eco proj data

8/6/2019 Eco Proj Data

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India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past

autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization, including reduced controls

on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and has served to

accelerate the country's growth, which has averaged more than 7% per year

since 1997. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming,

modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and amultitude of services. Slightly more than half of the work force is in

agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth,

accounting for more than half of India's output, with only one-third of its

labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking

population to become a major exporter of information technology services

and software workers. An industrial slowdown early in 2008, followed by the

global financial crisis, led annual GDP growth to slow to 6.5% in 2009, stil l

the second highest growth in the world among major economies. India

escaped the brunt of the global financial crisis because of cautious banking

policies and a relatively low dependence on exports for growth. Domestic

demand, driven by purchases of consumer durables and automobiles, has re-emerged as a key driver of growth, as exports have fallen since the global

crisis started. India's fiscal deficit increased substantially in 2008 due to fuel

and fert i l izer subsidies, a debt waiver program for farmers, a job guarantee

program for rural workers, and stimulus expenditures. The government

abandoned its deficit target and allowed the deficit to reach 6.8% of GDP in

FY10. Nevertheless, as shares of GDP, both government spending and

taxation are among the lowest in the world. The government has expressed a

commitment to fiscal stimulus in FY10, and to deficit reduction the following

two years. It has increased the pace of privatization of government-owned

companies, partly to offset the deficit. India's long term challenges include

widespread poverty, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, limited

employment opportunities, and insufficient access to basic and higher

education. Over the long-term, a growing population and changing

demographics will only exacerbate social, economic, and environmental

problems.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$3 .68 tril l ion (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 5$3 .427 tril l ion (2008 est.)

$3 .191 tril l ion (2007 est.)

note:data are in 2009 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$1.237 tr i l l ion (2009 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

7.4% (2009 est.)


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country comparison to the world: 107.4% (2008 est.)

9% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$3 ,200 (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 165 $3 ,000 (2008 est.)

$2,800 (2007 est.)

note: data are in 2009 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 17.1%

industry: 28.2%

services: 54.6% (2009)

Labor force:

467 million (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 52%

industry: 14%

services: 34% (2009 est.)

Unemployment rate:

10.7% (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 124 10.4% (2008 est.)

Population below poverty line:

25% (2007 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.6%

highest 10%: 31.1% (2005)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

36.8 (2004)

country comparison to the world: 7937.8 (1997)


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Investment (gross fixed):

32.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13Budget:

revenues: $133.2 bill ion

expenditures: $216.9 bi l l ion (2009 est.)

Public debt:

57.3% of GDP (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3554.9% of GDP (2008 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

10.9% (2009 est.)country comparison to the world: 198 8.4% (2008 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

6% (31 December 2009)

country comparison to the world: 766% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

12.19% (31 December 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6113 .31% (31 December 2008 est.)

tock of narrow money:

$278.3 billion (31 December 2009)

$227.6 bill ion (31 December 2008)

tock of broad money:

$1.078 tril l ion (31 December 2009 est.)

$880.4 bill ion (31 December 2008 est.)

tock of domestic credit:

$973 .5 bill ion (31 December 2009)

country comparison to the world: 17$786.2 bill ion (31 December 2008)

Market value of publicly traded shares:


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$1.227 tril l ion (31 December 2009)

country comparison to the world: 14$645.5 bill ion (31 December 2008)

$1.819 tril l ion (31 December 2007)

Agriculture - products:

rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, lentils, onions, potatoes;

dairy products, sheep, goats, poultry; fish

Industries:

textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment,

cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:

9.3% (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 8Electricity - production:

723.8 bill ion kWh (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6Electricity - consumption:

568 bill ion kWh (2007 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6Electricity - exports:

810 million kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - im ports:

5.27 bill ion kWh (2009 est.)

Oil - production:

878,700 bbl/day (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24Oil - consumption:

2.98 million bbl/day (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 5Oil - exports:

738,600 bbl/day (2007 est.)


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country comparison to the world: 23Oil - imports:

2.9 mil l ion bbl/day (2007 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6Oil - proved reserves:

5.8 bill ion bbl (1 January 2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 23Natural gas - production:

38.65 bill ion cu m (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 22N

atural gas - consumption:


country comparison to the world: 16Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 171 Natural gas - imports:


country comparison to the world: 17Natural gas - proved reserves:

1.075 tril l ion cu m (1 January 2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 26Current account balance:

-$26.63 bil l ion (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 183-$30.96 bi l l ion (2008 est.)

Exports:

$168.2 bi l l ion (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 22$198.6 bi l l ion (2008 est.)

Exports - commodities:


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petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals,

vehicles, apparel

Exports - partners:

UAE 12.87%, US 12.59%, China 5.59% (2009)

Imports:

$274.3 bil l ion (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 14$323 .1 bi l l ion (2008 est.)

Imports - commodities:

crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertil izer, iron and steel, chemicals

Imports - partners:

China 10.94%, US 7.16%, Saudi Arabia 5.36%, UAE 5.18%, Austral ia 5.02%,

Germany 4.86%, Singapore 4.02% (2009)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:


country comparison to the world: 6$254 bill ion (31 December 2008 est.)

Debt - external:

$221.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)country comparison to the world: 27$230.6 bill ion (31 December 2008 est.)

tock of direct foreign investment - at home:


country comparison to the world: 24$123 .3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

tock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$76.62 bill ion (31 December 2009 est.)country comparison to the world: 25$61.77 bill ion (31 December 2008 est.)

Exchange rates:

Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 46.78 (2009), 43 .319 (2008), 41.487

(2007), 45.3 (2006), 44.101 (2005)


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India unemployment rate on the riseThe rate of unemployment in India was rising alarmingly. From 7.3 per cent in

1999-2000 it has jumped to 8.35 per cent in 2004-05, Labour and Employment

MinisterOscar Fernandes informed the Rajya Sabha.Published on 03/18/2008 - 15:22:00 PM

New Delhi: There has been an alarming rise in the rate of unemployment in India, up from 7.3

per cent in 1999-2000 to 8.35 percent in 2004-05, the country's Labour and Employment

Minister Oscar Fernandes informed the Rajya Sabha.

"This was because the working age population grew faster than the total population and labour

force participation rates increased, particularly among young women," he said.

The 11th five year plan has special schemes to encrouage the organised sector to employ more

labour and simultaneously, to improve labour productivity in the unorganised sector.

It also aims at making employment generation an integral part of the growth process and devise

strategies to accelerate not only growth of employment but also wages of poorly paid workers,

he said.

"Efforts are also being made to identify and implement systemic reforms in administration of

Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) so as to facilitate closer interaction with the industry in order

to improve quality of training, make the graduate better employable and help them earn decent

wages," Fernandes added.

iGovernment Bureau

COUNTRY UNEMPLOYMENT RATE(%)

Afghanistan 35% (2008 est.)

40% (2005 est.)

Albania 12.8% (2009 est.)

12.8% (2008 est.)

note: these are official rates, but actual rates may

exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence

farming

Algeria 10.2% (2009 est.)

11.3% (2008 est.)


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American Samoa 29.8% (2005)

Andorra 7% (2008)

0% (2007)

Angola

NA

Anguilla 8% (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda 11% (2001 est.)

Argentina 8.7% (2009 est.)

7.9% (2008 est.)

note: data are based on private estimates; official

estimates put unemployment at 8.4% in 2009, and 7. 3%

in 2008, but the official figures lack credibility

Armenia 7.1% (2007 est.)

Aruba 6.9% (2005 est.)

Australia 5.6% (2009 est.)

4.3% (2008 est.)

Austria 4.8% (2009 est.)

3 .8% (2008 est.)

Azerbaijan 6% (2009 est.)

7% (2008 est.)

Bahamas, The 7.6% (2006 est.)

Bahrain 15% (2005 est.)

Bangladesh 5.1% (2009 est.)

4.2% (2008 est.)

note: about 40% of the population is underemployed;

many participants in the labor force work only a fewhours a week, at low wages

Barbados 10.7% (2003 est.)

Belarus 1% (2009 est.)

1.6% (2005)


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note: official registered unemployed; large number of

underemployed workers

Belgium 7.9% (2009 est.)

7% (2008 est.)

Belize 8.1% (2008)

9.4% (2006)

Benin NA %

Bermuda 2.1% (2004 est.)

Bhutan 4% (2009)

2.5% (2004)

Bolivia 8.5% (2009 est.)

7.5% (2008 est.)

note: data are for urban areas; widespread

underemployment

Bosnia and

Herzegovina 40% (2009 est.)

29% (2007 est.)

note: official rate; gray economy may reduce actual

unemployment to 25-30%

Botswana 7.5% (2007 est.)

Brazil 8.1% (2009 est.)

7.9% (2008 est.)

British Virgin Islands 3 .6% (1997)

Brunei 3 .7% (2008)

4% (2006)

Bulgaria 9.1% (2009)

6.3% (2008 est.)

Burkina Faso 77% (2004)

Burma 4.9% (2009 est.)

5% (2008 est.)


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Burundi NA %

Cambodia 3 .5% (2007 est.)

2.5% (2000 est.)

Cameroon

30% (2001 est.)

Canada 8.3% (2009 est.)

6.2% (2008 est.)

Cape Verde 21% (2000 est.)

Cayman Islands 4% (2008)

4.4% (2004)

Central African

Republic 8% (2001 est.)

note: 23% unemployment for Bangui

Chad NA %

Chile 9.6% (2009 est.)

7.8% (2008 est.)

China 4.3% (September 2009 est.)

4.2% (December 2008 est.)

note: official data for urban areas only; including

migrants may boost total unemployment to 9%;substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural

areas

Cocos (Keeling)Islands

60% (2000 est.)

Colombia 12% (2009 est.)

10.6% (2008 est.)

Comoros 20% (1996 est.)

Congo, DemocraticRepublic of the

NA %

Congo, Republic of the NA %

Cook Islands 13 .1% (2005)


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Costa Rica 7.8% (2009 est.)

4.9% (2008 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire NA

note: unemployment may have climbed to 40-50% as a

result of the civil war

Croatia 16.1% (2009 est.)

13 .5% (2008 est.)

Cuba 1.7% (2009 est.)

1.6% (2008 est.)

Curacao 10.3% (2008 est.)

Cyprus 5.3% (2009 est.)

3 .6% (2008 est.)

Czech Republic 8.1% (2009 est.)

5.4% (2008 est.)

Denmark 4.3% (2009 est.)

3 .4% (2008 est.)

Djibouti 59% (2007 est.)

note: data are for urban areas, 83% in rural areas

Dominica 23% (2000 est.)

Dominican Republic 14.9% (2009 est.)

14.1% (2008 est.)

Ecuador 8.5% (2009 est.)

7.3% (2008 est.)

Egypt 9.4% (2009 est.)

8.7% (2008 est.)

El Salvador 7.2% (2009 est.)

6.9% (2008 est.)

note: data are official rates; but the economy has much

underemployment

Equatorial Guinea 30% (1998 est.)


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Eritrea NA %

Estonia 13 .8% (2009 est.)

5.5% (2008 est.)

Ethiopia

NA %

European Union 9% (2009 est.)

7.1% (2008 est.)

Falkland Islands (IslasMalvinas)

NA %

Faroe Islands 3 .9% (2009)

1.2% (2008)

Fiji 7.6% (1999)

Finland 8.2% (2009 est.)

6.4% (2008 est.)

France 9.1% (2009 est.)

7.4% (2008 est.)

French Polynesia 11.7% (2005)

Gabon 21% (2006 est.); NA%

Gambia, The NA %

Gaza Strip 40% (2009 est.)

37% (2008)

Georgia 16.4% (2009 est.)

13 .6% (2006 est.)

Germany 7.5% (2009 est.)

7.3% (2008 est.)note: this is the International Labor Organization's

estimated rate for international comparisons; Germany's

Federal Employment Office estimated a seasonally

adjusted rate of 10.8%

Ghana 11% (2000 est.)


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Gibraltar 3% (2005 est.)

Greece 9.4% (2009 est.)

7.7% (2008 est.)

Greenland

6.8% (2007 est.)7.3% (2006 est.)

Grenada 12.5% (2000)

Guam 11.4% (2002 est.)

Guatemala 3 .2% (2005 est.)

Guernsey 0.9% (March 2006 est.)

Guinea NA %

Guinea-Bissau NA %

Guyana 11% (2007)

Haiti NA% est.)

note: widespread unemployment and underemployment;

more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have

formal jobs

Honduras 3 .2% (2009 est.)

3% (2008 est.)

note: about 36% are unemployed or underemployed

Hong Kong 5.2% (2009 est.)

3 .5% (2008 est.)

Hungary 10% (2009 est.)

7.8% (2008 est.)

Iceland 8% (December 2009 est.)


India 10.7% (2009 est.)

10.4% (2008 est.)

Indonesia 8.1% (2009 est.)


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8.4% (2008 est.)

Iran 11.8% (2009 est.)

10.3% (2008 est.)

note: data are according to the Iranian Government

Iraq 15.2% (2008 est.)

18% (2006 est.)

note: official data; unofficial estimates as high as 30%

Ireland 11.8% (2009 est.)

6.3% (2008 est.)

Isle of Man 1.5% (December 2006 est.)

Israel 7.6% (2009 est.)

6.1% (2008 est.)

Italy 7.8% (2009 est.)

6.8% (2008 est.)

Jamaica 11.4% (2009 est.)

10.6% (2008 est.)

Japan 5.1% (2009 est.)

4% (2008 est.)

Jersey 2.2% (2006 est.)

Jordan 12.9% (2009 est.)

12.7% (2008 est.)

note: official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%

Kazakhstan 6.3% (2009 est.)

6.6% (2008 est.)

Kenya 40% (2008 est.)

40% (2001 est.)

Kiribati 2% (1992 est.)

Korea, North NA %

Korea, South 3 .7% (2009 est.)


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3 .2% (2008 est.)

Kosovo 16.6% (2009 est.); 14%

Kuwait 2.2% (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 18% (2004 est.)

Laos 2.5% (2009 est.)

2.4% (2005 est.)

Latvia 17.1% (2009 est.)

7.5% (2008 est.)

Lebanon 9.2% 2007 est.; NA%

Lesotho 45% (2002)

Liberia 85% (2003 est.)

Libya 30% (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein 1.5% (31 December 2007)

1.3% (September 2002)

Lithuania 13 .7% (2009 est.)

5.8% (2008 est.)

Luxembourg 5.7% (2009 est.)

4.4% (2008 est.)

Macau 3 .6% (2009)

3% (2008)

Macedonia 32.2% (2009 est.)

33 .8% (2008 est.)

Malawi NA %

Malaysia 3 .7% (2009 est.)

3 .3% (2008 est.)

Maldives 14.4% (2006 est.)


16/50

Mali 30% (2004 est.)

Malta 7% (2009 est.)

6% (2008 est.)

Marshall Islands

36% (2006 est.)30.9% (2000 est.)

Mauritania 30% (2008 est.)

20% (2004 est.)

Mauritius 7.3% (2009 est.)

7.2% (2008 est.)

Mayotte 25.4% (2005)

Mexico 5.5% (2009 est.)

4% (2008 est.)

note: underemployment may be as high as 25%

Micronesia, FederatedStates of

22% (2000 est.)

Moldova 3 .1% (2009 est.)

1.4% (2008 est.)

Monaco 0% (2005)

Mongolia 2.8% (2008)

3% (2007)

Montenegro 14.7% (2007 est.)

Montserrat 6% (1998 est.)

Morocco 9.1% (2009 est.)

9.6% (2008 est.)

Mozambique 21% (1997 est.)

Namibia 51.2% (2008 est.)

36.7% (2004 est.)

Nauru 90% (2004 est.)


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Nepal 46% (2008 est.)

42% (2004 est.)

Netherlands 4.8% (2009 est.)

3 .8% (2008 est.)

Netherlands Antilles 15.5% (2002 est.)

New Caledonia 17.1% (2004)

New Zealand 6.2% (2009 est.)

4.2% (2008 est.)

Nicaragua 8.2% (2009 est.)

6.1% (2008 est.)

note: underemployment was 46.5% in 2008

Niger NA %

Nigeria 4.9% (2007 est.)

Niue 12% (2001)

Northern MarianaIslands

8% (2005 est.)

3 .9% (2001)

Norway

3 .2% (2009 est.)2.6% (2008 est.)

Oman 15% (2004 est.)

Pakistan 14% (2009 est.)

12.6% (2008 est.)

note: substantial underemployment exists

Palau 4.2% (2005 est.)

Panama 6.7% (2009 est.)

5.8% (2008 est.)

Papua New Guinea 1.8% (2004)

Paraguay 7.9% (2009 est.)

5.4% (2008 est.)


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Peru 8.1% (2009 est.)

8.1% (2008 est.)

note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread

underemployment

Philippines

7.5% (2009 est.)7.4% (2008 est.)

Poland 11% (January 2010 est.)


Portugal 9.5% (2009 est.)

7.6% (2008 est.)

Puerto Rico 12% (2002)

Qatar 0.5% (2009 est.)

0.4% (2008 est.)

Romania 7.8% (2009 est.)

4.4% (2008 est.)

Russia 8.4% (2009 est.)

6.4% (2008 est.)

Rwanda NA %

Saint Helena,Ascension, and Tristanda Cunha

14% (1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.5% (1997)

Saint Lucia 20% (2003 est.)

Saint Pierre andMiquelon

10.3% (1999)

Saint Vincent and theGrenadines

15% (2001 est.)

Samoa NA %

San Marino 3 .1% (2008)


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20/50

Sweden 8.3% (2009 est.)

6.2% (2008 est.)

Switzerland 3 .7% (February 2010 est.)

2.6% (2008 est.)

Syria 8.5% (2009 est.)

10.9% (2008 est.)

Taiwan 5.9% (2009 est.)

4.1% (2008 est.)

Tajikistan 2.2% (2009 est.)

2.3% (2008 est.)

note: official rates; actual unemployment is higher

Tanzania NA %

Thailand 1.5% (2009 est.)

1.4% (2008 est.)

Timor-Leste 20% (2006 est.)

note: data are for rural areas, unemployment rises to

more than 40% among urban youth

Togo NA %

Tokelau NA %

Tonga 13% (FY03/04 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago 5.8% (2009 est.)

4.6% (2008 est.)

Tunisia 13 .3% (2009 est.)

14.2% (2008 est.)

Turkey 14.1% (2009 est.)

11.2% (2008)

note: underemployment amounted to 4% in 2008

Turkmenistan 60% (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos 10% (1997 est.)


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Islands

Tuvalu NA %

Uganda NA %

Ukraine 8.8% (2009 est.)

6.4% (2008 est.)

note: officially registered; large number of unregistered

or underemployed workers

United Arab Emirates 2.4% (2001)

United Kingdom 7.6% (2009 est.)

5.6% (2008 est.)

United States 9.3% (2009 est.)

5.8% (2008 est.)

Uruguay 7.6% (2009 est.)

7.6% (2008 est.)

Uzbekistan 1.1% (2009 est.)

1% (2008 est.)

note: officially measured by the Ministry of Labor, plus

another 20% underemployed

Vanuatu 1.7% (1999)

Venezuela 7.9% (2009 est.)

7.4% (2008 est.)

Vietnam 6.5% (April 2009 est.)

4.7% (2008 est.)

Virgin Islands 6.2% (2004)

Wallis and Futuna

15.2% (2003)

West Bank 19% (2009 est.)

17.7% (2008 est.)

Western Sahara NA %


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World 8.7% (2009 est.)

7.2% (2008 est.)

note: 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and

underemployment in many non-industrialized countries;

developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment

Yemen 35% (2003 est.)

Zambia 50% (2000 est.)

Zimbabwe 95% (2009 est.)

80% (2005 est.)

1 Monaco 0.00

2 Qatar 0.50

3 Guernsey 0.904 Belarus 1.00

5 Uzbekistan 1.10

6 Isle of Man 1.50

7 Thailand 1.50

8 Liechtenstein 1.50

9 Cuba 1.70

10 Vanuatu 1.70

11 Papua New Guinea 1.80

12 Kiribati 2.00

13 Seychelles 2.00

14 Bermuda 2.10

15 Jersey 2.20

16 Kuwait 2.20

17 Tajikistan 2.2018 United Arab Emirates 2.40

19 Laos 2.50

20 Mongolia 2.80

21 Gibraltar 3.00

22 Singapore 3.00

23 Moldova 3.10

24 San Marino 3.10

25 Guatemala 3.20

26 Norway 3.20

27 Honduras 3.20

28 Cambodia 3.50

29 British Virgin Islands 3.60

30 Macau 3.6031 Brunei 3.70

32 Switzerland 3.70

33 Malaysia 3.70

34 Korea, South 3.70

35 Faroe Islands 3.90

36 Bhutan 4.00

37 Cayman Islands 4.00

38 Palau 4.20

39 China 4.30


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40 Denmark 4.30

41 Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.50

42 Austria 4.80

43 Netherlands 4.80

44 Burma 4.90

45 Nigeria 4.90

46 Bangladesh 5.10

47 Japan 5.10

48 Hong Kong 5.20

49 Cyprus 5.30

50 Mexico 5.50

51 Australia 5.60

52 Luxembourg 5.70

53 Trinidad and Tobago 5.80

54 Sri Lanka 5.90

55 Taiwan 5.90

56 Azerbaijan 6.00

57 Montserrat 6.00

58 New Zealand 6.20

59 Virgin Islands 6.20

60 Kazakhstan 6.3061 Vietnam 6.50

62 Panama 6.70

63 Greenland 6.80

64 Aruba 6.90

65 Andorra 7.00

66 Malta 7.00

67 Armenia 7.10

68 El Salvador 7.20

69 Mauritius 7.30

70 Botswana 7.50

71 Philippines 7.50

72 Germany 7.50

73 Bahamas, The 7.60

74 Uruguay 7.60

75 United Kingdom 7.60

76 Fiji 7.60

77 Israel 7.60

78 Costa Rica 7.80

79 Romania 7.80

80 Italy 7.80

81 Belgium 7.90

82 Venezuela 7.90

83 Paraguay 7.90

84 Anguilla 8.00

85 Northern Mariana Islands 8.00

86 Iceland 8.00

87 Central African Republic 8.0088 Belize 8.10

89 Brazil 8.10

90 Czech Republic 8.10

91 Peru 8.10

92 Indonesia 8.10

93 Finland 8.20

94 Nicaragua 8.20

95 Canada 8.30

96 Sweden 8.30


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97 Russia 8.40

98 Bolivia 8.50

99 Syria 8.50

100 Ecuador 8.50

101 World 8.70

102 Argentina 8.70

103 Ukraine 8.80

104 European Union 9.00

105 Bulgaria 9.10

106 Morocco 9.10

107 France 9.10

108 Lebanon 9.20

109 Slovenia 9.20

110 United States 9.30

111 Egypt 9.40

112 Greece 9.40

113 Portugal 9.50

114 Suriname 9.50

115 Chile 9.60

116 Hungary 10.00

117 Turks and Caicos Islands 10.00118 Algeria 10.20

119 Curacao 10.30

120 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 10.30

121 Saudi Arabia 10.50

122 Sint Maarten 10.60

123 Barbados 10.70

124 India 10.70

125 Antigua and Barbuda 11.00

126 Ghana 11.00

127 Guyana 11.00

128 Poland 11.00

129 Jamaica 11.40

130 Slovakia 11.40

131 French Polynesia 11.70

132 Iran 11.80

133 Ireland 11.80

134 Colombia 12.00

135 Puerto Rico 12.00

136 Niue 12.00

137 Grenada 12.50

138 Albania 12.80

139 Jordan 12.90

140 Tonga 13.00

141 Cook Islands 13.10

142 Tunisia 13.30

143 Lithuania 13.70

144 Estonia 13.80145 Pakistan 14.00

146 Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha 14.00

147 Turkey 14.10

148 Maldives 14.40

149 Montenegro 14.70

150 Dominican Republic 14.90

151 Bahrain 15.00

152 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15.00

153 Oman 15.00


25/50

154 Iraq 15.20

155 Wallis and Futuna 15.20

156 Netherlands Antilles 15.50

157 Croatia 16.10

158 Georgia 16.40

159 Kosovo 16.60

160 Serbia 16.60

161 Latvia 17.10

162 New Caledonia 17.10

163 Kyrgyzstan 18.00

164 Spain 18.10

165 Sudan 18.70

166 West Bank 19.00

167 Comoros 20.00

168 Timor-Leste 20.00

169 Saint Lucia 20.00

170 Cape Verde 21.00

171 Gabon 21.00

172 Mozambique 21.00

173 Micronesia, Federated States of 22.00

174 Dominica 23.00175 South Africa 24.00

176 Mayotte 25.40

177 American Samoa 29.80

178 Cameroon 30.00

179 Mauritania 30.00

180 Mali 30.00

181 Libya 30.00

182 Equatorial Guinea 30.00

183 Macedonia 32.20

184 Afghanistan 35.00

185 Yemen 35.00

186 Marshall Islands 36.00

187 Bosnia and Herzegovina 40.00

188 Swaziland 40.00

189 Gaza Strip 40.00

190 Kenya 40.00

191 Lesotho 45.00

192 Nepal 46.00

193 Senegal 48.00

194 Zambia 50.00

195 Namibia 51.20

196 Djibouti 59.00

197 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 60.00

198 Turkmenistan 60.00

199 Burkina Faso 77.00

200 Liberia 85.00

201 Nauru 90.00202 Zimbabwe 95.00


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GDP (PURCHAS ING POWER PARITY)

1 European Union $ 14,430,000,000,000

2 United States $ 14,120,000,000,0003 China $ 8,818,000,000,000

4 Japan $ 4,149,000,000,000

5 India $ 3,680,000,000,000

6 Germany $ 2,815,000,000,000

7 United Kingdom $ 2,123,000,000,000

8 Russia $ 2,116,000,000,000

9 France $ 2,094,000,000,000

10 Brazil $ 2,010,000,000,000

11 Italy $ 1,737,000,000,000

12 Mexico $ 1,463,000,000,000

13 Korea, South $ 1,362,000,000,000

14 Spain $ 1,359,000,000,000

15 Canada $ 1,277,000,000,000

16 Indonesia $ 960,200,000,00017 Turkey $ 879,900,000,000

18 Australia $ 848,400,000,000

19 Iran $ 825,900,000,000

20 Taiwan $ 734,300,000,000

21 Poland $ 688,300,000,000

22 Netherlands $ 659,100,000,000

23 Saudi Arabia $ 590,900,000,000

24 Argentina $ 568,200,000,000

25 Thailand $ 539,300,000,000

26 South Africa $ 504,600,000,000

27 Egypt $ 468,700,000,000

28 Pakistan $ 432,900,000,000

29 Colombia $ 407,500,000,00030 Belgium $ 383,000,000,000

31 Malaysia $ 383,000,000,000

32 Venezuela $ 348,800,000,000

33 Nigeria $ 341,100,000,000

34 Sweden $ 335,100,000,000

35 Greece $ 332,900,000,000

36 Philippines $ 324,300,000,000

37 Austria $ 321,600,000,000

38 Switzerland $ 313,300,000,000

This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods andservices produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at purchasing powerparity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in thecountry valued at prices prevailing in the United States. This is the measure mosteconomists prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living

conditions or use of resources across countries. The measure is difficult to compute, asa US dollar value has to be assigned to all goods and services in the countryregardless of whether these goods and services have a direct equivalent in the UnitedStates (for example, the value of an ox-cart or non-US military equipment); as a result,PPP estimates for some countries are based on a small and sometimes different set ofgoods and services. In addition, many countries do not formally participate in the WorldBank's PPP project that calculates these measures, so the resulting GDP estimates forthese countries may lack precision. For many developing countries, PPP-based GDPmeasures are multiples of the official exchange rate (OER) measure. The differencesbetween the OER- and PPP-denominated GDP values for most of the wealthyindustrialized countries are generally much smaller.


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39 Hong Kong $ 301,300,000,000

40 Ukraine $ 289,300,000,000

41 Norway $ 268,300,000,000

42 Vietnam $ 256,500,000,000

43 Romania $ 254,400,000,000

44 Czech Republic $ 253,100,000,000

45 Singapore $ 251,200,000,000

46 Peru $ 251,000,000,000

47 Chile $ 243,200,000,000

48 Algeria $ 241,000,000,000

49 Bangladesh $ 241,000,000,000

50 Portugal $ 240,900,000,000

51 Israel $ 206,900,000,000

52 Denmark $ 197,500,000,000

53 United Arab Emirates $ 191,900,000,000

54 Hungary $ 185,700,000,000

55 Kazakhstan $ 182,000,000,000

56 Finland $ 178,900,000,000

57 Ireland $ 172,500,000,000

58 Morocco $ 145,400,000,000

59 Kuwait $ 137,700,000,00060 Belarus $ 120,700,000,000

61 New Zealand $ 115,100,000,000

62 Slovakia $ 114,900,000,000

63 Cuba $ 110,800,000,000

64 Ecuador $ 110,400,000,000

65 Iraq $ 109,900,000,000

66 Angola $ 106,200,000,000

67 Qatar $ 100,800,000,000

68 Syria $ 100,800,000,000

69 Sri Lanka $ 96,470,000,000

70 Tunisia $ 95,600,000,000

71 Sudan $ 92,520,000,000

72 Bulgaria $ 90,480,000,000

73 Azerbaijan $ 85,650,000,000

74 Libya $ 84,920,000,000

75 Dominican Republic $ 80,310,000,000

76 Croatia $ 78,460,000,000

77 Uzbekistan $ 78,370,000,000

78 Serbia $ 78,050,000,000

79 Ethiopia $ 77,360,000,000

80 Oman $ 72,780,000,000

81 Puerto Rico $ 67,820,000,000

82 Guatemala $ 67,780,000,000

83 Kenya $ 62,480,000,000

84 Yemen $ 57,950,000,000

85 Tanzania $ 57,610,000,000

86 Burma $ 57,410,000,00087 Slovenia $ 55,410,000,000

88 Lithuania $ 55,170,000,000

89 Lebanon $ 53,900,000,000

90 Costa Rica $ 48,830,000,000

91 Bolivia $ 45,540,000,000

92 Uruguay $ 43,980,000,000

93 El Salvador $ 42,820,000,000

94 Cameroon $ 42,790,000,000

95 Panama $ 40,760,000,000


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96 Korea, North $ 40,000,000,000

97 Luxembourg $ 39,080,000,000

98 Uganda $ 38,120,000,000

99 Ghana $ 35,990,000,000

100 Cote d'Ivoire $ 35,940,000,000

101 Nepal $ 33,610,000,000

102 Turkmenistan $ 32,520,000,000

103 Honduras $ 32,460,000,000

104 Latvia $ 32,310,000,000

105 Jordan $ 32,260,000,000

106 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 29,780,000,000

107 Paraguay $ 28,630,000,000

108 Bahrain $ 28,270,000,000

109 Cambodia $ 27,880,000,000

110 Afghanistan $ 26,980,000,000

111 Trinidad and Tobago $ 26,150,000,000

112 Botswana $ 25,380,000,000

113 Equatorial Guinea $ 23,820,000,000

114 Jamaica $ 23,760,000,000

115 Estonia $ 23,710,000,000

116 Albania $ 22,880,000,000117 Cyprus $ 22,750,000,000

118 Senegal $ 22,620,000,000

119 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ 21,750,000,000

120 Gabon $ 21,070,000,000

121 Georgia $ 20,850,000,000

122 Mozambique $ 20,190,000,000

123 Madagascar $ 20,120,000,000

124 Brunei $ 19,390,000,000

125 Macedonia $ 18,890,000,000

126 Burkina Faso $ 18,790,000,000

127 Macau $ 18,470,000,000

128 Zambia $ 18,440,000,000

129 Chad $ 17,930,000,000

130 Mauritius $ 16,630,000,000

131 Nicaragua $ 16,620,000,000

132 Armenia $ 16,250,000,000

133 Mali $ 15,680,000,000

134 Congo, Republic of the $ 15,560,000,000

135 Laos $ 14,200,000,000

136 Namibia $ 13,850,000,000

137 Papua New Guinea $ 13,850,000,000

138 Tajikistan $ 13,650,000,000

139 Benin $ 13,580,000,000

140 West Bank $ 12,790,000,000

141 Malawi $ 12,500,000,000

142 Iceland $ 12,090,000,000

143 Kyrgyzstan $ 12,090,000,000144 Haiti $ 11,970,000,000

145 Rwanda $ 11,010,000,000

146 Guinea $ 10,140,000,000

147 Moldova $ 10,130,000,000

148 Niger $ 10,070,000,000

149 Malta $ 9,866,000,000

150 Mongolia $ 9,360,000,000

151 Bahamas, The $ 8,791,000,000

152 Montenegro $ 6,590,000,000


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153 Mauritania $ 6,381,000,000

154 Barbados $ 6,148,000,000

155 Swaziland $ 5,849,000,000

156 Somalia $ 5,665,000,000

157 Togo $ 5,653,000,000

158 Kosovo $ 5,300,000,000

159 Jersey $ 5,100,000,000

160 Guyana $ 4,873,000,000

161 French Polynesia $ 4,718,000,000

162 Suriname $ 4,563,000,000

163 Sierra Leone $ 4,507,000,000

164 Bermuda $ 4,500,000,000

165 Andorra $ 4,220,000,000

166 Zimbabwe $ 4,161,000,000

167 Liechtenstein $ 4,160,000,000

168 Eritrea $ 3,958,000,000

169 Fiji $ 3,670,000,000

170 Central African Republic $ 3,295,000,000

171 Bhutan $ 3,252,000,000

172 Burundi $ 3,241,000,000

173 Gambia, The $ 3,196,000,000174 New Caledonia $ 3,158,000,000

175 Lesotho $ 3,151,000,000

176 Curacao $ 2,838,000,000

177 Netherlands Antilles $ 2,800,000,000

178 Guernsey $ 2,742,000,000

179 Timor-Leste $ 2,740,000,000

180 Isle of Man $ 2,719,000,000

181 Belize $ 2,575,000,000

182 Aruba $ 2,258,000,000

183 Cayman Islands $ 2,250,000,000

184 Greenland $ 2,030,000,000

185 Djibouti $ 1,974,000,000

186 Seychelles $ 1,816,000,000

187 Cape Verde $ 1,754,000,000

188 Saint Lucia $ 1,743,000,000

189 Guinea-Bissau $ 1,712,000,000

190 Maldives $ 1,683,000,000

191 San Marino $ 1,662,000,000

192 Liberia $ 1,635,000,000

193 Virgin Islands $ 1,577,000,000

194 Faroe Islands $ 1,561,000,000

195 Solomon Islands $ 1,494,000,000

196 Antigua and Barbuda $ 1,472,000,000

197 Vanuatu $ 1,151,000,000

198 Gibraltar $ 1,106,000,000

199 Grenada $ 1,101,000,000

200 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ 1,085,000,000201 Samoa $ 1,007,000,000

202 Monaco $ 976,300,000

203 Mayotte $ 953,600,000

204 Northern Mariana Islands $ 900,000,000

205 Western Sahara $ 900,000,000

206 British Virgin Islands $ 853,400,000

207 Sint Maarten $ 794,700,000

208 Comoros $ 764,800,000

209 Tonga $ 759,500,000


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210 Dominica $ 743,700,000

211 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ 719,700,000

212 Kiribati $ 601,300,000

213 American Samoa $ 575,300,000

214 Sao Tome and Principe $ 294,600,000

215 Micronesia, Federated States of $ 238,100,000

216 Turks and Caicos Islands $ 216,000,000

217 Cook Islands $ 183,200,000

218 Anguilla $ 175,400,000

219 Palau $ 164,000,000

220 Marshall Islands $ 133,500,000

221 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $ 105,100,000

222 Nauru $ 60,000,000

223 Wallis and Futuna $ 60,000,000

224 Saint Pierre and Miquelon $ 48,300,000

225 Montserrat $ 29,000,000

226 Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha $ 18,000,000

227 Tuvalu $ 14,940,000

228 Niue $ 10,010,000

229 Tokelau $ 1,500,000

GDP - REAL GROWTHRATE

1 Afghanistan 22.50

2 Qatar 9.50

3 Azerbaijan 9.30

4 China 9.10

5 Ethiopia 8.70

6 Uzbekistan 8.10

7 Congo, Republic of the 7.60

8 Malawi 7.609 Timor-Leste 7.50

10 India 7.40

11 West Bank 7.00

12 Lebanon 6.90

13 Laos 6.50

14 Mozambique 6.30

15 Zambia 6.30

16 Niue 6.20

17 Turkmenistan 6.10

18 Tanzania 6.00

19 Bangladesh 5.70

20 Bhutan 5.70

21 Gambia, The 5.60

22 Nigeria 5.60

23 Papua New Guinea 5.50

24 Equatorial Guinea 5.30

25 Uganda 5.30

26 Vietnam 5.30

27 Isle of Man 5.20

28 Djibouti 5.00

29 Syria 5.00

30 Morocco 4.90


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31 Turks and Caicos Islands 4.90

32 Nepal 4.70

33 Bermuda 4.60

34 Egypt 4.60

35 Liberia 4.60

36 Indonesia 4.50

37 Rwanda 4.50

38 Iraq 4.50

39 Mali 4.40

40 Sierra Leone 4.40

41 Pakistan 4.30

42 San Marino 4.30

43 Cote d'Ivoire 4.20

44 Sudan 4.20

45 Ghana 4.10

46 Sao Tome and Principe 4.00

47 Vanuatu 3.80

48 Yemen 3.80

49 Gibraltar 3.70

50 Eritrea 3.60

51 Burundi 3.5052 Dominican Republic 3.50

53 Curacao 3.50

54 Sri Lanka 3.50

55 Bolivia 3.40

56 Tajikistan 3.40

57 Albania 3.30

58 Burkina Faso 3.20

59 Bahrain 3.10

60 Togo 3.10

61 Mauritius 3.10

62 Liechtenstein 3.10

63 American Samoa 3.00

64 Guernsey 3.00

65 Tuvalu 3.00

66 Tunisia 3.00

67 Guinea-Bissau 3.00

68 Haiti 2.90

69 Uruguay 2.90

70 Benin 2.70

71 French Polynesia 2.70

72 Andorra 2.60

73 Somalia 2.60

74 Kenya 2.60

75 Aruba 2.40

76 Panama 2.40

77 Jordan 2.40

78 Guyana 2.3079 Kyrgyzstan 2.30

80 Algeria 2.20

81 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 2.00

82 Virgin Islands 2.00

83 Oman 2.00

84 Suriname 2.00

85 Burma 1.80

86 Senegal 1.80

87 Cape Verde 1.80


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88 Comoros 1.80

89 Central African Republic 1.70

90 Poland 1.70

91 Lesotho 1.60

92 Sint Maarten 1.60

93 Greenland 1.50

94 Iran 1.50

95 Cuba 1.40

96 Australia 1.20

97 Kazakhstan 1.20

98 Cayman Islands 1.10

99 Philippines 1.10

100 Macau 1.00

101 Netherlands Antilles 1.00

102 Argentina 0.90

103 Peru 0.90

104 Cameroon 0.90

105 Colombia 0.80

106 Seychelles 0.70

107 Guatemala 0.60

108 Faroe Islands 0.50109 Ecuador 0.40

110 Swaziland 0.40

111 Belarus 0.20

112 Korea, South 0.20

113 Israel 0.20

114 Cook Islands 0.10

115 Saudi Arabia 0.10

116 Belize 0.00

117 Brazil -0.20

118 Dominica -0.30

119 Marshall Islands -0.30

120 Tonga -0.50

121 British Virgin Islands -0.60

122 World -0.70

123 Macedonia -0.70

124 Libya -0.70

125 Kiribati -0.70

126 Costa Rica -0.70

127 Namibia -0.80

128 Angola -0.90

129 Korea, North -0.90

130 Madagascar -1.00

131 Mauritania -1.00

132 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -1.00

133 Montserrat -1.00

134 Malta -1.20

135 Niger -1.20136 Singapore -1.30

137 Zimbabwe -1.30

138 Gabon -1.40

139 Norway -1.40

140 Cambodia -1.50

141 Chile -1.50

142 Nicaragua -1.50

143 Cyprus -1.50

144 Chad -1.60


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145 Mongolia -1.60

146 Malaysia -1.70

147 New Zealand -1.70

148 Brunei -1.80

149 South Africa -1.80

150 Switzerland -1.90

151 Taiwan -1.90

152 Greece -2.00

153 Honduras -2.10

154 Thailand -2.20

155 Solomon Islands -2.30

156 Canada -2.50

157 France -2.50

158 Fiji -2.50

159 Portugal -2.60

160 United States -2.60

161 Belgium -2.70

162 United Arab Emirates -2.70

163 Hong Kong -2.80

164 Jamaica -2.80

165 Serbia -3.00166 Maldives -3.10

167 Bosnia and Herzegovina -3.20

168 Trinidad and Tobago -3.20

169 Venezuela -3.30

170 Luxembourg -3.40

171 El Salvador -3.50

172 Samoa -3.50

173 Guinea -3.50

174 Puerto Rico -3.70

175 Spain -3.70

176 Austria -3.80

177 Paraguay -3.80

178 Bahamas, The -3.90

179 Netherlands -3.90

180 Georgia -3.90

181 European Union -4.00

182 Czech Republic -4.10

183 Kuwait -4.60

184 Denmark -4.70

185 Germany -4.70

186 Slovakia -4.70

187 Turkey -4.70

188 Bulgaria -5.00

189 United Kingdom -5.00

190 Italy -5.10

191 Sweden -5.10

192 Japan -5.20193 Saint Lucia -5.20

194 Botswana -5.40

195 Barbados -5.50

196 Saint Kitts and Nevis -5.50

197 Montenegro -5.70

198 Croatia -5.80

199 Hungary -6.30

200 Mexico -6.50

201 Moldova -6.50


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202 Iceland -6.80

203 Romania -7.10

204 Ireland -7.60

205 Grenada -7.70

206 Russia -7.90

207 Finland -8.10

208 Slovenia -8.10

209 Anguilla -8.50

210 Antigua and Barbuda -8.90

211 Estonia -13.90

212 Armenia -14.20

213 Lithuania -14.80

214 Ukraine -15.10

215 Latvia -18.00

The Sampoorna Grameen RozgarYojana (English: Universal Rural Employment Programme)

was a scheme launched by the Government of India to attain the objective of providing gainful

employment for the rural poor.[1] From 1 April 1999, EAS became an allocation-based

scheme.[2] The programme was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions.

The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was launched on 25 September 2001 by merging the

provisions of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana

(JGSY). The programme is self-targeting in nature and aims to provide employment and food to

people in rural areas who lived below the poverty line.

Contents

[hide]

1 Origin

o 1.1 Employment Assurance Scheme

o 1.2 Jawahar Gram Smridhi Yojana

o 1.3 Announcement of SGRY

2 Provisions

3 Implementation

4 Notes

5 References

[edit]Origin

The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana is actually a combination of the provisions under the

Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY).[3]


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[edit]Employment Assurance Scheme

The Employment Assurance Scheme was concerned with wage employment and was

introduced to create employment opportunities in times when there is a shortage of jobs. [1] The

sort of employment provided mostly involved manual labour.[1]

EAS was first implemented on 2 October 1993 in 1778 blocks located in the rough, rugged,

sparsely populated areas of the country.[2]

[edit]Jawahar Gram Smridhi Yojana

The Jawahar Gram Smridhi Yojana, named after India's first Prime MinisterJawaharlal

Nehru aimed at creating a need-based rural infrastructure.[1] Both these programmes have

contributed a great deal towards alleviating rural poverty. [1] In 2001, the Food for Work

Programme was initiated to meet demands for wage employment and food grain

requirements.

[1]

The scheme was launched in 1989 by merging two wage employment programmes: National

Rural Employment Programme(NREP) and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee

Programme(RLEGP). [4]It was the single largest wage employment programme implemented

through Panchayat Raj institutions.[4]

[edit]Announcement of SGRY

Finally, on 15 August 2001, the then Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee announced a new

wage employment programme, the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana.[1] The scheme was

subsequently launched on 25 September 2001.[1][3]

[edit]Provisions

The scheme had special provisions for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and parents

of children withdrawn from hazardous occupations.[3] While preference if given to families below

the poverty line, people who live above the poverty line too are eligible under this scheme. [3]

A budget of Rs. 10,000 crore has been allocated for the scheme, which includes provision of 50

lakh tonnes of food grains.[3] Again the investment is shared between the centre and the states

in the 7525 ratio.[5]

Food grains are, however, provided free of cost by the Central government,but the cost of transportation should be borne by the states.[5]

Despite the fact that EAS and SGSY were unified, funds were allocated separately for EAS amd

JGSY for the year 200102.[2] This was done for the convenience of implementation and

accounting.[2]However, from the fiscal year 200203 onwards, unified budgets were adopted for

both EAS and JGSY.[2]


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Unemployment in Different Countries

Almost all the countries, irrespective of developed or developing or underdeveloped, in

the world are suffering from unemployment.. Different countries have different types of

unemployment. The rate of unemployment is low in the developed countries compared

to the developing and the underdeveloped ones. Here, we will discuss about the

unemployment situation in some countries.

Australia:

Australia has been suffering from unemployment problems for a long time, precisely

thirty years starting from 1940. Of late, the Australian government has reduced the rate

of unemployment significantly. Presently the rate of unemployment is only 4.4%.

In Australia unemployment means work without pay for at least one hour in a week,

provided that the eligible worker is actively searching for job during the period.

However, after the Second World War, the rate of unemployment had been varying from

1% to 2% of thelabor force. Currently, the rate of youth and long-term unemployment

improved to a great extent. Several new employment opportunities are now coming for

the older workers.

Japan:

Although unemployment rate in Japan is low compared to the other developed countries

in the world but still, it is a serious concern for the Government.

The unemployment ratehas been fluctuating over the last few years.

In 2003, the country's unemployment rate was 5.4%. In the next year, the

unemployment rate improved to 5.3 %. In 2005, the rate of unemployment again

experienced a fall and became 4.7%. In the next year the rate decreased again and

stood at 4.4%. In 2007, the unemployment rate came down to 4.1%, which was a

record. So it is visible that the rate of unemployment is showing a decreasing trend,which is a great achievement of the Japanese government.

Egypt:

Egypt has been suffering from high unemployment rate for the last five years. Female

and rural unemployment rate is very high. In 2003, the rate of unemployment was 12%.


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In 2005, the unemployment rate went up to a record high, 14%. The Ministry of

Manpower and Trade Unions has failed to balance between the workers' right and the

interests of the private companies. Therefore, the situation gets worse.

Italy:

The structure of unemployment in Italy is complex, based on the market interactions

and disaggregated unemployment rates. Unemployment in this country is characterized

by mainly three dimensions namely, age differential, regional and gender differential.

However, Italy has been suffering from high rate of unemployment for the last five

years. In 2003, the rate reached at a high of 9.1%. Although in 2006, it decreased a bit,

7.7%, but unemployment rate in the rural areas are still high.

The United States of America:

In US, the rate of unemployment has been fluctuating in the range 4% to 10% since

1960. In the mid 60s, the rate had been steady at 5% whereas, during the 1980s, the

rate went up to almost 8%. In the 1990s, the unemployment rate averaged at 5%. In

2008, the unemployment rate in US is nearly 5.1%. The number of unemployed men is

increasing more than the women. Moreover, unemployment among then Afro-

Americans has also increased over the last few years.

Measurement ofUnemployment

Unemployment accounts for the part of the labor force willing to work at the

current wage rate. The definition of unemployment may sound simple but its

computation is equally difficult. Various measures are devised to measure the

same. In this article we have elucidated some such measures.

Claimant Count

This method of calculating unemployment was widely used in the 1980s as well as the

1990s. This method, basically takes account of the number of heads unemployed and

receiving unemployment benefits. Computation should be done with care since there


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may be double counting of people who have registered themselves

in employment exchanges and those who are receiving the unemployment benefits.

The method has two advantages of calculating unemployment by using administrative

records. Firstly, this method takes a complete count of the unemployed and so it is freefrom any sampling error.

Secondly, Obtaining such data is also very cost effective and is available on a regular

basis.

However, this method of computation is fraught with certain limitations. The

collection of data follows administrative rules and regulations, which may not

be in line with statistical principles. Again, since different countries followdifferent computational rules, it is difficult to compare the unemployment

statistics across different countries. Another difficulty is that the rules tend to

change over time and so the unemployment data cannot be compared across

different time horizons.

Another disadvantage of using the claimant count as a measure of

unemployment is that it takes into account only that portion of the population,

which has registered themselves in the employment exchanges or has

claimed unemployment benefit.

The individuals who have not registered in both but are unemployed are left

out of the unemployment count of the administrative records. Hence, the

administrative records give a lower estimate of the actual employment

scenario.

The above-mentioned limitations of administrative records gave rise to the

most current computation method, that of Labor Force Survey.

Labor Force Survey

The Labor Force Survey is done by taking household samples. A standard

questionnaire is prepared. All individuals in the workable age are asked about their

employment status and the relevant data is taken. Individuals are next classified into

employed, unemployed or economic active. The sample data is then utilized to estimate

the number of individuals employed, unemployed or underemployed.


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The labor force survey also has many disadvantages. The use of standard

questionnaire is itself faulty. The respondents may provide subjective answers, which in

some case may be misleading. Next, the sampling method has many statistical errors,

which gets magnified with smaller size of the sample. Again a well-equipped statisticalinfrastructure is mandatory for a more accurate collection of data. Experienced

supervisors and interviewers are required.

The greatest advantage of this computational method is that they meet international

standards. Unemployment statistics obtained hence can be used to compare data

across countries and across different periods of time.

Unemployment Statistics

Unemployment statistics of different countries comprise of detailed quantitative and

qualitative information regarding the status and nature of unemployment in a country. A

detailed historical outline of a countrys unemployment ratescan be obtained from

unemployment statistics. These sets of information reveal important insights into the

reason of unemployment and remedial measures for the same.

One of the important insights obtained from unemployment statistics is the regionalunemployment rates in a country. Unemployment in a country, in most cases, is not

uniform across geographical regions. Unemployment statistics track unemployment

records in different states, provinces, counties etc. Such information can be of strategic

importance to the country in adopting remedial measures to bring down the level of

unemployment in an economy. A particular region can have higher unemployment rates

compared to the rest of the country due to lack of industrial growth or due to regional

geographical limitations. In such a case the government can take up measures to

increase employment opportunities in that region.

Unemployment statistics also provide insights into the demographic aspects of

unemployment.

A third important aspect that can be deduced from unemployment statistics is the

difference in unemployment rates of different ethical or religious segments of the

population in a country. Many countries, mostly big secular democracies like USA, India


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etc. have a heterogeneous population with people of different communities. A particular

community having higher unemployment rates compared to the others is not a healthy

sign for the socio-economic development of the country. Unemployment statistics not

only reveal the relevant information but may provide important insights into the reasons

for the same, thereby helping the government to undertake proper remedial measures.

The comparative figures available from international unemployment statistics show a

wide gap in unemployment rates of USA and European countries in 2004 and 2005. In

2004, while the unemployment rate in USA was 5.5%, France, Germany and Italy had

unemployment rates of 9.2%, 9.8% and 8% respectively. Japan and UK, however, both

having unemployment rates of 4.7% performed better than USA in terms of

unemployment. In 2005, while unemployment rate in USA fell to 5.1 % Germany saw a

rise in unemployment rate to 10.6%. Unemployment rate in France remained

unchanged from the 2004 figure at 9.2% while there was a fall in Italy to 7.7%. Therewas a marginal rise in UK with the figure reaching 4.8%, while on the other hand there

was a fall in unemployment rate in Japan to 4.4%

In 2006 the comparative figures stood as USA 4.6%, France 9.2% (for the third

successive year), Italy further down to 6.8%, Germany 9.8%, Japan 4.1%

(continuing with the decline in unemployment rate) and U.K. -5.3%.

The comparative figures for different countries available from international

unemployment statistics for 2007 are shown in the following table

Countries Jan 07 Apr 07 Jul 07 Oct 07

USA 4.6% 4.5% 4.7% 4.7%

France 8.7% 8.5% 8.3% 8.1%

Italy 6.2% 5.9% NA NA

Germany 8.8% 8.5% 8.4% 8.1%

Japan 4.0% 3.8% 3.6% 4.0%

UK 5.5% 5.3% 5.2% NA

Structural Unemployment

Structural unemployment takes place in response to a structural change in an

industry. An industry can shift from alabor-intensive technology to a capital

intensive one.


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This may release the surplus labor and generate structural unemployment.

Structural unemployment may also be due to a change in the tastes and

preferences of the consumers. Certain goods or services may not be in

demand due to technological advancements that might have taken place.Structural unemployment is most commonly seen in the shipbuilding and

mining industry of UK.

The extent to which structural unemployment takes place is influenced by a lot

of factors some of which are explained below:

Speed of change in the Economy

If the change in the tastes and preferences of individuals take place fast, the industries

have to change faster to match up to the demand. This will further lead to an increase in

the structural unemployment of the economy.

Labor mobility

In the presence of perfect information and mobility of labor, people out of job can easily

find in an industry, which is in need of labor. This way, structural unemployment may be

reduced.

Structure of the regional economy

If certain industries are closing down then it may so happen that industries may get

concentrated in a certain part of the nation. This may make employment difficult and

increase the resulting structural unemployment.

High Gross Domestic Product, it is seen, is not indicative of a low structural

unemployment.

Natural Unemployment


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In this paper we will deal with the basic concepts of the natural rate of

unemployment. Then we will discuss about the natural rate of unemployment

in the United States of America.

Natural Rate of Unemployment: Concepts

Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps developed the concept of natural rate of

unemployment in the 1960s. It is basically the lowest unemployment rate that is

consistent with the long run aggregate production. According to the Keynesian view,

lower rate of unemployment was consistent with a high rate of inflation. But such an

increase in the employment rate will be short lived. Unemployment will revert back to its

earlier position with the inflation rate remaining high. So, natural rate of unemployment

can also be defined as that low level of unemployment at which the economy faces a

stableinflation rate. For this reason the natural rate of unemployment is also termed as

the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment or the NAIRU.

There are certain cyclical factors that can cause deviation of the economy

from the natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment

cannot be lowered with the help of monetary policies. Monetary policies, on

the contrary, can be used to curb actual unemployment, which is a deviation

from the natural rate of unemployment.

Natural Rate of Unemployment in US

The natural rate of unemployment was set at 5.5% to 6% in the 1990s. Any deviation

from this level would imply sticky wages and inflation. By May 1999, the unemployment

rate in US was 4.2% and this was accompanied by an increase in the Consumer Price

Index by 1.6% in 1998.

In the recent times, economists are of the view that the natural rate of

unemployment differs across nations. The natural rate of unemployment isalso different across different time horizons for the same country. This

variation is a result of divergent policies formulated by the government,

attitude of the workers and business practices.

Different factors are attributed behind the fall in the natural rate of


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belief that they are unable to find employees who may qualify for the post

although in reality such employees do exist.

Causes of frictional unemployment

Frictional unemployment may be a result of the following reasons:

Mobility of labor

People generally seek another job either because they are fired from the

existing job or because they are they want to get a better job. In the transition

period they are unemployed.

Expansion of the Labor force

Every year more and more individuals join the labor force. During the phase of their job

search they are unemployed.

Many economists have termed frictional unemployment a sign of economic well being.

Frictional unemployment can exist only in a fast growing economy where the labor force

is expanding, mobile, flexible and adaptable.

Cyclical

Unemployment

In this article we have discussed the basic concepts of cyclical unemployment

and its linkage with the business cycle. We have analyzed the cyclical

unemployment that was witnessed in US. Next we have seen the steps that

are taken by the government to counter the problem of cyclical

unemployment.

Cyclical unemployment goes hand in hand with the business cycle or the ace

of the economy. In the peak stage of the business cycle i.e. a very high GDP

is matched with lowunemployment rate. Again when the economy is passing

through a recession the unemployment rate is very high. Hence cyclical

unemployment may be alternatively defined as the negative correlation that

exists with Gross Domestic Product.


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When the economy is in a recession, the aggregate demand for goods and

services is low. Consumer expenditure is also less. Production is lowered to

match with the low aggregate demand. Lowering production entails

downsizing the work force.

Cyclical Unemployment And The Business Cycle

As mentioned earlier the cyclical unemployment is linked with the business cycle. The

business cycle, basically measures the change of the Gross Domestic Product with

time. The business cycle is composed of four period of time, but the length of time

cannot be predetermined. The business cycle begins with theeconomic slowdown and

soon it is pushed into a trough where the economy hits is lowest point. Here the

unemployment rate is the maximum. In the expansionary phase of the business cycle, a

number of factorswork in unison to boost the economy. The economy is on its path of

recovery. Production is taking place at full swing and more workers are unemployed to

meet the high production needs and hence unemployment is the minimum at this point.

Most commonly, a business cycle lasts for a very short time period, but there

may be long-term factors that may trigger the economy into a depression,

which is the magnified form of a recession. In this case the economy may be

caught up in ling term unemployment.

Cyclical Unemployment In US

Cyclical unemployment can be witnessed during the Great Depression in US. The data

collected from the National Bureau of Economic Research show that unemployment

rose to 25% from zero in 1933. The unemployment rate shot again to 20% in 1938.

A different pattern of unemployment is observed in the 1990s from the data collected

from the Economic Report of the President. During this period the unemployment rateranges from 3% to 10%. It is observed that unemployment is high in times of the

recession in 1948,1958,1961,1969,1979,1981 and 1990.


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Government Policies To Counter Cyclical Unemployment

Necessary actions are taken by the government to uplift the economy from depression.

Lowering interest rate and taxes increases consumer expenditure. Employment creation

programs are also taken up. Financial assistance is provided to the unemployed in theform of unemployment benefits. The statistics that are published

on unemployment Insurance, on a regular basis, show that claims sustain for a longer

time frame in times of recession. For this reason the government has resorted to the

extended benefit program at the time of recession.

The jobs created by the government during the Great Depression in US did improve the

unemployment problem prevailing in US then.

Unemployment Types

This paper discusses the different types of unemployment and its implications on the

economy as a whole. In the following section we have detailed about the five different

types of unemployment.

Frictional Unemployment

Frictional unemployment occurs when a person is out of onejob is searching for

another. It generally requires some time before a person can get the next job. Duringthis time he is frictionally unemployed. The problem of frictional unemployment is

minimized with the development of efficient labor markets. The time period of shifting

from one job to another is almost nil. However, imperfect information may aggravate the

problem of frictional unemployment. The more developed an economy is, higher is the

probability of getting a job faster and lower is the probability of frictional unemployment.

Structural Unemployment

Structural unemployment arises when the qualification of a person is not sufficient to

meet his job responsibilities. Stated alternatively, structural unemployment arises when

the marginal revenue product of a person falls short of the minimum wage that can be

paid for the concerned job. The minimum wage is set by law or by negotiations in the

union. Structural unemployment can also accompany a situation of zero minimum

wages. The extent to which structural unemployment takes place depends on a number

of parameters. Higher the mobility of labor across different jobs, lower will be the


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structural unemployment. Along with the mobility of labor, structural unemployment also

depends on the growth rate of an economy as well as the structure of an industry.

Real Wage or Classical Unemployment

This type of unemployment problem arises when the wages rise above the equilibrium

full employment level. In such a situation the wages are not flexible downwards which

will imply that unemployment would persist for long. Such wages may be set by

manipulations in the trade union.

Cyclical Unemployment

Cyclical or demand deficient unemployment occurs when the economy is in need of low

workforce. According to the Keynesian economists this type of unemployment occurs

due to economic disequilibrium. This form of unemployment is most commonly knownas cyclical unemployment since unemployment moves with the trade cycle. The

demand for labor increases with the economy in the boom phase. Again, when the

economy passes though recession, demand for labor contracts and the surplus is

released as the unemployed labor force.

Seasonal Unemployment

There are certain kinds of unemployment that tend to concentrate in a particular time of

the year and are known as seasonal unemployment. Seasonal unemployment is mostcommon in industries like tourism, hotel, catering and fruit picking.

Hence from the above types of unemployment we may conclude that as long as

demand supply gap persists in the labor market, unemployment will exist. The pace of

economic growth is also a factor contributing to the different types of unemployment.

Unemployment Benefit

When a state or a government assists or aids those who are unemployed who agree toactively seek employment, this is known as unemployment benefit. Unemployment

benefits vary in size and coverage according to the jurisdiction of the unemployment

agency and the status of the unemployed. Typically, the coverage of unemployment

benefits extends to basic needs. However, it can also be proportional to the last drawn

salary. Individuals register to claim unemployment benefits and indicate their status of

unemployment.


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Unemployment Benefit: Types

An unemployment benefit may be offered as:

y Unemployment insurance including payments to ex-military personnel and employees of

federal/government agencies.

y Health insurance and medical assistance with benefits that may extend to the immediate family

members.

y Additional income for unemployed individuals with children or any other dependants.y Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA) for individuals who became unemployed due to a

natural disaster such as storms and floods. They are eligible for disaster unemployment

benefits.

Unemployment Benefits: Features

Unemployment benefits include the following features:

y It is generally covered under the social security scheme.

y Individuals who are unable to work because of disability are not eligible for unemployment

benefits but they can apply for separate disability benefits.

y It is not offered to unemployed individuals who are above the retirement age.

y The compensation generally equals half of the earnings.

y The benefits are extended for a longer period when there is high rate of unemployment in the

economy.

y It is taxable and returns should be filed on it.

y It is not offered to self-employed individuals.

y It cannot be claimed by individuals who quit work without a substantial reason.

y It cannot be claimed by those who are involved in labor disputes or get fired due to

misconduct.

How to Claim Unemployment Benefits?


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To claim an unemployment benefit, an application has to be submitted to an

unemployment agency. This can also be done online, through post or in person. The

agency reviews the application and the reasons for unemployment. Some agencies

require periodic certification from individuals on their unemployment status. The

payment of unemployment benefits generally begins two weeks after the application hasbeen filed.

While filing a claim for unemployment benefits, the following information needs to be

furnished to the unemployment agency:

y Social security details

y Mailing address with zip code

y Contact numbers

y

Name and contact details of past employers during preceding two years, including employmentdates and duration.

While claiming unemployment benefits, it is mandatory for the unemployed individual to

register with the states job service and actively search for work. The job service

requires individuals to submit resumes, apply for different jobs and accept a position

that fulfills certain standards. At job service offices, it is possible for unemployed

individuals to find excellent guidance through career counseling, job listings and

training.

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