UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES A Ecological Organization

• Ecology

- relationships between ______________________ and their ________________________

• Biosphere

– the portion of earth where __________________________________ exists

Characteristics of Ecosystems

• Requirements

– Constant flow of ______________________ from the __________________

– Cycle of materials

• Abiotic Factors of Ecosystems (nonliving)

– Light, __________________________, water, soil, gases, ______________

– Also called ____________________________ factors

• Biotic Factors of Ecosystems (living)

– Trees, ____________________________, fungi, _______________________________

Species

• Organisms that look alike and can ____________________ among themselves.

Population

• all members of a ____________________________ living in a particular location

Community

• interacting __________________________ (white tail deer, maple trees, coral reef, etc.)

Ecosystem

• members of a ________________________________________ and their physical environment

• The organisms plus:

•

•

•

•

How does a community differ from a population? An ecosystem?

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES B Habitat vs. Niche

• Habitat

– _______________________________________ in which an organism lives

• Niche

– the __________________ a species fills in its habitat (what it _______, where it lives)

Natural Selection

• A characteristic that makes an individual better _________________________________ to its environment may

eventually become common in that species through a process called __________________

____________________________.

• Natural selection results in ____________________________, the __________________________ and

_______________________________________ characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their

environment.

Niche

• Every organism has a variety of ______________________ that are suited to its specific living conditions.

• A _________________ is the role of an organism in its habitat, or how it makes its living.

• A niche includes:

– Type of ____________________ the organism eats

– How it ___________________________ its food

– Which other organisms ___________________ the organism for food

Competition

• There are three major types of interactions among organisms:

1. __________________________

2. __________________________

3. _________________________

Competition

Different species can __________________ the same habitat and food requirements.

_______________________________ is the struggle between organisms to ____________________________

as they attempt to use the same ________________________________ resource.

In any ecosystem, there is a limited amount of ___________________, __________________ and shelter.

Organisms that survive have ____________________________ that enable them to reduce competition.

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES C Predation

• _________________________ is an interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

• The organism that does the killing for food is the ____________________________.

• The organisms that is killed for food is the ________________________.

Predator-Prey competition relationships help maintain stability within an ecosystem.

BUT…if a prey population decreases or is eliminated, predator population decreases.

Prey population Predator population

Likewise, if a prey population increases, predator population increases.

Prey population Predator population

Symbiosis

• __________________________ – is a close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the

species.

• There are three types of symbiotic relationships:

1. ________________________________

2. ________________________________

3. _________________________

Survival Relationships

► A….Mutualism-a ___________________________ relationship in which ________________ species benefit ex

ants and _____________________ trees. ___________________ protect the acadia tree by attacking any animal

that tries to feed on tree, tree provides nectar and home for ants.

► B…. Commensalism-symbiotic relationship in which one species is neither _________________________ or

benefited. Ex orchids, ferns, mosses can ________________ on branches of trees and benefit but tree not

harmed or benefited

► C… Parasitism-interactions in which a member of one species ______________________ at the expense of

another. Ex._________________ on dog, bacteria host

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES D Mutualism

• Mutualism – A relationship in which ____________________ species ___________________________.

• Example:

– The relationship between the Saguaro Cactus and Long Eared Bats.

• Cactus flowers provide bats with ______________________

• The cactus benefits because the bats carry ______________________ from cactus to cactus on

their noses.

Mutualism—you scratch my back I scratch yours

• Clownfish and sea anemones present an example of ______________________ ________________________.

The clownfish benefits by having a protected home territory. What does the sea anemone gain from this

arrangement?

• One example of a mutualistic relationship is that of the ________________________ (a kind of bird) and the

______________________ or __________________________. Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and

_____________ ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. The oxpeckers get food and the beasts get

____________________ control.

• Aphids and ants. The aphids secrete a sugary solution called _______________________________. Ants drink

the honeydew and, in return, they ____________________________ the aphids from predators.

Mutualism

• Lichens – algae And fungi

• A remarkable 3-way mutualism appears to have evolved between an ____________, a _____________________

caterpillar, and an __________________ in the American southwest. The caterpillars have __________________

organs which the ants _________________ from, and the acacia tolerates the feeding caterpillars. The ants

appear to provide some _________________________ for both plant and caterpillar.

Commensalism

• Commensalism – Is a relationship in which one species __________________________ and the other species is

neither helped nor harmed.

• Example –

– The red-tailed hawks’ interaction with the saguaro cactus.

• The hawks benefit by having a place to build their ________________________.

• The cactus is not ________________________________ by the hawks.

• Commensalism is _______________________ very common in nature because species are usually either helped

or harmed a little by any interaction.

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES E

Commensalism- ____________ ______________________________

List the four examples—you do not need to go into detail.

*

*

*

*

Commensalism

• Poison _________________ and trees

• ______________________ and _______________________

• _______________________ and ______________________

Parasitism

• Parasitism – involves one organism living on or inside another organism and __________________ it.

• The organism that benefits is called a _____________________________________.

• The organism that the parasite lives on or in is known as the ___________________________.

• Common parasites are _________________, ticks and leeches.

• These parasites have _____________________ that enable them to attach to their host and feed on their blood.

• Other parasites live inside the host’s body such as ______________________, that live ___________________ the

digestive systems of dogs, wolves, and some other mammals.

• Unlike predators, a parasite does _________________ usually ___________________ the organism it feeds on.

WHY IS THIS GOOD FOR THE PARASITE??????

Parasitism examples:

• __________________________________ and ____________________________________

• __________________________________ and ____________________________________

Zombie snails

What’s going on?

Complex Symbiotic Relationships

Fungus growing ants—what’s going on?

Parasitic wasps—what’s going on?

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES F All 3

• Parasitism- GIVE ME TWO EXAMPLES ( +, -)

• Commensalism – GIVE ME TWO EXAMPLES (+, 0)

• Mutualism- GIVE ME TWO EXAMPLES (+, +)

Nutritional Relationships

• Autotrophs

– make their __________________________ food (plants)

– Also called ________________________________

Nutritional Relationships

• Heterotrophs

– eat _________________________ and other organisms

– Also called __________________________________

– Examples are ________________________, fungi, protists, and bacteria

• Types of Heterotrophs:

– Herbivores

• eat ________________________

– Carnivores

• eat animals

– Predators

» ________________________

– Scavengers

» feed on animals they _______________ ___________________

– Omnivores

• eat _________________ and _____________________

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES G Energy Flow Relationships

• Producers

– ________________________ (autotrophs)

• Consumers

– ___________________________ (heterotrophs)

• Primary – eat ______________________________

• Secondary – eat primary ______________________________

• Decomposers

– Break down ____________________________ organisms

• (_______________________ and fungi)

• Saprotrophs

– __________________________________ dead or decaying material

– Enzymes

– Fungi, _________________________________________

• Detritivore

– Eat _____________________________ or _______________________ material

– Earthworms, _________________________, insects

Energy Flow

• ________________________________ = ___________ ENERGY = SUNLIGHT = _____ RADIATION

• The _____________________ is the primary source of energy on earth

• Living systems require a _______________________________ input of energy to maintain organization. The input of

___________________________ energy which is converted to ________________________ energy allows

organisms to carry out life processes.

Most Energy is Lost as Heat

• Within ecosystems energy ______________________ from the radiant energy of the sun through

_____________________________ and consumers as ___________________________ energy that is ultimately

transformed into __________________________ energy.

• Continual ________________________ of radiant energy is required by ____________.

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES H Only __________ of Solar Energy is Utilized for __________________________

The rest is ____________________________ by other sources or lost as __________________________

Energy Flow Relationships

• Food chains

– transfer of __________________________________ in repeated stages

• Trophic Level

– Feeding ______________________________ (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, etc.) of

the food chain

Food Web

• Food _____________________________ interconnected

• Note that the arrows go in the ________________________________ of energy flow!!

PLAN YOUR OWN FOOD WEB – WHITEBOARD ACTIVITY!

Ecological Pyramids

• Pyramid of Energy

– shows how energy _____________________ from producers to ___________________

– There is a __________________ change level to level

Energy Pyramid - ________________ Rule

• Scientists estimate that only ____________ of the sun’s energy is used in _____________________________!!

• The energy that is obtained is only ___________________ of the previous level’s energy.

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES I Ecological Pyramids

• Pyramid of ____________________________

– Shows population sizes and how they _____________________________

at each level

• Pyramid of ______________________________

– ____________________ ___________________ found at each level

– Producers at the _________________________, high level consumers on

top

WHICH LEVEL HAS THE GREATEST BIOMASS?

Ecosystem Formation

• Ecological ___________________________________

– Replacement of one _____________________________ by another

• Pioneer organisms

– The ____________________ organisms in an area (lichens, algae)

– They make a more ___________________________ environment for other plants

– ___________________________, algae, grass

• Climax community

– The __________________________ community

– Remains until _________________________________ destroys

Forest Succession

Primary Succession- takes place where ___________ ______________________ has existed before.

Secondary Succession – occurs where life has ______________________ existed

Pioneer Species

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES J Carrying Capacity vs. Exponential Growth DRAW AND LABEL

J-shaped curve S-shaped curve

Carrying Capacity

• The _____________________ number of organisms of a particular type that can be

_____________________________ in an area…

LET’S LABEL THIS!

Label the following parts of the graph: exponential growth; population overshoot; population decline; 4)

population recovery and stabilization; and carrying capacity

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES K Life History Patterns

• An organism’s ___________________________________ pattern

– Elephant’s – ____________________________ pattern

– Mosquitoes – __________________________ pattern

• What are some factors that would keep the population at a steady level?

• Competition

- organisms struggling for ____________________________________ resources

Certain limiting factors are related to population density (size)…

• Density-dependent factors (food, disease, predators)

– These factors have an _____________________ effect as the population __________________.

Certain limiting factors are NOT related to population density (size)…

• Density-independent factors (temperature, storms, floods, droughts)

– These factors can affect ________________________, regardless of their _____________________.

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES L Behavioral Adaptations

As an organism develops special behaviors which are

_______________________________ behavior (born with it---in the DNA) or

______________________________ behaviors and important for ________________________.

Taxis (Innate)

• _______________________________ (Termites release pheromones for communication)

• _______________________________ (Plants response to light)

• _______________________________ TO LIGHT

Migration (innate)

The seasonal ___________________________________________ of a complete _______________________________

of animals from one area to another (IMMIGRATION vs EMMIGRATION)

Estivation / Hibernation (Innate)

• A state of lower _______________________________ activity

• Estivation- ______________________________; heat and drought

• Hibernation- ______________________________; cold and drought

Habituation (Learned)

• Habituation is when an organism stops ____________________________ to a ___________________________

after repeated exposure.

Imprinting (Learned)

• Imprinting is learning that occurs early in _____________________________________ that cannot be changed

such as ducks and geese recognizing the _______________________ person they see as their mother.

Classical Conditioning (Learned) Stimulus association

• Ex: _______________________________ dogs

Bell = dog _________________________ because he associates it with ______________________________.

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES M Trial and Error (Learned)

• _____________________________ and _______________________________

Camouflage

To _________________, __________________, smell or sound such that it _________________________ in

with their surroundings.

Critical Thinking

What structural adaptations do animals and plants have for feeding, reproduction and life on land?

What behavioral adaptations do organisms have that help ensure survival?

Communication within Organisms: Pheromones

Pheromones-(bees, ants, termites) Pheromones are _____________________________ released by living

organisms that send _________________________ to other organisms of the same species via

___________________. These pheromones are released in response to ___________________, alarm, danger,

and sexual _______________________. They are released by both insects and mammals in many situations.

________________________ Pheromone (ants nearby), _________________ Pheromone (releasing scents in

response to ____________________, ants also release a scent when they are returning to their nest with food)

Communication within Organisms: Territoriality

• _____________________________________________ communication

• Uses ______________________________________ (territory) to communicate ownership

• Fighting for resources (_____________________, _________________________, ________________________)

• Examples: _____________________________ ______________________________, dog or cat peeing on things

Communication within Organisms: Courtship Dances

Courtship Dances—_______________________ SELECTION

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

___________________________ _______________________________

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES N

Human Population

• Demography – the study of ______________________ population size

– Census

– ________ rate (live births/1000 people)

– _________ rate (deaths/1000 people)

– Birth rate – death rate = ________

Human Population

Human population growth

• _______________________________ has helped to increase Earth’s carrying capacity and population.

– gas-powered farm equipment

• ___________________________________________________

– medical advancements

• ___________________________________________________

World population and exponential growth

• As the human population grows what might be the impact on the following:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Resource use

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES O

• As population _____________________, demand for food, water, and land ________________________

– Renewable resources

•

– Nonrenewable (cannot be renewed in the environment)

•

• Growing use of nonrenewable resources may lead to a crisis.

• Resources must be ___________________________________________ managed.

Resource use

Negative impacts

• Food

– __________________________________ (one type of crop) farmlands replace natural habitats

• Water

– Diverting of natural ___________________________________ for cities (Las Vegas)

• Land

– Habitat ___________________________________ to construct new living structures

• Displaced organisms

– Urbanization

• _________________________ (flooding because of increased paving of roads, parking lots)

– Beach erosion

• Structures on beaches aid in the movement of _______________________

• Loss of _____________________________

Waste and pollution

• ____________________________ farming

– Waste runoff from ___________________________

• Poo in the _________________________________

• Factory _______________________________________ (burning of fossil fuels)

– Sulfur dioxide and _______________ dioxide react with ________________________ molecules

– Creates ________________________ rain

• Mount ________________________

•

– Carbon dioxide

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES P

• CO2 is a _______________________________ gas (keeps heat in, global climate change)

Waste and pollution

• Bioaccumulation

– Buildup of a ____________________ as it moves up the food web

– Pesticides

• ___________: water zooplankton fish #1 fish #2

seagull

• DDT __________________________ in seagull was much

greater than in water

– Mercury

• Mad as a hatter

• Sharks have a high ________________ (top of the food chain!)

Waste and pollution

• CFCs

– ____________________________________________

– Found in ____________________, refrigerants, solvents

– Heavy use of CFCs caused the depletion of the ________________________ layer

• Ozone layer protects us from harmful _____________ radiation

– CFCs also act as a ________________________________ gas (keeps heat in)

– Banned in 1989

Loss of biodiversity

Biodiversity

______________________________ of life in an area (or the world)

Availability of _______________________ and _____________________________

Habitat loss is the leading cause of the _________________________ in biodiversity

Biodiversity

A. Invasive species:

___________________________ species inhabit an area with no natural

_____________________________ (kudzu, stink bugs)

Invasive species thrive and ____________________________________ native species

B. Endangered species

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES Q

A species that is likely to go ____________________________-

Habitat _____________________________, _____________________, invasive species

Example:

Spruce fir moss spider

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Global climate change

• Greenhouse gases

– Hold ____________________________ in the atmosphere

– Carbon dioxide

• ______________________, ____________________________________

– Methane

• Source of ________________________________

• Cow farts, rice farming

– ____________________________________ oxide

• Burning anything!

**Increase in greenhouse gases increases the overall temperature of the Earth***

By 2100, expected increase of _______°F to 11.5°F

Habitats change too ____________________________

Species cannot _________________________ quick enough

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES R Leads to mass ________________________________

Effective management of Earth’s resources will help meet the needs of the future

• Earth’s resources must be used _________________________________.

• Careless use of resources makes them _________________________________ to future generations.

• Easter Island is an example of irresponsible resource use.

Ecological Footprint

• An ___________________________ ______________________ is the amount of land needed to support a

person.

• The land must produce and maintain enough

– ________________________________

– ________________________________

– ________________________________

– ________________________________

• Several factors affect the size of the ecological footprint.

– amount and _____________________ of resource use

– amount and _____________________ of waste produced

Disease and human population growth

• Viruses and Pathogens

Not just human pathogens!

MS. OSBORNE WRITING NOTES….COPY THESE HERE

Age Structure – number of people at each different age

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES S

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES T

Biodiversity

• A wide range of different _____________________ of organisms living in an ecosystem

• More biodiversity = More _________________________ in the ecosystem

– Biodiversity – __________________________

– No biodiversity – ____________ ______________________________-

• Biodiversity allows ecosystems to better ___________________ a catastrophic environmental event

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES U Cycles of Materials

• Which are the most abundant elements found in organisms?

–

–

–

–

–

Carbon Cycle

Driven by _______________________________ respiration and ____________________________

In what form is carbon dioxide found in the atmosphere?

How does carbon enter the food chain?

What human activities increase the amount of carbon in the atmosphere?

Nitrogen Cycle

• Plants and animals can’t use __________________________ nitrogen – it has to be converted!

• Nitrogen-Fixing ____________________________ drive the nitrogen cycle

– Nitrogen _______________________________

• They live in the root _______________________ of _____________________ (bean plants)

The ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in

environmental factors is known as ____________.

Nitrogen Cycle and Human Impact

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES V

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES W

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES X

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES Y

UNIT 1: ECOLOGY GUIDED NOTES Z