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Ecology Big Ideas Slide 2 Energy Energy flows through every ecological system Inputs = what goes into the ecosystem Outputs = what goes out of the system Slide 3 Food Webs Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem Slide 4 Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels 10% Energy Transfer Producers make up largest biomass Slide 5 Bioaccumulations Toxins cannot be removed and increase in amount between trophic levels Slide 6 Carbon Cycle Cycles carbon through the ecosystem Contains photosynthesis and cellular respiration Opposite chemical reactions Slide 7 Nitrogen Cycle Cycles nitrogen through the system Bacteria takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and transfers it to plants Slide 8 Population Growth Populations will grow exponentially if there are no limiting factors Slide 9 Population Growth Populations will reach carrying capacity because of limiting factors which include: Abiotic (non-living) Space & Water Biotic (living) Food & Predators Slide 10 Population Density Population Density is the number of living things in an area Example: 500 moose in 10 sq. miles = 50 moose per mile Slide 11 General Ecology Non-native species usually DIE in a new environment, some survive and take over if they have no predators Slide 12 Sustainability Maintaining resources for future use Choices we can make now that support sustainability Substituting renewable (?) for non-renewable (?) resources Recycling Using fewer resources Slide 13 DNA and Genetics Big Ideas Slide 14 DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; is a code for your physical (phenotype) traits - PHYSICAL TRAIT DNA & Genetics Slide 15 Proteins: can be used to make body structures, hormones and enzymes Enzymes act to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in the body Ex. Digestion of food, making DNA, and regulating glucose Slide 16 Genetics Vocabulary Phenotype: What your physically look like Ex. Blue Eyes OR Brown Eyes Genotype: What your genes are Ex. Bb, bb, or BB Slide 17 Vocabulary Dominant: Trait/gene that is shown Ex. BB = Brown Eyes Bb = Brown Eyes Recessive: Trait/gene that is hidden by a dominant gene Ex. bb = Blue Eyes Bb = Brown Eyes Slide 18 Vocabulary Heterozygous: different genes Ex. Bb for Brown Eyes Homozygous: same genes Ex. bb for Blue Eyes Slide 19 Punnett Square: used to predict offspring Ex. Two heterozygous bunnies are crossed; black fur is the dominant trait Phenotype ratio Ex. 25% white bunnies, 75% black bunnies Genotype ratio Ex. 25% bb, 50% Bb, 25% BB F F f f FFFf ff Slide 20 Punnett Square Practice: Small Whiteboards Slide 21 Earlobes (E) A detached earlobe man (EE) has children with an attached earlobe woman (ee). 1)What are the possible genotypes (gene combination)? 2)What are the possible phenotypes (physical trait)? Slide 22 A blue eyed male mates with a blue eyed female, what color eyes could the offspring have? Blue eyes are recessive Slide 23 A heterozygous tongue roller (Tt) mates with a non-tongue roller (tt), what percentage of their children will be tongue rollers? Slide 24 Ear Wiggling (W) What is the probability (percentage) that two homozygous recessive people will have a child that can wiggle their ears? Can move ears = Dominant (although this may be variable) Cant move ears = Recessive Slide 25 A homozygous recessive female with freckles (f) mates with a homozygous dominant male without freckles (F), what genotypes could their offspring have? Slide 26 What is the percent chance two heterozygous tongue roller will have a non-tongue roller offspring? Slide 27 Mitosis and Meiosis and Evolution Big Ideas Slide 28 Mitosis Mitosis: produces two IDENTICAL cells from one cell for growth and repair Slide 29 Meiosis Meiosis: produces four UNIQUE sex cells for reproduction Females: Eggs Males: Sperm Allows for differences (variation) in populations Slide 30 Mitosis and Meiosis Slide 31 Evolution Evolution: change over time All living things are related to a COMMON ANCESTOR!!! Slide 32 Evidence of Evolution Evidence: 1.Presence of Fossils found in rock layers 1.Homologous and Vestigial Structures Homologous: Similar Structures Vestigial: Unused structures; whale pelvis, human wisdom teeth Slide 33 Fossil RecordHomologous Structures Slide 34 Evidence of Evolution 3.DNA Comparisons Humans and mice are 99% similar in DNA, so they are closely related 4.Embryos Closely related organisms have similar embryos Slide 35 DNA ComparisonsEmbryos Slide 36 Natural Selection Natural Selection: survival of the fittest, failure of the worst The goal of life is to survive and reproduce Based on ability to survive in environment Slide 37 Mutations in DNA: can (not always) lead to unique traits, which may help or hinder survival!! OrganismEnvironmentUnique Trait Bunny RabbitWinter CactusDesert CheetahAfrican Savanna ChameleonJungle PeacockMating Season Slide 38 Mutations Slide 39 Balancing Biological Systems Homeostasis Slide 40 Homeostasis: regulation of systems to maintain balance Two things can affect homeostasis Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Slide 41 Negative Feedback Negative Feedback: increase causes decrease, decrease causes increase Ex. Automatic Thermostat: if temperature decreases in room, then the temperature increases Negative bad Slide 42 Slide 43 Positive Feedback: increase causes increase; decrease causes decrease Ex. No shower for 2 weeks: smell from bacteria growth increases on a daily basis Positive good Positive Feedback Slide 44 Slide 45 Negative or Positive Feedback?? Deforestation Regulating Body Temperature (too hot OR cold) Immune System Fighting Infection Body is Hungry P P N N Slide 46 Choose two examples to complete a Negative Feedback Loop AND a Positive Feedback Loop Identify what HOMEOSTASIS would be Explain the STIMULUS that tells us homeostasis is not in balance Identify the CONTROL CENTER in the body (if there is one) that recognizes the stimulus Explain what RESPONSE occurs Slide 47 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Big Ideas Slide 48 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite chemical reactions Slide 49 Photosynthesis: plants take carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) and make glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) Plants make their own food!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Slide 50 Cellular Respiration: plants AND animals make energy (ATP) by transforming glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )and oxygen (O 2 ) into carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) CHEMICAL Energy in glucose is transformed into the energy to live (ATP) Very similar to setting something on fire (combustion), which releases carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere Slide 51