eco city development towards developing low carbon society
TRANSCRIPT
Presented by: Group 5
Md. Saidur Rahman, Bangladesh (Group Leader)
Brando Cabigas Razon, PhilippinesSyahyadi, IndonesiaL Changhe, ChinaHinohara Hiroyuki, JapanMeng Meng, China* Presented in the 3rd Summer Course 2011 of Hiroshima
University, Japan at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China during 4-14 Aug 2011
THE PRESENTATIONon
to
BRM, ADB8 September 2011
Background The 3rd Summer Course 2011 “DEVELOPMENT WITHIN A LOW CARBON WORLD: Preparing
Professionals for Policy and Planning Instruments for Green Innovation” jointly with Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China (4-14 Aug 2011)
The 1st Summer Course 2011 “DEVELOPMENT WITHIN A LOW CARBON WORLD: Preparing Professionals for Post-Kyoto Climate Negotiations and Sustainable Growth Policies” jointly with LBJ School, The University of Texas Austin during August 5-21, 2009 at Hiroshima University, Japan (40 participants).
The 2nd Summer Course 2010 jointly with Bogor Agricultural University at Bogor, Indonesia A Global Environmental Leaders Education Program in Hiroshima University by the Ministry of
Education, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for designing a low carbon society
47 participants from 16 different countries 10 alumni+ 37 master and PhD course students from HU, China’s 3 universities and University of
Texas at Austin, USA
The course highlights policy and planning instruments which facilitate environmental sound technological changes: green invention, innovation and deployment.
provides an opportunity several technical visits reviews of technological options for key sectors - energy supply, transportation and energy
devices
Paper will be published as ‘ Research Note’ in the Journal of International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan in March 2012 Issue
Technical VisitsChina produced 48% of the world's solar panels in 2010 – eqvt.
to13 gigawatts electricity [China Daily]
Solar power can deliver all the energy the world requires. Even in northern latitudes such as Cambridge, UK, enough radiation hits the city in 20 minutes to produce its entire power requirements for that day.
Yingli Solar , Baoding, China
Part 1Urbanization Process & Climate Change
IssuesHistorical Development of City & Eco-City
Concept
Part 2Case Study & Lessons Learned
Conclusions & Recommendations
Presentation outlines
More than half the world’s population (over 3.3 billion) resides in urban areas - 5 billion by 2030
120 Megacities were in 2000, the number is projected to rise to more than 160 by 2015
75% of global economic production takes place in cities
about 90% of global urban growth now takes place in developing countries
urban share of GDP already surpasses 60% in developing countries
400,000 km2 of new urban built-up area will be constructed within next 20 years equivalent that of total world’s area in 2000
entire built-up urban area in developing countries is projected to triple
Urbanization has greatly contributed to environmental and socioeconomic challenges
climate change, pollution, congestion, and the rapid growth of slums
By 2050 there will be an energy shortfall of 14 terawatts across the planet
CO2 and methane levels in the atmosphere are higher than at any time in the last 650,000 years
lead to continuous increase of global temperature
The increase in global emissions has been largely driven by increased emission from large developing countries
China, India, Brazil and the other growing economies of the world.
Urban Interaction and Global Concerns
BUT HOW TO ADDRESS THE ISSUES…….?
Urbanization and Climate Change
Cities are now on the front line of the management of change and are playing a leading role in the global development agenda
Globally, cities account for about 70% of energy related GHGs emissions, which leads to climate change -global warming
City-level actions needs to be a central part in GHG emissions reduction strategies
Way Forward-------------
Emerging Eco-City ConceptOne Point Linear Perspective:“The Ideal City“ in 1470 by Piero della Francesca
Howards’s Garden City (1898) inspired by the Utopian novel ‘Looking Backward’
"Moving into eco-cities does not mean people will sacrifice modern conveniences and go back to a primitive relationship with nature. It is a lifestyle that does little harm to the environment while meeting the human race's increasing demand for a better life." - Professor Wang Rusong, DG, Ecological Society of China.
Elements of Eco-City Planning Sense of place of individual
neighborhoods Emphasis on public spaces
and greenery Comprehensive land use
planning Compact and
geometrically integrated Integrated with public
transport zoning - setting of various
facilities, community development etc
Usage of renewable energy Application of new ICT
management Ensure public participation Innovation of local
technologies Dynamic confluence of
aesthetic, technological and sociological perspectives
Eco-City: Planning Issues & New-Urbanism
Eco-City: Planning Issues & New-Urbanism
Eco-City: Planning Issues & New-Urbanism
Feet First
Pedal Next
PT Third
Car May Be
Key Features Innovative land use planning integrated
with transportation planning Linearly urban growth along strategic
axes high density commercial and residential
development land use zoning integrated with master
plan (1966) Incremental development strategy
city procured the basic rights of way for critical transport infrastructure, and developed infrastructure and service routes only when demand justified supply
Green area enhancement & flood control enhanced the green areas and
recreational facilities within the city, including parks and bicycle paths
Solid waste management Citizen participation
Case Study 1: Curitiba, Brazil
Evolution of the Integrated Bus Network in Curitiba, 1974–95 and 2009, Source: IPPUC (2009)
The Trinary Road System in Curitiba, Source: World Bank (2010).
Case Study 1: Curitiba, Brazil
An emerging eco-city in China A JV initiatives between the Government
of Singapore and the Tianjin municipal government
Features of the SSTEC Master Plan Integrated mixed-use zones in an “eco-
cell” layout, a modular 400m by 400m grid
Relatively high-density city enabling TOD
3-tiers integrated public transport ‘leading-edge’ green technology to
public transit Energy consumption is at least 20%
lower than the national average Solar energy be 30.7% of total
renewable energy Efficient water use and solid waste
management
City Profile Area: 34.2 km2 Population: 11.76 million (3rd largest) Location: 40 km from Tianjin City and 150 km
from Beijing
Case Study 2: Sino-Singapore Tianjin, China
A solar photovoltaic power station in Golmud, Qinghai province.
Tianjin was originally an industrial base for chemical manufacturing in northern China and has long been suffering from chemical pollution.
Deserted saltpans, saline-alkaline non-arable land and polluted bodies of water made up a third of the area.
But now this land is full of greenery and offers a comfortable environment to work and live
Case Study 2: Sino-Singapore Tianjin, China
Hope for Future….
KEY Indicators KPI 5: Carbon emissions per unit of GDP: ≤150 tons
per one million US$ GDP KPI 7: Proportion of Green Buildings: 100% KPI 11: Per capita domestic waste generation: ≤ 0.8
kg per day (by 2013) KPI 12: Proportion of Green Trips: 90% KPI 13: Solid waste recycling rate: 60% KPI 19: Renewable energy usage: 20% KPI 20: Water supply from non-conventional
sources: at least 50%
Problems and pitfalls Ill-designed in rural areas
Questinable economic sustainability displaced farmers were not likely to be able to afford housing at the eco-city site, even with
20% of dwelling units designated as affordable housing Management problems confusion between design firm and state-owned developer Unplanned funding Political will and lack of citizen participation
Located on an estuary tidal flat at the east end of Chongming Island at the mouth of the Yangtze River, about an hour’s ferry ride from
Shanghai
Have the potential to tap renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
The start-up area of 6.5 km2, housing 80,000 people.
Targeted for completion in 2020, to have covered 30 km2 with a population of 500,000
by 2050.
1st eco-city in China (2003) proclaimed world’s first purpose-built carbon neutral city (ADB, 2010)
1st phase was scheduled to complete in 2010 before Shanghai World Expo
However, it largely failed to materialize
Case Study 3: Dongtan, China
Japan’s Eco-Model City Innitiatives
Japan’s Eco-Model City Innitiatives
Stockholm, SwedenHammarby Model (1995)
Key Features City council aimed to be two times more sustainable than Swedish best practices (as of 1995)
on a range of indicators: most notably, energy efficiency per square meter also water conservation, waste reduction and reuse, emissions reductions, reduced
hazardous materials in construction, use of renewable energy sources, and integrated transportation solutions
A project team was formed to integrate these efforts into a single direction led by a project manager and an environmental officer with key representatives from different city departments
This model streamlines various systems of infrastructure and urban service delivery, and provides the foundation and blueprint for achieving many of the sustainability targets
Initial Outcomes (World Bank 2010) 30% reduction in non-renewable energy use 41% reduction in water use 29% reduction in global warming potential 41% reduction in photochemical ozone creation production 36% reduction in acidification potential 33% reduction in radioactive waste
Stockholm, Sweden
Many solutions are affordable even if budgets are limited many creative, practical, & cost-effective solutions simultaneously achieve greater benefits
Success is achievable through existing proven technologies and new innovations depends less on new technologies and more on appropriate technologies
Think globally, act locally approach city authorities should first look at the innovation taking place within own city boundaries
Many solutions benefit the poor indirectly and directly fiscal gains in city expenditures & utility payments can free up money for social investment
Leadership and continuity Strong leadership with technical backgrounds and political will
Citizen ownership and eco-consciousness people’s active participation in city programs
Local characteristics local situation, including its budget, capacity, social conditions in devising urban strategies
Opportunities to Capitalize many opportunities created by rapid change and successful innovation
Lessons Learned for Developing Countries
Achieving the Harmonies of Eco-City in Developing Countries
Achieving the Harmonies of Eco-City in Developing Countries
Eco-city framework may be a reference for developing sustainable cities in developing countries towards developing low carbon society
Eco-cities have the potential to address many of the problems world facing today Global warming, congestion, rapid urbanization, energy and water
Current design and planning practices among cities may be a challenge rooted in patterns established in the 19th century
Design of an eco-city or sustainable city will depend on an operating set of values Effective and well-coordinated urban planning and land use policies Appropriate spatial layouts to provide strong and sustained long term development
and compound the economic, social, and environmental returns
Communities, NGOs and local public agencies need to operate synergistically and with the government and other stakeholders
Goals and priorities need to be defined and agreed upon at an early stage so that expectations can be met and to diminish a fuzzy, uncertain planning environment.
Appropriate technologies and local innovations should be prioritized
Conclusion and Recommendations
Thank You For
Kind Attention