ecological response to climate change
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Ecological response to climate change. Lilian Busse Scripps Institution of Oceanography ESP seminar June 9, 2006. Outline. Introduction into the climate-ocean-biology relationship Presentation of some recent studies on the biological response to climate change Conclusions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ecological response to climate change
Lilian BusseScripps Institution of Oceanography
ESP seminarJune 9, 2006
Outline
• Introduction into the climate-ocean-biology relationship• Presentation of some recent studies on the biological
response to climate change • Conclusions• Concerns and uncertainties
What are the uncertainties in climate-ocean-biology relationship?
• Great uncertainty how variations in the atmosphere gets translated into variations into the ocean or land and its populations
• How will the climate change?• How will the biology react (on taxon level, on population
level, ability to recover, thresholds)?• Are there other hypotheses to explain biological
changes: habitat changes, pollution, El Nino etc.?
Recent studies:
North Pacific and North Atlantic, increased temperatures:• Zooplankton-CalCOFI study• Food web studies North Atlantic• Foraminifera sediment study
Entire ocean ecosystem, increased CO2:
• Ocean acidification
Plankton of the ocean
Climate change
Impact on plankton
Economic implications
Impact on fish/fisheries
Impact on food supply for humans
Zooplankton-CalCOFI study
• Roemmich & McGowan 1995 – 43 years time series from CalCOFI (1951-1993)
• Results: Decline of zooplankton by 80%, affects the foodweb (food for fish and birds)
• Link to climate change: sea surface heated T difference across thermocline increases increase of stratification less upwelling of nutrient rich water, less nutrients, less phytoplankton less zooplankton
• Conclusion: More climate change massive biological impacts?
Planktonic food webs in the North Atlantic
• Richardson and Schoemann 2004, Continuous Plankton Recorder, 1958-2002, North Atlantic, decadal and ocean basin scale
• Results: Phytoplankton becomes more abundant when cooler regions warmed, because of higher metabolic rates BUT: when warm regions become warmer, phytoplankton becomes less abundant
• Link to climate change: increased heating can enhance existing stratification, and therefore reduce nutrients to phytoplankton (in cooler water, enough turbulence, enough nutrients)
• Conclusion: Effects on plankton will affect oxygen production, carbon sequestering, and biogeochemical cycling. It will also effect fisheries.
Planktonic food webs in the North Atlantic
• Richardson and Edwards, 2004, marine pelagic phenology (study of annually recurring life cycle events)
• Results: since 1987 – blooms are not synchronized anymore, phytoplankton 3 weeks earlier, zooplankton only 10 days earlier
• Link to climate change: Shifts have occurred with increase in SST, physiological developments stimulated by higher temperature
• Conclusions: Impacts on ecosystem functioning and higher trophic levels (e.g. fish) possible
Sediment Study
• Field et al. 2006, foraminifera and ocean warming, 1,400 year time series, Santa Barbara Channel
• Results: Foraminifera were strongly affected by global warming, increase of abundance of tropical and subtropical species, decrease of subpolar species
• Link to climate change: tropical and subtropical species prefer higher SST, and deeper thermoclines
• Conclusions: lower trophic levels in the CA currents is affected by 20th century warming
Ocean acidification
(Doney, 2006)
There are 3 mineral forms of calcium carbonate:-Calcite-Aragonite-Magnesium calcite
Aragonite and Magnesium calcite more soluble than calcite
Cool water and deep waters are usually undersaturated with calcite and aragoniteWarmer shallower water is oversaturated with calcite and aragonite
Ocean acidification• Doney, S.C. 2006, measurements of carbon in the ocean
from 1989 and 2005, South Atlantic to Equator• Results: pH 0.1 lower that pre-industrial times (predicted
0.3 less on 2100), some marine life has less calcium carbonate to build their shells
• Link to climate change: 1/3 of the CO2 released by fossil fuels ends up in the ocean
• Conclusion: coccolithophorids, foraminifera, snails, and corals – they move, they disappear?; cold water less saturated, polar regions suffer first acidification
Conclusions
•Presented studies show that climate change has an effects on the marine organisms, populations, and food web in the pelagic ecosystem•Marine food webs are complicated and are hard to untangle
Concerns and uncertainties• “Changes in the abundance and distribution of species
of are not due to global change but due to land use changes and by natural fluctuations” → this statement ignores systematic trends we see across all ecosystems
• Statistical, model, and fundamental uncertainty → Careful science can reduce but not eliminate uncertainties → Lack of full scientific certainty is not a reason for delaying immediate response
• Length of time series- many time series are too short to detect full interdecadal cycles, spatial coverage of most studies is restricted to point sampling, diff. methods makes is difficult to combined multiple datasets- consistency across scales and systems means we should abide by the precautionary principle
References
• Doney, S.C. 2006: The dangers of ocean acidification. Scientific American, March 2006, 1-9.
• Edwards, M. & Richardson, A.J. 2004: Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature 430, 881-884.
• Field, D.B., Baumgartner, T.R., Charles, C.D., Ferreira-Bartrina, V., Ohman, M.D. 2006: Planktonic Foraminifera of the California Current refeldt 20th-Century warming. Science 311, 63-66.
• Richardson, A.J. & Schoeman, D.S. 2004: Climate impact on Plankton Ecosystems in the North East Atlantic. Science 305, 1609-1612.
• Roemmich, D. & McGowan, J. 2003: Climatic Warming and the Decline of Zooplankton in the California Current. Science 267, 1324-1326.