults unable to support children - birthrates declined- Males abandoned family in search of work

- abandoned wives often went into domestic servitude, unable to support the family due to limited economic opportunity


The Rise of Secular and World Views



Secularization: A search for nonreligious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena




The Arts




The ArtsTheater - permanent professional acting theater companies entertained the elite and the growing middle class




The ArtsTheater - permanent professional acting theater companies entertained the elite and the growing middle class

- Shakespeare - his plays reflected the concerns of his age: the nature of power and the crisis of authority


Mannerism and the Baroque in Art

- helped shape ordinary people’s experience of religion

Mannerism:

- a theatrical style of art that allowed painters to distort perspective to convey a message or emphasize a theme

Baroque:- Replaced Renaissance art’s emphasis on harmony & clarity

- marked by curves, exaggerated lighting, intense emotion, release from restraint - contained an element of sensationalism

- Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Valazquez


The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586–1588, oil on canvas, 480 ! 360 cm, Santo Tomé, Toledo), now El Greco's best known work, illustrates a popular local legend. An exceptionally large painting, it is clearly divided into two zones: the heavenly above and the terrestrial below, brought together compositionally.

e Assumption of the Virgin (1577–1579, oil on canvas, 401 ! 228 cm, Art Institute of Chicago) was one of the nine paintings El Greco completed for the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo, his first commission in Spain.

El Greco - Mannerism


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burial_of_the_Count_of_Orgaz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burial_of_the_Count_of_Orgaz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Dominic_of_Silos_%28the_Old%29




File

The Night Watch by Rembrandt

Baroque


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt.jpg

Diego Velázquez, The surrender of Breda, 1635, oil on canvas, Museo del Prado, Madrid

BaroqueTuesday, November 5, 2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado

Natural Law of Politics



Montaigne - “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”




http://www.possibilian.com


http://www.possibilian.com/





- revived skepticism which held that certainty is never attainable - a doctrine repugnant to Catholics & Protestants alike








- Jean Bodin - sought secular answers for the problems of political and social disorder - believed that strong monarchy was the only solution









- an early proponent of Absolutism









- an early proponent of Absolutism- his discussion implied choice in gov’t style - undercut divine right monarchy




Grotius and Natural Law



Hugo Grotius - Dutch thinker who outlined “Natural Law”




- Natural Law - laws of nature that give legitimacy to gov’t & stand above the actions of any particular ruler or religious group





- used NL to condemn torture as used by Rel. & civil authority





- used NL to condemn torture as used by Rel. & civil authority

- defined “natural rights” as life, body, freedom, and honor -claimed that the purpose of gov’t was to defend them


The Scientific Revolution



Scientific Revolution -def. - The search for a secular, scientific method of determining the laws of nature using experimental observation and mathematical deduction




- Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) - a clergyman who attacked Ptolemaic (geocentric) model of the cosmos - claimed heliocentric view simplified the mathematics needed to explain celestial motion





-Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) - burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for teaching heliocentrism





-Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) - burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for teaching heliocentrism-Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - provided mathematical backing for the heliocentric theory - 3 Laws of Planetary Motion - cited that planetary orbits were elliptical, not circular





-Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) - burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for teaching heliocentrism-Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - provided mathematical backing for the heliocentric theory - 3 Laws of Planetary Motion - cited that planetary orbits were elliptical, not circular

-Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - built an improved telescope - viewed moons of Jupiter to add evidence to heliocentric view - tried & imprisoned by the InquisitionTuesday, November 5, 2013

Breakthroughs in Medicine


Breakthroughs in MedicineGalen - Ancient Greek physician, contemporary of Ptolemy - considered the authority & basis of European medical knowledge



Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - Flemish scientist who refuted Galen’s work - referenced public dissections to publish more accurate anatomy book On the Construction of the Human Body




Paracelsus (1493-1541)- German physician, performed operations, established the modern science of pharmacology




Paracelsus (1493-1541)- German physician, performed operations, established the modern science of pharmacology

William Harvey (1578-1657) - used dissections to explain circulation & the nature of the human heart - insisted the body operated

according to natural laws just as earth & the planets didTuesday, November 5, 2013

Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes



Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - promoted empiricism - gaining knowledge through observation & experiment (inductive reasoning)




- wrote The Advancement of Learning in which he rejected the ancients as unreliable & predicted that science would lead to social progress





Rene Descartes - French Catholic mathematician & philosopher - claimed that mathematical & mechanical principles were the key to

understanding all of nature, including the acts of people & gov’t -







- said “I think, therefore I am.”







- said “I think, therefore I am.”

- moved to the Dutch Republic to escape Church restrictions


Newton & Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)




- invented calculus to explain planetary motion





- * Principia Mathematica - published his law of universal gravitation- explained Kepler’s elliptical orbits





- * Principia Mathematica - published his law of universal gravitation- explained Kepler’s elliptical orbits

- believed that the laws of nature were like clockwork & were created by God - saw no conflict between science and faith


Magic & Witchcraft

- belief in them coincided w/ the scientific revolution

- many scientific thinkers still believed in alchemy, astrology, etc.


Magic & Witchcraft



Witchcraft trials - state & religious authorities turned to public trials- they reflected the anxiety of society in the face of economic crisis, plague, warfare, political uncertainty


Magic & Witchcraft




- most prevalent in Germany during 30 Yrs. War


Magic & Witchcraft





- over 100,000 trials in Europe & North America in 16th & 17th centuries


Magic & Witchcraft





- over 100,000 trials in Europe & North America in 16th & 17th centuries

- declined only when the elite discredited the belief & therefore refused to hold trials - most commoners still held the superstition


Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):

1. Religious differences reshaped every major Euro power, culminating in the Thirty Years’ War


Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):


2. Internationally, it was agreed not to fight over faith, internally, there would still be lesser conflicts of faith


Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):



3. Expanded State Power - wars led to the increased power of the state & the power of the monarch


Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):




4. Power shifted from the Mediterranean states to Northwestern Europe, which avoided worst damage of the 30 Yrs’ War


Conclusion Ch. 15: (1560-1648):




4. Power shifted from the Mediterranean states to Northwestern Europe, which avoided worst damage of the 30 Yrs’ War

5. Secularization of art, politics, & science


economic crisis & realignment...women,marriage, childbearing: - people married later in life -...

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