ec importance

7/30/2019 EC Importance

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ENERGY CONSERVATIONAND DEMAND MANAGEMENT

IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY

CONSERVATION


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What is Energy?

Energy is the ability to do work or to movematter.

It cannot be felt or observed, except aslight or heat or may be sound.


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Various Forms of Energy

There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and

working (kinetic) energy.Potential Energy

Chemical Energy

Nuclear Energy

Stored Mechanical Energy

. Gravitational Energy

Kinetic Energy

Radiant Energy

Thermal Energy

. MotionSound

Electr ical Energy


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CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY

PRIMARY ENERGY AND SECONDARYENERGY

COMMERCIAL ENERGY AND NONCOMMERCIAL ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND NONRENEWABLE ENERGY


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Primary Energy are derived from nature.

Examples are

Coal, oil, natural gas and biomass (wood) Solar energy, nuclear energy etc.

Hydro energy

Wind energy (but basically caused by sun)

Ocean energy Etc.

Secondary energy is derived from primary energy such as

steam which is derived by combustion of fuel

Electricity generated from power stations


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Commercial and Non- Commercial

Energy The energy sources that are available in the

market for a definite price are known as

Commercial energy

The energy sources that are not available in

the market for a definite price are known as


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Examples of Commercial energy are :Electricity

Lignite

Coal

Natural gas etc.

Examples of Non-Commercial energy are :

Fire wood

Cattle dung

Agro waste in rural areas

Solar energy for water heating etc


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Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

Renewable energy is

energy obtained from

sources that are

essentially inexhaustible

Non-renewable are the

conventional fossil fuels,which are likely to

deplete.


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Though renewable energy sources areinexhaustible, their commercial exploitation has

been limited. Examples of renewable energy sources are

Wind power

Solar power

Tidal powerHydroelectric power

Geothermal energy

Examples of non renewable energy sources are

Coal

Oil

Gas


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Laws of Thermodynamics

1st Law states that energy may be converted from one form to

another, but it is never lost from the system.

2nd

LawIn any conversion of energy from one form to another, some

amount of energy will be diss ipated as heat.

No energy conversion is 100 % effic ient.

This principle is used in energy equipment eff ic iency

calculations.


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Energy Transformation

Oil generat e heat -->Heat boils water -->

Water turns to steam -->

Steam turns a turbine -->

Turbine turns an electric generator -->

Generator produces electricity -->

Electricity powers light bulbs -->

Light bulbs give off light and heat

More the numbe r

of conversionstages, lesser the

energy efficiency


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How is Energy Measured?

Calorific Value is measured by burning and measuring the

heat released of a known sample of fuel in a closed and

insulated device called as Bomb Calorimeter.

Heating Value or Calorif ic Value is the measure of theheat released during complete combustion of unit weight

of fuel

Calorific Value expressed as Gross or High Calorific

Value (GCV) and Net or Lower Calorific Value (NCV)

NCV = GCVHeat of vaporization of moisture in fuel


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Common Energy Units

Common units of Energy are Calories or Joules

kilocalorie (or kcal) = 1000 calories

kiloJoule (or kJ) = 1000 Joules = 0.24 kcal.Joule (J) :Joule is the SI unit of work or energy.

1 kWh of electricity = 860 kcal/unit =3600 kiloJoules

An Indus try consumes 900 k iloli ter of fuel oil , 5,00,000 units

electricity in an year for the production. Determine the totalenergy used in the plant in million Kcals/year.


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Difference Between Power and

EnergyPower is Energy used per unit time orRATE OFENERGY USE

Units used for Power is KW

1 watt = 1 Joule/second = 0.24 cal/second

1 kilowatt = 1000 watts

1 megawatt = 1000 kilowatts

1 gigawatt = 1000 megawatts

1 horsepower = 746 watts


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Global Primary Energy Reserves:

Coal: The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be 8,47,488 million

tonnes by end of 2007. The USA had the largest share of the global reserve (28.6%) followed by Russia (18.5%), China (13.5%) & Australia (9%).

India was 5 th in the list with 6.7%.

Oil:

The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be 1237 billion barrels by theend of 2007. Saudi Arabia had the largest share of the reserve with almost

21.3%.(One barrel of oil is approximately 160 litres) followed by Iran(11.2%), Iraq (9.3),Russian Federation (6.4%) & Australia (9%). India havevery low oil reserves of about 0.4%.

Gas:

The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be 176 trillion cubic metres bythe end of 2007. The Russian Federation had the largest share of the reservewith almost 25.2% followed by Iran (15.7%), Qatar (14.4%) & Saudi Arabia

(4 %). India have very low Gas reserves of about 0.6%. World oil and gas reserves are estimated at just 40 years and 60

years respectively. Coal is likely to last a little over 133 years


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PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF FUEL,2008 In Million tonnes oil equivalent

It may be seen that India's absolute primary energy consumption is only 1/26th of the world, 1/5th of USA, 1/1.17th time of Japan but 1.31, 1.68, 2times that of Canada, France and U.K respectively.

Country oil NG coal NUCLEAR hydro total

USA 884.5 600.7 565 192 56.7 2299

Canada 102 90 33 21.1 83.6 329.8

France 92.2 39.8 11.9 99.6 14.3 257.9

Russia 130.4 378.2 101.3 36.9 37.8 684.6

UK 78.7 84.5 35.4 11.9 1.1 211.6China 375.7 72.6 1406.3 15.5 132.4 2002.4

India 135.0 37.2 231.4 3.5 26.2 433.3

Japan 221.8 84.4 128.7 57.0 15.7 507.5

Malaysia 21.8 27.6 5.0 - 1.5 56

Pakistan 19.3 33.8 6.7 0.4 6.3 66.5

Singapore

TOTAL

world

49.9

3927.9

8.3

2726.1

-

3303.7

-

619.7

-

717.5

58.2

11294.9


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Energy Distribution Between Developed and Developing Countries

80 percent of the world's population lies in the developing countries but energy

consumption amounts to only 40 percent of the world total energyconsumption.

The high standards of living in the developed countries are attributable tohigh-energy consumption levels.

The rapid population growth in the developing countries has kept the per

capita energy consumption low compared with that of highly industrializeddeveloped countries.

The world average energy consumption per person is equivalent to 2.2 tonnesof coal.

In industrialized countries, people use four to five times more than the worldaverage, and nine times more than the average for the developing countries

An American uses 32 times more commercial energy than an Indian.


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Indian Energy Scenario

Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 53.43% of the total primary

energy production Over the years, there has been a marked increase in the consumption of natural gas from

24.5 billion cubic meters in 1998 to 41.4 in 2008 where as there is an increase of around25 % in production during the same period.

There is an increase of around 47% in oil consumption from 1998 to 2008 where as theincrease of production rate is only 4%.

Energy Supply ( Coal )

India has huge coal reserves, at least 58,600 million tonnes of proven recoverablereserves (at the end of 2008). This amounts to almost 7.1% of the world reserves and itmay last for about 118 years at the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast,the world's proven coal reserves are expected to last only for 114 years at the currentR/P ratio.

India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world. Coal production isconcent rated in thee states of Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal.


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Oil Supply

Oil accounts for about 31.15 % of India's total energy consumption .

With demand for 100 million tonne, India is the third largest oilconsumption zone in Asia.

The country's annual crude oil production is peaked at about 32 milliontonne as against the current demand of about 100 milliontonne.

India imports 70%of its crude needs mainly from gulf nations.

The majority of India's oil reserves are located in the Bombay High,upper Assam, Cambay, Krishna-Godavari.

In terms of sector wise petroleum product consumption, transportaccounts for 42% followed by domestic and industry with 24% and 24%respectively.

India spent more than Rs.1,10,000 crore on oil imports at the end of 2004.


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Natural Gas Supply

Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption in the country. Natural gasreserves are estimated at 1060 billion cubic meters.

Electrical Energy Supply The all India installed capacity of electric power generating stations under utilities was 1,53,694 MW

as on31/10/ 2009, consisting of 36,885.4 MW- hydro, 99,378.48 MW - thermal and 4,120 MW-nuclear and 13,310MW- renewable

Present energy and peak shortages are 7% and 11 % respectively.

Expected demand by the year 2012 is around 2,15,000 MW

11 Th five year plan targeted addition of 78,700 Mw for 2007-12

10 Th five year plan addition was only 23,450 Mw against targeted 41,100 MW

Nuclear Power Supply Nuclear Power contributes to about2.78 per cent of electricity generated in India. India has 17

nuclear power reactors producing electricity.

Hydro Power Supply India is endowed with a vast and viable hydro potential for power generation of which only 24%

has been harnessed so far. The share of hydropower in the country's total generated units stands at26% as on April 2007. It is assessed that exploitable potential at 60% load factor is 84,000 MW.


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Energy Needs of Growing Economy

Economic growth is desirable for developing countries, and energy is essential foreconomic growth. However, the relationship between economic growth and

increased energy demand is not always a straightforward linear one.

For example, under present conditions, 6% increase in India's Gross DomesticProduct (GDP) would impose an increased demand of 9 % on its energy sector.

In this context, the ratio of energy demand to GDP is a useful indicator. A highratio reflects energy dependence and a strong influence of energy on GDP growth.

The developed countries, by focusing on energy efficiency and lower energy-intensive routes, maintain their energy to GDP ratios at values of less than 1. Theratios for developing countries are much higher.

Per Capita Energy Consumption The per capita energy consumption is too low for India as compared to developed

countries. It is just 4% of USA and 20% of the world average.

The per capita consumption is likely to grow in India with growth in economy thusincreasing the energy demand.


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Energy Intensity

Energy intensity is energy consumption per

unit of GDP. Energy intensity indicates the

development stage of the country.

India's energy intensity is 3.7 times of

Japan, 1.55 times of USA,1.47 times of

Asia and 1.5 times of World average.


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Long Term Energy Scenario for India

Coal

Coal is the predominant energy source for power production inIndia, generating approximately 55% of total domestic electricity.

Energy demand in India is expected to increase over the next 10-15years; although new oil and gas plants are planned, coal isexpected to remain the dominant fuel for power generation.

However, to meet expected future demand, indigenous coalproduction will have to be greatly expanded as coal demand isexpected to rise drastically.

Indian coal is typically of poor quality and as such requires to bebeneficiated to improve the quality;

Coal imports will also need to increase dramatically to satisfyindustrial and power generation requirements.


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Oil

Indias demand for petroleum products is on

increasing trend

India's self sufficiency in oil has consistently

declined from 60% in the 50s to 30%

currently. Same is expected to go down to 8%

by 2020.

Around 92% of India's total oil demand by2020 has to be met by imports.


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Natural Gas

The gap between demand and supply isset to widen unless major gas discoveries

are made. India is also looking at pipeline

gas and LNG imports from neighbouring

countries as well as countries from Iran,Oman, Central and South East Asia.

It is mainly based on the strength of a more

than doubling of production by private

operators.


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Electricity

India currently has a peak demand shortage of around 11%

and an energy deficit of7%.

With a GDP growth of 8% to10%, the expected demand

will be 215,804 MW. But the Government of India has set

a target of power generation capacity addition of 78,700MW during XI th period .Even achieved the targeted still

continue to be the peak and energy shortages.

.In the area of nuclear power the objective is to achieve20,000 MW of nuclear generation capacity by the year

2020.


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Energy Pricing in India

Pricing practices in India like many other developing countriesare influenced by political, social and economic compulsions at thestate and central level.

The Indian energy sector offers many examples of cross subsidies

e.g., diesel, LPG and kerosene being subsidised by petrol,petroleum products for industrial usage and industrial, andcommercial consumers of electricity subsidising the agriculturaland domestic consumers.

Efforts are on to adopt uniform pricing.

Electricity tariffs has been modified to take care of TOD & ABTetc


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Energy Sector Reforms

Implementation of LPG policies to meet

the future demands

. Energy conservation act 2001

Electricity act 2003


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Energy Security

The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency

on the imported energy sources for its economic growth.

But India will continue to experience an energy supply shortfallthroughout the forecast period.

India has been unable to raise its energy needs substantially. In addition,the government subsidises are worsening the situation.

Imports of oil, Gas and coal have been increasing .The dependence onenergy imports is projected to increase in the future further. Increasingdependence on oil imports means reliance on imports from the MiddleEast, a region susceptible to disturbances and consequent disruptions ofoil supplies. This calls for diversification of sources of oil imports. Theneed to deal with oil price fluctuations also necessitates measures to betaken to reduce the oil dependence of the economy, possibly through fiscalmeasures to reduce demand, and by developing alternatives to oil, such asnatural gas and renewable energy


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strategies to meet future challenges to energy security :

Building stockpiles

Diversification of energy supply sources

Increased capacity of fuel switching

Demand restraint,

Development of renewable energy sources.

Energy conservation & Energy efficiency

Sustainable development

Although all these options are feasible, their implementation will taketime.However, out of all these options, the simplest and the most easily attainable isreducing demand through persistent energy conservation efforts.


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Energy and Environment

The usage of energy resources in industry leads to

environmental damages by polluting the

atmosphere. Few of examples of air pollution are

sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrous oxide (NOX ) and

carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from boilers andfurnaces, chloro-fluro carbons (CFC) emissions

from refrigerants use,etc.

In chemical and fertilizers industries, toxic gases

are released.

Cement plants and power plants spew out

particulate matter.


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Global Environmental Issues

examples of environmental issues of global significanceare:

Ozone layer depletion Air & water pollution

Land degradation

Global warming

Loss of biodiversity One of the most important characteristics of this

environmental degradation is that it affects allmankind on a global scale without regard to anyparticular country,region,or race.

The whole world is a stakeholder and this raises issueson who should do what to combat environmentaldegradation.


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Ozone Layer Depletion

Earth's atmosphere is divided into three regions, namely troposphere,

stratosphere and mesosphere.

The stratosphere extends from 10 to 50 kms from the Earth's surface. Thisregion is concentrated with slightly pungent smelling, light bluish ozone gas.

The ozone layer, in the stratosphere acts as an efficient filter for harmful solar

Ultraviolet B (UV-B) rays

Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet radiation withwavelengths less than 240 nanometres and is destroyed when it absorbsultraviolet radiation with wavelengths greater than 290 nanometres.

It is planned that by 2005 in developed countries and by 2015 in developing

countries, the use of ozone depleting gases, such as CFCs,will be phased out.


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Chemical equation is

CFCl3 +UV Light ==>CFCl2 +Cl

Cl +O3 ==>ClO +O2ClO +O ==>Cl +O2

The free chlorine atom is then free to attackanother ozone molecule

Cl +O3 ==>ClO +O2

ClO +O ==>Cl +O2

and again ...

Cl +O3 ==>ClO +O2ClO +O ==>Cl +O2

and again...for thousands of times.


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Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion

Effects on Human and Animal Health: Increased potential risks ofeye diseases, skin cancer and infectious diseases.

Effects on Terrestrial Plants: In forests and grasslands, increasedradiation is likely to change species composition

Effects on Aquatic Eco systems: High damage to early developmentstages of fish ,shrimp, crab, amphibians and other animals, the most

severe effects being decreased reproductive capacity and impairedlarval development.

Effects on Bio-geo-chemical Cycles: Increased solar UV radiationcould affect terrestrial and aquatic bio-geo-chemical cycles thusaltering both sources and sinks of greenhouse and important trace

gases, e.g. .carbon dioxide (CO2 ),carbon monoxide (CO), carbonylsulfide (COS) ,etc.


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Global Warming

Over the last 100 years, it was found out that the earth is gettingwarmer and warmer. The present temperature is 0.3 -0.6 C

warmer than it was 100 years ago.

The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causing global warming iscarbon dioxide ,CFC's, even though they exist in very smallquantities, are significant contributors to global warming.

Carbon dioxide, one of the most prevalent greenhouse gases in theatmosphere, has two major anthropogenic (human-caused)sources:the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land use.

Net releases of carbon dioxide from these two sources are believedto be contributing to the rapid rise in atmospheric concentrationssince Industrial Revolution. Because estimates indicate thatapproximately 80 percent of all anthropogenic carbon dioxideemissions currently come from fossil fuel combustion, worldenergy use has emerged at the center of the climate change debate.


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Sources of Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide - 54%

CFC -21% Methane-12 %

Ozone-7%

Nitrous oxide-6%

Composition of major pollutants in air Carbon Monoxide-47%

Hydro carbons-15%

Sulphur oxides15%

Nitrogen oxides-10%

Particulates-13%


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Major pollutants in Air sources

Fuel combustion in transport-42% Industry-35%

Forest fire8%

Solid waste disposal-5%

Miscellaneous-10%


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Global Warming (Climate change)Implications

Rise in global temperature: Observations show that globaltemperatures have risen by about 0.6 C over the 20th century.

Climate models predict that the global temperature will rise byabout 6 C by the year 2100.

Rise in sea level: In general, the faster the climate change, thegreater will be the risk of damage. The mean sea level is expectedto rise 9 -88 cm by the year 2100,causing flooding of low lying

areas and other damages.

Food shortages and hunger: Water resources will be affected asprecipitation and evaporation patterns change around theworld.This will affect agricultural output.

India could be more at risks than many other countries: Modelspredict an average increase in temperature in India of 2.3 to 4.8 C

Loss of Biodiversity:


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The United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange , UNFCCC

In June 1992,the "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) was signed in Rio de Janeiro by over 150 nations. There is aconcern that human activities are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect,which can have serious consequences on human settlements and ecosystems.

The convention's overall objective is the stabilization of greenhouse gas

concentrations in the atmosphere

The overall objective can be interpreted as stabilization of emissions ofgreenhouse gases by year 2000 at 1990 levels.

The deciding body of the climate convention is the Conference of Parties

(COP). At the COP meetings, obligations made by the parties are examinedand the objectives and implementation of the climate convention are furtherdefined and developed.

The first COP was held in Berlin, Germany in 1995 and the latest (COP10)was held in December 2004,Buenos Aires, Argentina.


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THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

Major nations such as the United States and Japan would not meet

the voluntary stabilization target by 2000,Parties to theConvention decided in 1995 to enter into negotiations on a protocolto establish legally binding limitations or reductions in greenhousegas emissions.

It was decided by the Parties that this round of negotiations would

establish limitations only for the developed countries, including theformer Communist countries (called annex A countries).

Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) werecompleted December 11,1997,committing the industrialized

nations to specify, legally binding reductions in emissions of sixgreenhouse gases.

The 6 major greenhouse gases covered by the protocol are CO2,CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs,and SF6.


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EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

The United States would be obligated under the Protocol to acumulative reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions of 7%below1990 levels for three greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide),and below 1995 levels for the three man-made gases, averagedover the commitment period 2008 to 2012.

The Protocol states that developed countries are committed,individually or jointly, to ensuring that their aggregateanthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of greenhousegases do not exceed amounts assigned to each country with a viewto reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least5%below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.


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The Flexible Mechanisms

The Kyoto protocol gives the Annex I countries

the option to fulfill a part of their commitmentsthrough three "flexible mechanisms". Through

these mechanisms, a country can fulfill a part of

their emissions reductions in another country or

buy emission allowances from anothercountry.There are three flexible mechanisms:

I. Emissions trading

ii. Joint implementation iii. Clean development mechanism


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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is often defined as 'development that meetsthe needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs'.

Sustainable development encompasses three basic and inter-relatedobjectives:

Economic security and prosperity

Social development and advancementEnvironmental sustainability

Sustainable development demands that we seek ways of living,working and being that enable all people of the world to lead healthy,fulfilling, and economically secure lives without destroying the

environment and without endangering the future welfare of people andthe planet.


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Energy Conservation and its Importance

Coal and other fossil fuels, which have taken three million years to form,are likely to deplete soon.

In the last two hundred years, we have consumed 60% of all resources.

For sustainable development, we need to adopt energy efficiency

measures.

Today, 85% of primary energy comes from non-renewable, and fossil

sources (coal, oil, etc.). These reserves are continually diminishing with

increasing consumption and will not exist for future generations

Degrading environment

Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but relatedconcepts.


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Energy Strategy for the Future

Immediate-term strategy:

Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energyproducts.

Optimum utilization of existing assets

Efficiency in production systems and reduction in

distribution losses, including those in traditionalenergy sources.

Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologiesand practices for environmentally sound energy

systems, including new and renewable energysources.


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MEDIUM-TERM STRATEGY:

Demand management through greater conservation ofenergy, optimum fuel mix, structural changes in theeconomy, an appropriate model mix in the transport sector

There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of

transport. This would include measures to improve thetransport infrastructure viz. roads, better design ofvehicles, use of compressed natural gas (CNG) andsynthetic fuel, etc. Similarly, better urban planning wouldalso reduce the demand for energy use in the transportsector.

There is need to move away from non-renewable torenewable energy sources viz. solar, wind, biomass energy,etc.

LONG TERM STRATEGY:


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LONG-TERM STRATEGY:

Efficient generation of energy resources

Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas

Reduction of natural gas flaring Improving energy infrastructure

Building new refineries

Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network

Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.

Building new coal and gas fired power stations.

Enhancing energy efficiency

Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-economic, and environmental

priorities Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards

Labeling programmes for products and adoption of energy efficient technologies in largeindustries

Deregulation and privatization of energy sector

Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs

Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive

Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency.

Investment legislation to attract foreign investments. Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation in power generation,

transmission and distribution .


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The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and its Features

Policy Framework - Energy Conservation Act - 2001

Important features of the Act are:

Standards and Labeling

Designated Consumers

Certification of Energy Managers and

Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms Energy Conservation Building Codes

Central Energy Conservation Fund

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

Enforcement through Self-Regulation

Penalties and Adjudication


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List of Energy Intensive Industries and other establishments specified as

designated consumers

1. Aluminum;

2. Fertilizers;

3. Iron and Steel; 4. Cement;

5. Pulp and paper;

6. Chlor Alkali;

7. Sugar;

8. Textile;

9. Chemicals; 10. Railways;

11. Port Trust;

12. Transport Sector (industries and services);

13. Petrochemicals, Gas Crackers, Naphtha Crackers and PetroleumRefineries;

14. Thermal Power Stations, hydel power stations, electricity transmissioncompanies and distribution companies;

15. Commercial buildings or establishments;

ec importance

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