ECOLOGYECOLOGY

PopulationPopulation

A group of organisms A group of organisms of the same species of the same species living in a particular place living in a particular place that interbreedthat interbreed

Individuals compete for resources – drives Individuals compete for resources – drives natural selectionnatural selection

Examples: Examples: HumansHumans

CommunityCommunity

All All speciesspecies of organisms that live together of organisms that live together and interact with each otherand interact with each other

Examples: Examples: Forests, NeighborhoodForests, Neighborhood

HabitatHabitat

The The living arealiving area of a species. The particular of a species. The particular part of the part of the communitycommunity in which the organism in which the organism lives.lives.

Examples: Examples: your home, birdyour home, bird

NicheNiche

RoleRole an organism plays in a an organism plays in a communitycommunity.. A niche includes what a species needs to A niche includes what a species needs to

survivesurvive and and reproduce.reproduce. Habitats can overlap so that different species Habitats can overlap so that different species

are found in the same location but no 2 species are found in the same location but no 2 species occupy the same occupy the same habitathabitat at the same time for at the same time for very long. (competition)very long. (competition)

EcosystemEcosystem

Interaction of all populations in a community Interaction of all populations in a community and the community’s physical surroundings and the community’s physical surroundings and and abioticabiotic factors factors

Biotic factor – Biotic factor – all living things that inhabit the all living things that inhabit the environmentenvironment

Abiotic factor –Abiotic factor –the nonliving parts of an the nonliving parts of an organims’s environment. (water, light, soil)organims’s environment. (water, light, soil)

Portion of earth that supports life!

Interaction of populations within a community

Groups of OrganismsGroups of Organisms

From smallest to largest:From smallest to largest: IndividualIndividual Population (made of Population (made of

individuals)individuals) Community (made of Community (made of

populations)populations) Ecosystem (made of Ecosystem (made of

community and non living)community and non living) Biome (made of ecosystems Biome (made of ecosystems

and weather)and weather) Biosphere (everything in the Biosphere (everything in the

Earth where life is)Earth where life is)

ProducersProducers

Organisms capable of Organisms capable of making their own making their own food/energyfood/energy

Another term = Another term = autotrophautotroph Transform energy of the Transform energy of the sunsun into into foodfood energy energy Example: Example: plantsplants

ConsumersConsumers

Are not capable of Are not capable of producing their own producing their own food/energy.food/energy.They depend on other organisms They depend on other organisms for their food.for their food.

Examples – Examples – Herbivores- Herbivores- animals that eat plantsanimals that eat plants Carnivores- Carnivores- animals that eat other consumersanimals that eat other consumers Omnivores- Omnivores- animals that eat bothanimals that eat both

Consumers (cont.)Consumers (cont.)

Another term = Heterotrophs Another term = Heterotrophs

DecomposersDecomposers

Obtain their food (energy) by breaking down Obtain their food (energy) by breaking down dead decaying organismsdead decaying organisms

Examples: Examples: Earthworm, fungus, bacteria, Earthworm, fungus, bacteria, mushroomsmushrooms

Food ChainFood Chain

Energy movement through the Energy movement through the food chain of an ecosystem – food chain of an ecosystem – community interacting with the community interacting with the environmentenvironment

Energy movement is always Energy movement is always moving from one level to moving from one level to another – from producer to another – from producer to consumerconsumer

Example – Human – cow - grassExample – Human – cow - grass

FOOD WEBFOOD WEB

Producers (Autotrophs)Producers (Autotrophs) Consumers (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)Consumers (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Herbivore, Carnivore, OmnivoreHerbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore DecomposersDecomposers

Food Webs Food Webs

Feeding relationships and energy flow among Feeding relationships and energy flow among species in an ecosystemspecies in an ecosystem

Too complex to be represented by a single Too complex to be represented by a single food chainfood chain

Main things done with energy from foodMain things done with energy from food MateMate Find foodFind food Heat bodyHeat body

Food WebFood Web

Energy Transfer in webEnergy Transfer in web Food energy in green plantsFood energy in green plants

grasshopper nibbles on green plantsgrasshopper nibbles on green plants lizard eats grasshopperlizard eats grasshopper snake eats lizardsnake eats lizard grass grasshopper lizard snakegrass grasshopper lizard snake

Cow

Human

Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids

Trophic level – feeding stepTrophic level – feeding step Energy pyramid shows how energy flows Energy pyramid shows how energy flows

through the ecosystemthrough the ecosystem The base represents autotrophs (1The base represents autotrophs (1stst trophic trophic

level) the next step represents herbivores (2level) the next step represents herbivores (2ndnd trophic level) the third represents carnivores trophic level) the third represents carnivores (3(3rdrd trophic level) trophic level)

Energy decreases with every trophic levelEnergy decreases with every trophic level Each bar represents population size.Each bar represents population size.

SymbiosisSymbiosis

Relationship between organismsRelationship between organisms• PredationPredation• CompetitionCompetition• MutualismMutualism• CommensalismCommensalism• ParasitismParasitism

PredationPredation

Organisms attach and kill their prey and feed Organisms attach and kill their prey and feed on them.on them.

Relationship between Relationship between predator and preypredator and prey Predators = Predators = CarnivoresCarnivores Prey = Prey = Carn/Herbivores/omnivoresCarn/Herbivores/omnivores Examples: Examples: Snake eats a mouseSnake eats a mouse

PREDATIONPREDATION

CompetitionCompetition

Results due to limited amount of Results due to limited amount of resources, resources, food, shelter, mates, etc.food, shelter, mates, etc.

Most intense competition occurs between Most intense competition occurs between organisms that are of the same speciesorganisms that are of the same species

Examples: RamsExamples: Rams

COMPETITIONCOMPETITION

MutualismMutualism

When both organisms When both organisms benefit from each otherbenefit from each other

Examples: Examples: Clown fish/ Sea AnemoneClown fish/ Sea Anemone

Humans/ PetsHumans/ Pets

MUTUALISMMUTUALISM

MUTUALISMMUTUALISM

CommensalismCommensalism

One organism One organism benefitsbenefits from the relationship from the relationship and the other and the other does notdoes not..

Examples: Examples: Bird/TreeBird/Tree

COMMENSALISMCOMMENSALISM

ParasitismParasitism

When one organism When one organism BenefitsBenefits and the other is and the other is harmed.harmed.

Parasite = Parasite = benefits (tick)benefits (tick) Host = Host = harmed (dog)harmed (dog) Some cause Some cause DiseaseDisease. Others can . Others can KillKill the host. the host.

The most successful parasites are ones that The most successful parasites are ones that do not kill their hostdo not kill their host

PARASITISMPARASITISM

NAME THE RELATIONSHIPNAME THE RELATIONSHIP

NAME THE RELATIONSHIPNAME THE RELATIONSHIP

NAME THE RELATIONSHIPNAME THE RELATIONSHIP

SuccessionSuccession

Primary-Primary- Secondary-Secondary-

Main TypesMain Types

Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest GrasslandsGrasslands DesertDesert Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest TaigaTaiga TundraTundra

Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest

Found: Found: Near the equatorNear the equator Temp: Temp: HOTHOT Rainfall: Rainfall: LOTSLOTS Special Info: Special Info: Home to many different Home to many different

organisms. Tall trees form a canopy above the organisms. Tall trees form a canopy above the lower understorylower understory

Rain ForestRain Forest

Rain ForestRain Forest

DesertDesert

Africa, Asia, Mexico, AustraliaAfrica, Asia, Mexico, Australia LOW precipitationLOW precipitation Variable temperature throughout the dayVariable temperature throughout the day

DesertDesert

DesertDesert

GrasslandsGrasslandsSavannaSavanna Africa, Brazil and Africa, Brazil and

AustraliaAustralia Warm Warm Seasonal rainSeasonal rain Lots of grass with few Lots of grass with few

treestrees

TemperateTemperate North America, Asia and South North America, Asia and South

AmericaAmerica Hot summers/cold wintersHot summers/cold winters Seasonal rainSeasonal rain Fertile SoilFertile Soil

GrasslandGrassland

GrasslandGrassland

GrasslandGrassland

Temperate (Deciduous) ForestTemperate (Deciduous) Forest

Eastern US, Europe, Japan, China and Eastern US, Europe, Japan, China and AsiaAsia

Cold to moderate winters with warm Cold to moderate winters with warm summerssummers

Year round precipitationYear round precipitation

Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest

Boreal (Taiga) ForestBoreal (Taiga) Forest

Northern Europe, Asia and North AmericaNorthern Europe, Asia and North America Cold Long Winters, short mild summersCold Long Winters, short mild summers Summers allow the ground to thawSummers allow the ground to thaw

Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest

Canada, Northwestern USCanada, Northwestern US Mild temperatures, warmer winter and cool Mild temperatures, warmer winter and cool

summersummer Mild precipitationMild precipitation

BorealBoreal

BorealBoreal

BorealBoreal

BorealBoreal

BorealBoreal

TundraTundra

Northern regions of North America, Northern regions of North America, Europe and AsiaEurope and Asia

Short cool soggy summersShort cool soggy summers Long cold dark wintersLong cold dark winters Permafrost: layer of permanently frozen Permafrost: layer of permanently frozen

subsoilsubsoil

TundraTundra

TundraTundra

TundraTundra

TundraTundra

TundraTundra

Mountains/IceMountains/Ice

Mountains/IceMountains/Ice

Mountains/IceMountains/Ice