ecoco o c po ce dnomic importance and impact of invasive ...donnell_09.pdf · impact of invasive...

Economic importance and co o c po ce dimpact of Invasive Species-

Pest Detection and IdentificationDepartment of Defense Workshop

Strategic Management of Invasive Species in the Southwest U.S.

October 26, 2009Phoenix, Arizona

Cheryle A. O'DonnellUSDA-APHIS-PPQ, Nogales AZ

Challenges in DetectingInvasive pests

• World • Pesticide• World Agriculture I t ti l

Pesticide ProductionDoc mented• International

Commerce-trade• Documented

Research– Prevention– Ornamentals

– Fruits and vegetablesG i d d i

– Prevention– Eradication– Containment

C l– Grains and dairy – Control– Adaption

October 26, 2009 Cheryle O’DonnellUSDA-APHIS-PPQ

Agriculture is the Largest Industry on the Planet

• Employs 1 3 billion people• Employs 1.3 billion people• Produces $1.3 trillion worth of goods• A major part of the US landscape• Influences Natural Biodiversityue ces Na u a od ve s y


Agriculture is the Largest Industry on the Planet

• 1950 $420 billion$– Farmers received about 33% ($138 billion)

• 2028 ~ $10 trillion• 2028 ~ $10 trillion– Farmers will receive 10%

Fewer farmers– Fewer farmers– More $ into producing agriculture products

US F d h f d h US• US Farmers produce enough to feed the US population and are #1 exporter in the world


US Agriculture Trade

Import/ExportImport/Export

• $164 billion 2007

• 2008 (20% increase f 2007)from 2007)

• US inspects ~ 1% of all• US inspects ~ 1% of all trucks, cars, ships and planes entering the US


Pesticide ProductionPesticide Production

• World Market 2001 $8,763 million • US $3,124 million (28% of world total)US $3,124 million (28% of world total)• Average Value of US Pesticide Production

Production $9 3 billion– Production $9.3 billion– Imports $1.0 billion

T t l S l $10 3 billi– Total Supply $10.3 billion


Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species• Cost of invasive pests (~50,000) is estimated at

$140 billion/year in the US due to:$140 billion/year in the US due to: – crop loss (damage and diseases)

f i– cost of containment– pesticide applications– introduction of biological control agents– mechanical control– Does not includes costs due to extinctions, losses

in biodiversity, ecosystem services, and aesthetics NO MONITARY VALUE ASSIGNED!


NO MONITARY VALUE ASSIGNED!

Transitions of an Invasive SpeciesSpecies entrained in transport pathway

Fails in transport

Survives transport and introduction

Fails to establish

Establishment

SPREAD Noninvasive

I iOctober 26, 2009 Cheryle O’Donnell

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

Invasive

Endangered Species ListEndangered Species List

42% f h i li d h42% of the species listed on the Endangered Species list are at riskEndangered Species list are at risk

primarily due to alien-invasive species.


Invasive Species‘Biological Pollution’‘Biological Pollution’

• Altering evolutionary pathways• Competing • Exclusion• Niche displacement• Hybridization• Hybridization• Introgression• Predation• Extinction


Number of Interceptions18000

20000

1%12000

14000

16000 ~1%

8000

10000

4000

6000

0

2000

gust-

08mber-

08

tober-

08mber-

08mber-

08

uary-0

9

uary-0

9

arch

-09

April-0

9

May

-09

June-0

9

July-

09

gust-

09mber-

09

tober-

09


Aug

Septem

b

Octob

Novem

b

Decemb

Janua

Febru Mar Ap M Ju Ju

Aug

Septem

b

Octob

Interception Pathwaysp y30000

1%20000

25000 ~1%

15000

5000

10000

0Airport Land Border Maritime Inspection

StationForeign

Preclearance


Station Preclearance

Life stages frequently200000

250000

frequently intercepted

150000

200000

100000

50000

0Alive Immature Alive Adult Alive Pupae Alive Egg


What Have We Learned?What Have We Learned?• Increase $ spent to prevent, manage, and

eradicate• Resilient pestsp• Proven pesticide resistance• High re infestation pressure• High re-infestation pressure• Increase in conducting standards for bioassays,

i id i l l dpesticide trials, general pest management and detection surveys


KnowledgeKnowledge• Changes the way we conduct business• Prevention

1st line of defense (land borders airports– 1st line of defense (land borders, airports, maritime, foreign pre-clearance)2nd li f d f ( t t d f d l– 2nd line of defense (state and federal monitoring programs)

– 3rd line of defense (county programs, farm advisors, growers, nurseries)


Land Border Inspectionsp


AirportAirportInspections


State and Federal Detection• Scouting


County: DetectionCounty: Detection• Traps


Methods of control: PreventionMethods of control: Prevention SanitationMonitoring flow


SanitationSanitation


ScreeningScreening

• Screening

• Air flow


Movement/Flow of Plant Material and Pests


Movement/Flow


Once An Alien Has Been FoundOnce An Alien Has Been Found

• TargetedTargeted– Scouting

Detection– Detection– Tracking

M it i

LBAM- Little pests are a big problem for agriculturePosted: Tuesday, Jul 28th, 2009BY: John E Eiskamp– Monitoring

– Eradicating

BY: John E. Eiskamp

As you may have seen in the news recently, the light brown apple moth has not gone away and, in fact, is here in greater numbers than ever before. Since I am a caneberry (raspberries and blackberries) grower as well as president of the Santa Cruz County Farm Bureau, I have had the opportunity to speak with the press on several occasions regarding recent finds of LBAM in caneberry fields• Public Awareness

• Press Releases

several occasions regarding recent finds of LBAM in caneberry fields.

456 invasive insect species listed in North Americalisted in North America

Invasive.org

European Gypsy MothLymantria dispar L.

History: Introduced into Massachusetts in 1868 after a failed experiment to produce a silkafter a failed experiment to produce a silk producing moth.

Hosts: Primarily Oaks (Quercus sp ) 100’s ofHosts: Primarily Oaks (Quercus sp.), 100 s of other hardwood and softwood trees.

C t St t d ti t iCurrent Status: under quarantine management in Eastern US, traps are monitored throughout the US C t l t $11 illi llUS. Control costs $11 million annually.


European Gypsy Moth


European Gypsy MothEuropean Gypsy Moth

Damaging Life Stage :Life Stage :Larvae


Sirex Wood WaspSirex noctillo Fabricus

History: Detected in the fall of 2004 in OswagaHistory: Detected in the fall of 2004 in Oswaga NY.

( h hi iHosts: Pinus sp., (Scotch, white, Austrian, Monterey, Loblolly, slash, shortleaf,

d l d l j k)ponderosa, lodgepole, jack).Current Status: under effective suppression using

parasitic nematodes within the 150 m radius of first detection.


Sirex Wood WaspSirex Wood Wasp

Damaging LifeDamaging Life Stage :

Adult Female and


Larvae

Asian Citrus PysllidDiaphorina citri Kuwayama

History: Found in FL on citrus in 1998 TX inHistory: Found in FL on citrus in 1998, TX in 2000 and in CA 2008.

Hosts: Cit sp M rra a R taceae (So th est:Hosts: Citrus sp., Murraya, Rutaceae (Southwest: Ptelea trifolia, Thamnosma montana and T. texana)texana)

Vectors: Citrus greeningCurrent Status: quarantine prevention in CA,

TX, FL. Monitoring for presence in AZ, CA, i i i i f AC d CG


TX. Treating citrus in Mexico for ACP and CG.

Asian Citrus PysllidPartial host list

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAMECOMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Bael fruit Aegle marmelos Chevalier’s aeglopsis Aeglopsis chevalieri

Afraegle gabonensis

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Kumquat Fortunella spp. Wood apple Limonia acidissima

Merrillia caloxylon g gAfraegle paniculata Atalantia spp.

Uganda powder flask Balsamocitrus dawei Curry leaf Bergera koenigii Cape chestnut Calodendrum capense

yFinger lime Microcitrus australasica Round lime Microcitrus australis

Microcitrus papuana Microcitronella sydney

Mock orange Murraya sppCape chestnut Calodendrum capense Calamondin Citrofortunella microcarpCitrange Citroncircus webberi African cherry orange Citropsis schweinfurthii Citrus Citrus spp.

Mock orange Murraya spp. Naringi crenulata Pamburus missionis

Trifoliate orange Poncirus trifoliata Chinese box orange Severinia buxifolia

Clausena anisum-olens Pink wampee Clausena excavata Clausena Clausena indica Wampee Clausina lansium Desert lime Eremocitrus glauca

Tabog Swinglea glutinosa Orange climber plant Toddalia asiatica Toddalia Toddalia lanceolata

Triphasia trifolia White ironwood Vepris lanceolataDesert lime Eremocitrus glauca

Eremocitrus hybrid White ironwood Vepris lanceolata

Xanthoxylum fagara


Asian Citrus PysllidAsian Citrus Pysllid


D iDamaging Life Stage :Ad l dAdults and Larvae

Light Brown Apple MothE i h iEpiphyas postvittana

History: Detected in California 2007History: Detected in California 2007.Hosts: 290 different hosts including oak,

ill l tt d iwillow, poplar, cottonwood, pine, Eucalyptus, rose, pittosporum, lupine, plantain and clover.Current Status: under quarantineCurrent Status: under quarantine management in California and under prevention in AZ NM TX


prevention in AZ, NM, TX.

Light Brown Apple MothLight Brown Apple Moth


Light Brown Apple MothLight Brown Apple Moth

Damaging Life Stage :Larvae


Cactus MothCactoblastis cactorum Berg

History: Released as a bioagent against y g galien Opuntia in Australia in the 1920’s; found in Florida in 1989found in Florida in 1989.Hosts: Opuntia sp., Nopalea sp., Cylindropuntia sp (Cholla)Cylindropuntia sp. (Cholla)Current Status: Quarantine management in

i i i h li dLouisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida and under prevention in AZ, NM,


TX.

Cactus MothCactus Moth


Red Palm MiteRaoiella indica Hirst

History: Found on coconut palm in Martinique in 2004 and in Florida in 2007Martinique in 2004 and in Florida in 2007.Hosts: 42 palm speciesCurrent Status: Pest management andCurrent Status: Pest management and prevention in the Southwest.


Red Palm MiteRed Palm MiteDamaging Life

Stage :Ad lt dAdults and Immatures


Fruit FliesFruit Flies• Mexican fruit flyy• Caribbean fruit fly• White stripped fruit flypp y• Guava fruit fly• Oriental fruit fly• Olive fruit fly• Peach fruit fly• Mediterranean fruit fly• Melon fruit fly Damaging Life

Stage :Stage :Larvae

Fruit FliesFruit Flies

i i i d iHistory: Various introductions.Hosts: Various fruitCurrent Status: Detection, Monitoring, Eradication, Sterile releases. Prevention in ,the Southwest.


Fruit FliesGuava Fruit Fly Host ListGuava Fruit Fly Host List Common Name/ Scientific Name

Apple Malus sylvestrisApple Malus sylvestrisDate palm Pheonix dactyliferaFig Ficus caricaGuava Psidium guajavag jOkra Abelmoschus esculentusOrange Citrus sinensis Papaya Carica papayaPeach Prunus persicaPomegranate Punica granatumQuince Cydonia oblongaSapodilla Manikara zapotaSapodilla Manikara zapotaSapodilla, chiku Achras zapotaSurinam cherry Eugenia unifloraTomato Lycopersicon esculentum


y pTropical almond Terminalia catappa\chebula

White Stripped Fruit Flies


Fruit FliesFruit Flies


Asian Long Horn BeetleAnoplophora glabripennis

History: Invasion from Asia, detection date is unknown.Hosts: 18 broadleaf trees, including horse , gchestnut, buckeye, rose, Betula, Fraxinussp Acer Populus Salix Melia Morussp. Acer, Populus, Salix, Melia, Morus, Prunus, PyrusC t St t D t ti M it iCurrent Status: Detection, Monitoring, Eradication in Eastern US and prevention


in the southwest.

ALB QuarantineAreas

Asian Long Horn Beetle

Damaging Life Stage :Damaging Life Stage :Larvae


Japanese BeetlePopillia japonica

History: Invasion from Japan, detected in Ne Jerse in 1916New Jersey in 1916Hosts: 100’s of plantsCurrent Status: Pest management, detection in the Eastern US and monitoring in the Southwest. Collected in AZ, CA, NM, TX.


AZ, CA, NM, TX.

Japanese Beetle

Damaging LifeDamaging Life Stage :

Adults and Larvae


Japanese BeetleJapanese Beetle

Red Imported Fire AntSolenopsis invicta

History: Detected in Mobile AL, 1929 and y ,misidentified until 1972 when it was revised to Solenopsis invictato Solenopsis invictaHosts: Agricultural plants, small animals and peoplepeopleCurrent Status: Pest management, detection in the South Eastern and Western US In AZin the South Eastern and Western US. In AZ under Prevention and Rapid Response.L d d t l $1000 illi


Losses, damage and control $1000 million

Red ImportedFire Ant

Damaging Life StStage :

All life stages (colony)


Red Imported Fire AntRed Imported Fire Ant


Emerald Ash BorerAgrilus planipennis

History: Detected in Southeast Michigan 2002Hosts: Ash treesCurrent Status: Quarantine prevention and monitoring in the Great Lakes Regionmonitoring in the Great Lakes Region.


Emerald Ash BorerEmerald Ash Borer


False Codling MothThaumatotibia leucotreta

History: Detected at California’s border stations in 2005stations in 2005.Hosts: Over 100 species of plantsC S T i iCurrent Status: Traps surveys, monitoring presence and border detection, NOT CURRENTLY ESTABLISHED


False Codling MothFalse Codling Moth



Pink Boll WormPectinophora gossypiella

History: Detected in the Southern cotton belt in the 1920’s.belt in the 1920 s.Hosts: cotton, hibiscus and hollyhockCurrent Status: Pest Management andCurrent Status: Pest Management and eradication in III phases in southern US

CA AZ TX i h il lstates, CA, AZ, TX with sterile releases.


Pink Boll WormPink Boll Worm



Where Do We Focus Our Energies

• Identify risk pathways (Airports)in the Future?

y p y ( p )• Highlight risk commodities• Prevention and QuarantinePrevention and Quarantine• Improve Management Practices• New Biological Control Agents• New Biological Control Agents• New Biosafe Pesticides

T i i N i l d L l• Training National and Local• New Tools


T i i W k hTraining Workshops

• Prevention• Detection (scouting)Detection (scouting)• Identification


New Identification Tools


Thank you!


Resources• Data: Agriculture Quarantine Activity Systems• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations• United States Department of AgricultureUnited States Department of Agriculture• World Agriculture and the Environment Jay Clay 2004• UC Davis

H P i L i d B lt 2002 Bi l i l ll ti• Horan, Perrings, Lupi and Bulte. 2002. Biological pollution prevention strategies under ignorance: the case of invasive species. Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 84, No. 5:1303-1310.

• Mooney and Cleland May 8 2001 The evolutionary impact of• Mooney and Cleland. May 8, 2001. The evolutionary impact of invasive species. PNAS, Vol. 98, No. 10:5446-5451.

• Pimentel, Zuniga, Morrison. 2004. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien invasive species in theand economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Trends in Ecol. Evo. Vol. 10, No 2:16 ppgs.

• Kolar and Lodge. 2001. Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders 2001 Trends in Eco & Evo Vol 16 No 4:199-204


invaders. 2001. Trends in Eco. & Evo. Vol. 16, No. 4:199-204.

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