ecology notes
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecology Word Parts
1. Eco - environment2. Auto – self3. Hetero – others4. Homo – same5. Troph – eating/feeding6. Photo – light7. Synthesis – to make8. Carne - meat9. Herb – plant10. Omni – all/every11. -vorous –eat/swallow
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What Is Ecology?Ecology is the scientific study of
interactions among organisms (biotic)
and between organisms and their non-living environment
(abiotic).
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Energy Transfer through Trophic Levels
0.1% Third-level consumers
1% Second-level consumers
10% First-level consumers
100% Producers
About 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
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Types of Energy Transfers
Autotrophs/Producers – convert sunlight into chemical energy (ex plants and bacteria)
Heterotrophs/Consumers – rely on other organisms for energy
• Carnivores – meat eater• Herbivore – plant eater• Omnivore – eats plant and animals• Detritivores – break down dead material & returns nutrients
to the soil– Scavengers – eats scraps and leftovers– Decomposers – eats dead and decaying organisms
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Ecology Triangle
First Trophic Level – Producers, Autotrophs, Examples: Plants, Flowers, Grass, Shrubs
Second Trophic Level – Primary Consumers, Heterotrophs, Examples: Herbivores
3rd Trophic Level – Secondary Consumer, Heterotroph
Ex: Carnivores/Omnivores
4th Trophic Level Tertiary
Consumer, Heterotroph,
Ex: Top Carnivore
Sun- Ultimate Source of all Energy
Detritivores:
Scavengers and Decomposers
Most Energy
Least Energy
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Food Chain
• A simple linear feeding process where energy is transferred by eating or being eaten. (Predator/Prey)
Example:
GrassZebraLionDecomposer
GrassGiraffeHyenasLionDecomp.
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Food Web
• Drawing
• The arrow always follows the one way direction of energy.– High Energy Low Energy– Producer Consumer
• A food web is a feeding network of complex interactions
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6 Levels of Organization
1) Individual – one organism of one species in the environment
(one deer in the woods)
2) Population – all the organisms of one species in an environment
(all the deer in the woods)
3) Community – all the populations in an environment (all biotic factors) (all animals, plants, bacteria, fungus, and protist in the woods)
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4) Ecosystem – all the abiotic and biotic factors in the environment (all living things as well as temperature, water, sunlight, air, etc in the woods)
5) Biome – ecosystems with similar climates and abiotic and biotic factors (Temperate forest)
6) Biosphere – entire earth and all it’s components (earth)
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The Major Biomes
• Biomes are defined by a unique set of abiotic and biotic factors—***particularly climate
• Habitat – area an organism lives
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The 10 Major Biomes
• Tropical Rain Forest• Tropical Dry Forest• Tropical Savanna• Temperate Grassland• Temperate Woodland
and Shrubland
• Temperate Forest• Northwestern
Coniferous Forest• Boreal Forest• Tundra• Desert
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Tropical Rainforest
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Tropical Dry Forest
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Tropical Savanna
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Temperate Grassland
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Temperate Woodland and Shrub land
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Temperate Forest
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Northwestern Coniferous Forest
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Boreal Forest
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Tundra
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Desert
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Three Types of Community Interactions
1.) Competition: when organisms attempt to use a resource in the same place at the same time
2.) Predation: interaction when one organism captures and feeds on another
– Predator (hunter): kills and eats– Prey (hunted): killed and eaten
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3.) Symbiosis: “living together”
• Mutualism: both benefit (ex. Clownfish/anemone,
bison/cowbirds)
• Parasitism: one benefits and the other is harmed
(ex. fleas, ticks, tapeworms)
Niche – the role an organism plays in an environment
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Ecological Succession• Predictable changes that occur in a community over
time
• Two Types:
1. Primary Succession – occurs on surfaces where no soil exists
Ex: volcanic ash, rock
Pioneer Species – 1st to arrive on rock (Lichen)
2. Secondary Succession – when a disturbance changes the community without removing the soil
Ex: Wildfires, Hurricanes, Floods
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Animal Behaviors
• Innate Behavior (instinct) – born with knowledge
• Learned Behavior(aquired) – developed over
time
• Imprinting - Innate/Learned Combined
• Social – interaction between individuals
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4 Types of Learned Behavior
1. Habituation – ignoring
2. Classical Conditioning – mental connection between reward or punishment (Pavlov)
3. Operant Conditioning/Trial-and-Error – repeated practice (Skinner Box)
4. Insight – reasoning
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Social Behaviors
• Territory – guarded area
• Society – colonies, schools, packs
• Communication– Visual – Puffer Fish– Sounds – Rattle Snake– Touch/Agression – Moose/Rams– Smell/Pheromones – Dogs/Cats
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Behavior Cycles
• Seasonal – Hibernation, Estivation, Migration
• Daily – circadian rhythms
• Yearly – Courtship/mating
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Demography
The scientific
study of populations
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Four Characteristics of a Population
1.) Geographic Distribution (range): the area
2.) Density: number of individuals in area
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3.) Growth rate: number of births, deaths, and immigration (in), or emigration (out)
• Exponential growth: rapid growth (J-Shape Curve)
• Logistic growth: slows after exponential because of limited resources (S-Shape Curve)
• Carrying capacity: the maximum number
• Draw
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•Growth limiting factors: causes a population growth to decrease
A: Density-Dependent- are biotic factors that limit growth
Ex) competition, predation, parasitism, and disease
B: Density-Independent – abiotic factors that limit growth
Ex) floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, droughts etc.
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4. Age Structure
• Diagram to show population growth
• Rapid growth rate = triangle shape
• Stable growth rate = NO triangle
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US POPULATION
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Questions:
• What percentage of the male Rwanda population is between the ages of 5-9?
• What percentage of the female US population is between the ages of 10-14?
• Which country is growing faster?
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Biodiversity
• Sum total of all the variety of organisms in the biosphere.
• It’s earth’s greatest natural resources. This diversity of life gives us food, shelter, and medicine.
• Valuable because it’s the biological life support system of our planet
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The greatest threat to biodiversity is habitat destruction: deforestation, pollution, and human activity
The only solution to the loss in biodiversity and ultimately your life is conservation
Conserve: use only what is needed