THE Solid EARTH

The earth formed approximately 4.6 billion year ago from a nebular cloud to dust and gas that surrounded the sun. The dusty material accreted to the nebular midplane where it formed progressively larger clumps. Eventually bodies of several kilometers in diameter formplanetesimalsed; these are known as.

The three layers of earthThe crust- is the thinnest layer in the

earth, making un only 1 percent of the mass and 2 percent of the volume.

The mantle- is the largest layer in the earth, making up about 82 percent of the volume and 68 percent of the mass of the earth.

The core- makes up 16 percent of the volume of the earth and about 31 percent of the mass.

Minerals and Rock

MINERALS

Must be distinguished from rock. A mineral is a chemical compound with a given composition and a defined structure.

ROCKS

is a mixture of one several minerals, in varying proportion.

Other Meaning for Rock

Rock are hard mass of the earth’s surface. Some are just a few million years old. Others formed almost 4 billion years ago. When the earth was young they are always being added to a new rock forms.

THE THREE TYPES OF ROCKS

Igneous rock (derived from the latin word igneus meaning of fire, from ignis meaning fire) forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form with or without crystallitation, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface extrusive(volcanic) rocks. This magma can be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them having formed beneath the surface of Earth's crust. These have diverse properties, depending on their composition and how they were formed.

Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus to settle and accumulate or for minerals to precipitate from a solution. Particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, sediment was formed by weathering and eroison in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glacier which are called agents of denudation.

Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called methamosposis, which means "change in form". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat and pressure, (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars) causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be sedimentary rocks, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.

Diastrophism Diastrophism refers to deformation of the Earth's crust, and

more especially to folding and faulting. Diastrophism can be considered part of geotectonics. Diastrophism comes from the Greek word meaning a twisting.

Cases of Diastrophism Movement

The result of pressure exerted by convection currents in the mantle.Meteorite impactCombination of gravity and erosion

VOLCANISM

is the phenomena connected with volcanoes and volcanic activity. It includes all phenomena resulting from causing magma within the crust or mantle of a planet to rise through the crust and from volcanic rocks on the surface.

Driving forces of Volcanism

PLATE TECTONICSfrom late(tectonicus) from the Greek (pertaining to building) is a scientific theory that describes the large scale motions of earth lithosphere.

movement of molten rock in the planet mantle caused by thermal convection currents, couple with gravitational effects of changes on the earth surface

Aspects of VolcanismVolcanoes

are place where magma reaches the earth surface.

Intrusionsthese are formed where magma pushes between existing rock, intrusions can be in the form of batholiths, dikes, and layered intrusions.

Hydrothermal vents

these includes Geyser, Hot spring, and munpots. They are often used as a source of geothermal energy.

Volcanic Winter

the amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruption has a significant effect on the planet climate.

EARTHQUAKEalso known as quake, tremor or temblor. Is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust that create seismic wave.

are generally associated with plate tectonics activity but some earthquakes are generated as a result of volcanic activity.

THE END