Eastern Hemisphere(Trade Patterns, Japan & Africa)Unit VIIIWorld History IMr. Pawlowski2010 - 2011

Trade Patterns: 1000 – 1500 CE

• Silk Routes:• Asia to the Mediterranean basin

• Maritime routes:• across the Indian Ocean

• Trans-Saharan routes:• across North Africa

• Northern Europe:• links between Baltic & Black Sea

• Western European:• Mediterranean Sea and river trade

• Southeast Asia:• South China Sea and land routes

Silk Road

Trans-Saharan routes

Eastern Hemisphere routes

Exchange of Goods:• West Africa:• Gold

• Indian Ocean:• Spices

• Zanzibar Archipelago (Spice Islands)

• India, China, Middle East & Europe:• Textiles (silk, cotton, etc.)

• India: • Sandalwood

• Persia:• Porcelain, Saffron Powder, Pistachios

• China: • Porcelain, Silk, Gun Powder

• Baltic Region:• Amber

Exchange of Technology:• China:• Paper:

• Into Europe via Byzantium and the Islamic Civilization

• Compass• Mechanical Clock

• India:• new crops & techniques

• ex: for making sugar

• Indian Ocean:• lateen sail

• Middle East:• waterwheels and windmills

Exchange of Ideas• Religions:• Buddhism:

• Korea & Japan via China• Hinduism/Buddhism:

• Southeast Asia via India• Islam:

• West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia• Christianity:

• Europe, Eurasia

• Printing & Paper Money:• China

• Culture:• art, architecture, music, dance, etc.

• Languages

Geography• Japanese Archipelago:• est. 4,000 islands

• Hokkaido• Honshu• Shikoku• Kyushu

• Mountainous:• limited arable land:

• 15% of land• limited natural resources:

• coal, oil and iron• Bodies of Water:• Sea of Japan (East Sea)• Pacific Ocean • Yellow Sea

• Natural Barriers• Isolation

• Proximity to neighbors:• 120 miles – Korea• 500 miles – China

Influence of China:• Initial Contact:

• Korean traders/travelers & immigrants• Prince Shotoku (574 – 622 CE):

• 607 CE – initiated missions to study the Tang Dynasty in China

• Buddhism:• Introduction(552 CE):

• Korean king (Seong of Baekja) sent Buddhist monks to Japan• ‘Three Treasures Edict’ (594 CE):

• official recognition of Buddhism by Empress Suiko• various schools are subsequently introduced and adopted

• Relationship with Shinto:• rituals/beliefs coexist and/or merge

• Writing:• adopt Chinese logographic characters (pictograph)

• ‘kanji’• Additional Influences:

• Art• Architecture• Government• Culture & Lifestyle

• Japanese traditions remained as Chinese influence increased• formal missions to China end in the late ninth century

Shinto (‘Way of the Gods’)• Indigenous religious beliefs & practices of Japan• Intimately tied to Japanese society and culture

• Characteristics:• no sacred texts• no founder or founding date

• Beliefs:• Polytheistic:

• ‘kami’ – spirits/natural forces• dwelled within nature

• Positive view of human nature:• ‘man is kami’s child’

• Ancestor Veneration:• adopted from Buddhism

• ‘Imperial/State Shinto’:• worship of the emperor• divine origins of imperial family provides legitimacy

• high point: 1868 - 1945• Coexists with Buddhism:• tendency to interpret Shinto from a Buddhist viewpoint

• ex: view kami as incarnations of buddhas or bodhisattvas• not separate/competing faiths, but a single complex religious system

Feudal Japan• Heian Period (794 – 1185 CE):• strong central government

• Capital: Kyoto• landowners & clan chiefs begin to accumulate power

• Feudal Japan (1185 - 1868 CE):• Society:

• Peasants:• occupational class system:

• Farmer• Craftsmen/Artisans• Merchants

• Nobility• lords & warlords (daimyo) were given land for protection

• Samurai:• loyal warriors/army who fought for their lord

• Bushido: ‘way of the warrior’• top of the 4-tiered class system

• Emperor & Shogun:• Emperor:• ceremonial figurehead

• capital: Kyoto• Shogun: • political authority

• shogun: general & military dictator• Capital:

• Kamakura Shogunate: Kamakura• Muromach Shogunate: Kyoto• Edo Shogunate: Edo (Tokyo)

African Kingdoms

Axum (100 – 940 CE)

Axum• Location:• Ethiopian Highlands

• South of Nubia (Kush)• Modern day: Northern Ethiopia & Southern Eritrea

• Red Sea – East• Trade route linking India & Mediterranean

• Nile River – North • Formation:

• Merging of Arabs (Southwest Arabia) & Indigenous peoples (Kushite herders)• 1st King: Zoskales

• Trade:• Exported:

• Ivory, Frankincense, Myrrh & Slaves• Imported:

• Textiles, Metal Goods, Wine & Olive Oil• King Ezana (Reign: est. 330 – 356 CE):

• Conquest:• Southwest Arabia (Yemen) & Kush

• Conversion:• Adopts Christianity and establishes it as the official religion

• Contributions:• spread of Christianity:

• Coptic Church of Egypt & Ethiopian Orthodox Church• written language:

• Ge’ez• architecture:

• stone & stelae• terrace farming

• Decline:• Islamic conquest of the Red Sea and Northern Africa

• forced into economic isolation• isolated from other Christian states

• succeeded by the Zagwe Dynasty

Zimbabwe• Zimbabwe:• Shona: dzimba dza mabwe

• ‘Great Stone Houses’• Kalanga: nzi we mabwe

• ‘Home Stead of Stone’• Location:• Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers

• fertile grassland• Indian Ocean

• Modern Day: Zimbabwe• Shona (Language: Bantu):• Agriculture:

• raised cattle and farmed• peanuts, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, etc.

• Wealth:• Trades Gold and Ivory • Taxes traders

• becomes wealthy & prosperous• Capital:• Great Zimbabwe

• Decline:• Eclipsed as a political & economic power by the Kingdom of Mutapa

• founded by a Zimbabwe prince: Nyatsimba Mutota• 1450 CE– Great Zimbabwe is abandoned

The Great Enclosure

West African Kingdoms

Kingdom of Songhai

Kingdom of Mali

Kingdom of Ghana

Ghana• Ghana:• warrior king of the Soninke people

• 1st: Dinga Cisse• Location:• Captial:

• Kumbi Saleh• sahel:

• grassland transition between the Sahara (north) and Savannah (south)• Rivers:

• Niger – East• Senegal – West

• Modern Day: Mauritania & Mali• shift from agricultural kingdom:• Trade route control

• Taxed good carried through territory• Introduction of the camel

• Trade:• Arab & Berber traders crossed the desert (Trans-Saharan)

• ‘camel train/caravan’• Gold for Salt:

• Abundant supply of gold• Limited amount of salt

• Salt: preservative & aid in preventing dehydration • Decline:• Muslims became a dominant economic/political force

• 1076 CE: Almoravid conquest• Incorporated into the Kingdom of Mali

Mali (1230 – 1610 CE)

Mali• Sundiata Keita (1217 – 1255 CE):• founder of the Mali Empire

• conquered: Kingdom of Ghana• mansa: ‘king of kings’ or ‘emperor’

• promoted agriculture• reestablished the gold-salt trade

• Capital: Niani• Mansa Musa (1312 – 1337 CE):

• Characteristics:• skilled military leader

• put down rebellions/expanded the empire• strong central government

• centralized control over gold-salt trade• divided kingdom into provinces

• Hajj:• gave away gold and traded gold for souvenirs

• devalued gold in the region (Cairo, Mecca & Medina)• Timbuktu:

• established as a city of trade & learning• attracted doctors, judges, religious leaders & scholars• constructed mosques, universities & libraries• center of Islamic learning & culture

• Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368 CE):• Rihla

• Decline:• Ineffective leaders

• subject states break away• gold trade moved east• Berber conquest• rise of the Kingdom of Songhai

Songhai (1468 – 1591 CE)

Songhai• Sunni Ali (Reign: 1464 – 1492 CE):• captured Timuktu & Djenne

• gave Songhai control over the lucrative gold-salt trade

• Capital: Gao• Askia Muhammad Toure (1442 – 1538 CE):• ‘Golden Age’

• expanded the empire• divided the empire into provinces• established a bureaucracy• devout Muslim

• Decline:• 1591 CE: Overthrown by the Sultan of Morocco

• gunpowder & canons